scholarly journals Modelling the Effects of Changes in Forest Cover and Climate on Hydrology of Headwater Catchments in South-Central Chile

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1828
Author(s):  
Guillermo Barrientos ◽  
Albert Herrero ◽  
Andrés Iroumé ◽  
Oscar Mardones ◽  
Ramon J. Batalla
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Change Scenario ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Partial Harvest ◽  
South Central ◽  
Climatic Scenarios ◽  
The Impact

This study analyses the changes in the runoff of forested experimental catchments in south-central Chile, to determine to what extent observed trends can be attributed to effects of intensive forestry and/or climate change. For this, we applied the distributed TETIS® model to eight catchments (7.1−413.6 ha) representative of the land uses and forestry activities in this geographical area. Rainfall and runoff data collected between 2008 and 2015 were used for modelling calibration and validation. Simulation of three land uses (current cover, partial harvest and native forest) and 25 combinations of climatic scenarios (percentage increases or decreases of up to 20% of rainfall and evapotranspiration relative to the no-change scenario applied to input series) were used in each calibration. We found that changes in land use and climate had contrasting effects on runoff. Smaller catchments affected by the driest climatic scenarios experienced higher runoff when the forest cover was lower than under full forest cover (plantations or native forests). In contrast, larger catchments under all climatic scenarios yielded higher runoff below the full forest cover than under partial harvest and native forest. This suggests that runoff can be influenced, to a great extent, by rainfall decrease and evapotranspiration increase, with the model predicting up to a 60% decrease in runoff yield for the dry’s climatic scenario. This study proves to be relevant to inform ongoing discussions related to forest management in Chile, and is intended to minimize the impact of forest cover on runoff yield under uncertain climatic scenarios.

Effect of plantation clearcutting on carnivore presence in industrial forest landscapes in south-central Chile

Mammalia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Sandra P. Escudero-Páez ◽  
Esteban Botero-Delgadillo ◽  
Cristián F. Estades
Keyword(s):  
Puma Concolor ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Pine Plantations ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Canis Lupus Familiaris ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
South Central ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Information on how wildlife is affected by pine plantation clearcutting is relevant for designing management strategies to promote biodiversity conservation in productive systems. By comparing the number of records of carnivores in a mosaic of pine plantations and native forest remnants before and after pine harvesting, we assessed the effect of plantation clearcutting on carnivore presence in ten sampling areas in Central Chile. We also included a number of covariates to account for their potential confounding effects, for example, the distance between each site and the nearesting human settlement and vegetation cover. A total of 10 species were observed, but no negative effect of clearcutting on carnivore presence was detected. Only the culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpaeus) responded positively to the harvesting of pine plantations. The threatened kodkod (Leopardus guigna) was absent in clearcut areas and the number of records increased in forests or plantations with a dense understorey. The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) responded positively to human settlements and seems to prefer more open areas. The number of records for the Puma (Puma concolor) and the domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) was too few, and hence, we could not make any inference regarding these two species. The other species recorded showed different responses to one or more of the included covariates. Although our results showed that the recording of some species could change in the short term after pine harvesting, future studies should assess the impact of clearcutting at a much higher scale, both in terms of space and time.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Perubahan Penggunaan Lahan Terhadap Angka Kesakitan Malaria : Studi Di Provinsi Lampung

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lirih Wigaty ◽  
Samsul Bakri ◽  
Trio Santoso ◽  
Dyah Wulan S. R. Wardani
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Landsat Imagery ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Dry Land ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
Malaria Morbidity ◽  
The Impact

Ecological disruption as a result of changes in the area of forest cover to other land uses can affect the microclimate and impact toward malaria morbidity.   Malaria is an infectious disease caused by protozoa a genus of Plasmodium that transmitted by female Anopheles sp. mosquito vectors.  The environmental factors that play a role in the risk to transmission of malaria related to vector breeding places.   The purpose of this research is establish the impact of land use changes toward malaria morbidity. This study was conducted from March to September 2015.   Dynamics of land use changes in regency/city be identified through interpretation of landsat imagery in 2002, 2009, and 2014 with supervised classification and resulted in percentage of land use, the influence of impact toward malaria morbidity processed using multiple linear regression models.  Parameter optimization using statistic software.   The result showed that the impact of positive variable that significant toward malaria morbidity are mangrove forest and total population, while impact of negative variable that significant are extensive swamp and health personnel.   Variable which not impact that significant toward malaria morbidity are forests, community forests, undeveloped land, dry land, other land uses, population density, precipitation, unhealthyhousing, urban, and physiographic. Keywords : land use, malaria morbidity

scholarly journals Effect of Exotic Fast-Growing Forest Plantations on Water Yield in South-Central Chilean Watersheds: a Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yerko Castillo ◽  
Carlos Oyarzun
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Radiata ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Water Yield ◽  
Forest Plantations ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Fast Growing ◽  
South Central ◽  
Forest Coverage ◽  
Experimental Plots

Water supply is one of the largest and most valued ecosystem services from forests. This paper presents a systematization of scientific studies about the effects generated by exotic fast-growing forest plantations of Pinus radiata D. Don and of Eucalyptus spp. on water yield in south-central Chilean watersheds (33 - 41ºS), at different spatial and temporal scales. We compiled scientific studies that have at least one year of observations on small and large catchments and experimental plots. Studies in experimental plots of Pinus radiata plantations show that annual evapotranspiration increase from south (40° S) to north (33° S), while in this northernmost site almost the entire incoming precipitation was evapotranspired, and the percolated water was negligible. Studies of water balance in small catchments document a negative linear relationship between total streamflow and forest plantations coverage. Catchments with forest coverage of Pinus or Eucalyptus spp. store less water than catchments with mixed species, mainly due to high interception loss, more net evapotranspiration and reduced percolation. Forest management can alter the accumulation of water in the catchment (soil and groundwater) and forest cover is the fundamental factor in the dynamics water accumulation. Long-term studies focused on changes in forest coverage from native forest to forest plantations in large catchments located in the Mediterranean area (33 - 38º S) of Chile show a sustained reduction in water yield, especially during summertime.

scholarly journals Remnants of native forests support carnivore diversity in the vineyard landscapes of central Chile

Oryx ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Camila B. García ◽  
Gabriella L. Svensson ◽  
Camila Bravo ◽  
María I. Undurraga ◽  
Javiera Díaz-Forestier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Disturbance ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Camera Traps ◽  
Wildlife Habitat ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Carnivore Species ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Carnivores play an important role in ecosystem functioning as apex predators. However, most carnivore species are threatened or have been extirpated in human-dominated landscapes. The Mediterranean region of central Chile is a biodiversity hotspot, but expansion of agricultural areas such as vineyards is degrading wildlife habitat. We estimated the species richness and composition of carnivore communities in remnant fragments of sclerophyllous forest-shrubland in the vineyard landscapes of central Chile to evaluate the effects of human disturbance at different spatial scales. We tested two hypotheses: (1) vineyard landscapes with higher levels of human disturbance support a lower diversity of native carnivores in fragments of remnant native vegetation compared to landscapes with larger areas of natural habitat, and (2) habitat specialists and generalists respond differentially to human influence at the habitat vs landscape spatial scale. We used camera traps at 12 sites across the study area and evaluated the impact of human disturbance indicators on the richness and detection frequency of carnivore species. We found that human population density negatively affected carnivore richness and was associated with a lower detection frequency of the Vulnerable guiña Leopardus guigna. The presence of domestic dogs also had a negative effect on the detection frequency of the guiña and the two native species of foxes, the culpeo Lycalopex culpaeus and South American grey fox Lycalopex griseus. We conclude that protecting remnants of native forest in vineyard landscapes is crucial for carnivore conservation in central Chile.

scholarly journals The impact of a strong natural hypoxic event on the toadfish Aphos porosus in Coliumo Bay, south-central Chile

2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Hernández-Miranda ◽  
Renato A Quiñones ◽  
Gustavo Aedo ◽  
Ernesto Díaz-Cabrera ◽  
José Cisterna
Keyword(s):  
Central Chile ◽  
Hypoxic Event ◽  
South Central ◽  
The Impact

Differential responses of soil Carbon,Nitrogen and Phosphorus stocks and available pools to conversion from native forest to exotic plant plantation in soils of contrasting origin.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Crovo ◽  
Felipe Aburto ◽  
Maria Albornoz ◽  
Randal Southard
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Forest Type ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Forest Types ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
C:N:P Stoichiometry ◽  
South Central ◽  
C And N ◽  
The Impact

<p>Land use change is a global issue with tremendous social, economic and environmental implications. Currently, many countries display high rates of deforestation and forest conversion from native forest to industrial tree plantations which have a direct impact on soil C and N stocks. Even though, there is a significant number of studies that highlighted the effects of forest substitution on C sequestration, the impact on ecological stoichiometry and biogeochemical cycling has not been well assessed. The soils considered in this study encompass the main forest soil types found in south central Chile representing a range of soil properties and mineralogy (crystalline to amorphous ash derived soils). To reduce confounding factors due to site history, we exclusively selected pair sampling sites (native versus plantation) that shared a similar land-use history and had close to identical soil and geomorphic conditions in which two independent 625m<sup>2</sup> plots were established at adjacent Native Forests (NF) and Pine Plantations (PL).To determine C:N:P inventories alongside N and P available pools, the plot was divided into four sub-quadrants where bulk soil samples were collected at 6 depth intervals in the central soil pit and in four augers at each quadrant up to a depth of 240 cm. The C and N total pools were significantly different between soil types but not between forest types (p=0.02). The highest average C stock across all soils was found in NF (202.22 ± 82.77 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>) compared to PL (172.55 ± 87.73 Mg ha<sup>-1</sup>)<sup>. </sup>When comparing each soil type individually, disregarding forest type, the Young Ash soil displayed significantly higher C and N than all the other studied soils. On the contrary, the Recent Ash soil displays changes in the C:N:P stoichiometry<sub>.</sub> Available Phosphorus was significantly different among sites, but not for forest types across sites. Overall, native forest exhibits higher stocks of available NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> and we did not find a significant effect of forest type in NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> stocks. Our result indicates the differential capacity that contrasting soils have to resist this major soil biogeochemical pools alteration.</p>

scholarly journals The 2017 Mega-Fires in Central Chile: Impacts on Regional Atmospheric Composition and Meteorology Assessed from Satellite Data and Chemistry-Transport Modeling

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 344
Author(s):  
Rémy Lapere ◽  
Sylvain Mailler ◽  
Laurent Menut
Keyword(s):  
Optical Depth ◽  
Surface Radiation ◽  
Capital City ◽  
Transport Modeling ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Atmospheric Effects ◽  
Central Chile ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
South Central ◽  
The Impact

In January 2017, historic forest fires occurred in south-central Chile. Although their causes and consequences on health and ecosystems were studied, little is known about their atmospheric effects. Based on chemistry-transport modeling with WRF-CHIMERE, the impact of the 2017 Chilean mega-fires on regional atmospheric composition, and the associated meteorological feedback, are investigated. Fire emissions are found to increase pollutants surface concentration in the capital city, Santiago, by +150% (+30 µg/m3) for PM2.5 and +50% (+200 ppb) for CO on average during the event. Satellite observations show an intense plume extending over 2000 km, well reproduced by the simulations, with Aerosol Optical Depth at 550 nm as high as 4 on average during the days of fire activity, as well as dense columns of CO and O3. In addition to affecting atmospheric composition, meteorology is also modified through aerosol direct and indirect effects, with a decrease in surface radiation by up to 100 W/m2 on average, leading to reductions in surface temperatures by 1 K and mixing layer heights over land by 100 m, and a significant increase in cloud optical depth along the plume. Large deposition fluxes of pollutants over land, the Pacific ocean and the Andes cordillera are found, signaling potential damages to remote ecosystems.

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