scholarly journals The Prospects of Evolution of the Baseline Systems in the Arctic

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1082
Author(s):  
Boris Morgunov ◽  
Inna Zhuravleva ◽  
Boris Melnikov
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Water ◽  
Legal Concept ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Arctic Coast ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article discusses the notion of “baselines” and the legal framework for drawing them, as well as the practice of drawing baselines, primarily by the coastal Arctic states. As a result of analysis, we make a suggestion that the existing system of baselines in the Arctic Ocean seas may evolve on the basis of international legal rules, with due account taken of the practice of applying them, and through the use of such a legal concept as “historic waters.” The article covers the interpretation of the concept of “historic waters” in various sources, indicating how this concept is used by different states to proclaim their rights to adjacent maritime areas on historical grounds. We have drawn on our extensive research and documents identified that may be used by the Russian Federation to expand its “historic waters” on the Arctic coast. At the same time, we have not aimed at making specific proposals on changing the location of the existing baselines or declaring new Arctic water areas “historic waters.” Rather, our objective was to comprehensively study the possibility of preparing such proposals.

Priorities and drivers of the northern latitudinal course project implementation

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-209
Author(s):  
I. D. Novikova ◽  
E. S. Rudneva ◽  
K. A. Zabolotskaya
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Far North ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Port Infrastructure ◽  
Further Development

Examined issues related to the implementation of the Northern Latitudinal Railway project, including its priorities and drivers. The relevance of this topic is associated with the implementation of the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2030 for the transport and logistics development of the Far North and access to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Used analytical, marketing, design methods, shared materials and official sites, our own research. Marked identified the priority scientific and practical tasks, the priorities of the project, drivers, bottlenecks, options for further development. The problems and prospects of the Northern latitudinal course project were studied on the example of the development and modernization of the railway and port infrastructure of the transport system in the far North of Russia. The project will not only double the existing capacity of the transport infrastructure of the macroregion, but also involve a wide range of minerals in economic turnover, and ensure a stable presence of Russia in the Western and Central sectors of the Arctic.

scholarly journals The article, in the context of the contemporary status of the Arctic, examines the legal and political documents adopted by China, Japan and South Korea in regard to their arctic policy, including those agreed upon by these three States. The alarming reaction to such documents in the Arctic coastal states, firstly, in the USA and Canada, is also considered in the article. Relevant western scholars’ arguments are scrutinized, such as the increase of “China’s military power”; China’s “insatiable appetite” for access to natural resources in the Arctic; the argument that “China seeks to dominate” the Arctic and the situation when “the Arctic Council is split”; the notion that China makes other non-Arctic States create separate legal documents concerning the regime of the Arctic Ocean. The article concludes that the western interpretation of such documents is alarming only in relation to China. The research shows that up till now there are no grounds for such estimations of China’s negative role. However, statements by Chinese officials as cited in the article and some provisions stipulated in “China’s Arctic policy” contradict the common will of the Arctic coastal states in regard to the legal regime of the Arctic Ocean as reflected in the Ilulissat Declaration of 2008. In such a dynamic legal environment, new instruments of collaboration are in demand, which might involve China and other non-Arctic states in maintaining the established legal regime of the Arctic. Thus, the new instruments would deter the creation (with unpredictable consequences) by China, Japan and South Korea of new trilateral acts relating to the status of the Arctic.

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-333
Author(s):  
Maria A. Aleksandrova ◽  
◽  
Olga A. Fedorova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Legal Regime ◽  
Personal Property ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Arctic Policy ◽  
Personal Assets ◽  
New Instruments

The article analyzes the current state of doctrine and law enforcement practice on one of the most pressing problems of modern family law — the regime of spouses’ personal property. Currently, there are no serious doctrinal studies on this issue. A uniform practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on some problems has not been established, on others it raises more questions than answers. The authors of the article propose to start from the understanding of marriage as a kind of economic union of a man and a woman and make an attempt to develop an approach to determining the fate of income from the use of personal property of each spouse, as well as the proceeds from the sale of such property, that is understandable and convenient both for the spouses themselves and for third parties entering into property legal relations with the spouses. It seems that the registration of a marriage should lead to the consolidation of any property acquired during the marriage, with the exception of that which is directly listed in the Family Code of the Russian Federation. The authors insist that the exceptions to the general rule are not subject to broad interpretation in this case. Thus, both the income received from the use of the personal assets of each of the spouses, and the proceeds from the sale of such assets, should enter into common joint ownership. This approach does not diminish, however, the right of any of the spouses to demand from the court, when dividing the property, deviations from the principle of equality of the spouses’ shares in the acquired property. This takes into account the contribution of each of them to the creation and augmentation of common property, including through the investment of income received from the use and sale of personal assets.

A hectare of development and opportunities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.N. Shelomentsev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Municipal Ownership ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Far Eastern

The article analyzes the regulatory and legal framework for the implementation of the program providing citizens with land plots from the state or municipal ownership and located in the territories of the subjects of the Russian Federation, as well as in the Far Eastern Federal District, or included in the program "Socio-economic development of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation".

scholarly journals The Role of the Arctic Economic Council in the International Legal Framework of the Arctic Ocean Environmental Governing

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-26
Author(s):  
A. N. Vylegzhanin ◽  
N. V. Korchunov ◽  
A. R. Tevatrosyan
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Arctic Ocean ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
International Forum ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Arctic Council ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The Arctic Ocean ◽  
Economic Council

INTRODUCTION. The article covers the legal aspects of the establishment of a new international forum – the Arctic Economic Council – and its role in the existing international legal framework for governing the Arctic Ocean, including the Arctic seas. The status and the functioning of the said international forum, particularly with regard to the activities within its Working Groups, have been examined based on the analysis of the documents adopted by the forum since its establishment. Special attention has been paid to the legal analysis of the coordination of the newly established forum with the Arctic Council and the prospects of such institutional cooperation.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The research done by the authors on the relevant documents released by the Artic Council, in the context of legal and scientific sources on the topic of the Arctic Ocean and its seas, as well as on the Reports of the Arctic Economic Council submitted to the Senior Officials of the Arctic Council, underlies this article. The article also takes into consideration political and legal research of the Arctic Council’s work, aimed at the sustainable development of the economic activities in the region, as well as respective archive documents from the electronic database of the Arctic Council, including relevant press releases.RESEARCH RESULTS. The Arctic Economic Council (AEC), established upon the initiative of the Arctic Council in 2014, is a new circumpolar business-forum, which aims at fostering the sustainable development of the Arctic region by substantive cooperation with the entrepreneurs, carrying out economic activities in the region or planning to do so. The new international organization has the potential to become an effective international legal mechanism to promote greener economies in the Arctic; meanwhile, the organization is yet to become a constructive platform for dialogue on fostering the economic activities in the region.DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS. The AEC foundational documents determine the structure and the course of action of the organization. The article, nevertheless, suggests that the executives and the Secretary of this newly established international forum ensure that the business representatives, committed to conduct activities in the Arctic, seek to comply with the international environmental standards, applicable to the Arctic; particularly that, subject to the unique vulnerability of the Arctic environment, an exchange of best practices takes place. Moreover, in view of the increased shipping and growth of other marine activities in the region, the Arctic business standards not only need to be more environmentally oriented, but also take into account the possibility of diversifying the Arctic economy. The AEC could focus its efforts on enhancing the quality of the regional regulation of the economic activities in the Arctic, paying particular attention to the coordinated self-regulative measures of the legal entities in different countries. In this case, its activities may prove to be more relevant and effective.

Problems and Prospects of Energy Complex Development in the Russian Arctic Zone

2019 ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
O. V. Skotarenko ◽  
V. I. Babenkov ◽  
Yu. A. Nikitin ◽  
M. V. Kutepova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Russian Arctic ◽  
Arctic Zone ◽  
Energy Complex ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
High Level

The presented study examines the specific aspects of operation of energy enterprises in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation.Aim. The study aims to identify the current problems in the operation of energy enterprises in the Arctic territories by analyzing their state and development and thus to substantiate the selection of perspective directions for improving the efficiency of their management.Tasks. The authors show the role and importance of energy supply for the functioning of the socioeconomic system of the Arctic territories, analyze the major performance indicators of energy enterprises, and substantiate recommendations on improving the organization of their activities.Methods. This study uses the methodology of economic analysis, trend analysis, structural analysis, and specific methods of regional economic analysis.Results. One of the crucial current problems in the development of the energy complex in the Russian Arctic zone is the high level of debt in the accounts, which leads to an imbalance in the current activities of energy enterprises. Furthermore, formation of electricity tariffs depends on the money paid for the generation and transportation of electricity and the services of distribution companies. This is due to the lack of continuous monitoring of the state of accounts and the lack of a legal framework for settling differences between network and energy supply companies, which are not given sufficient attention in economic studies.Conclusions. According to the results of the study, the authors propose the major directions for improving regulation of the development and operation of energy enterprises in the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. 

scholarly journals Legal Issues Regarding Arctic Cruise Shipping in the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7016
Author(s):  
Novikova Kseniia ◽  
Mehran Idris Khan ◽  
Yen-Chiang Chang
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Transportation Network ◽  
National Level ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
National Interests ◽  
Cruise Tourism ◽  
The Russian Federation

With the development of the transportation network, vessels are increasingly used in the tourism business. The international cruise business requires huge investments and a clear international and domestic legal framework. Russia has unique opportunities to develop cruise tourism as a country with the world’s longest total length of coastal line (37.7 thousand kilometres). Russia intends to develop and support cruise tourism in the Arctic and increase the tourist flow to the Arctic to a certain level in order to promote socio-economic development in the region. At the same time, a rapidly evolving tourism in the Arctic brings new challenges related to the preservation of environmental safety and protection of national interests and requires comprehensive legal cover and regulation at the national level. This article deals with Russian Federation’s laws regulating sea/river cruise shipping involving an international element. It scrutinises state rules and policies on navigation in the Russian Arctic waters and relevant International Treaties of the Russian Federation, highlights the peculiarity of the cruise shipping contract in terms of Russian laws regulating the relationship arising from it, and finally, analyses the effects of Russian legislation in the field of Arctic tourism to its development. The authors attempted to summarise experts’ views on relevant Russian legislation’ shortcomings and put forward possible solutions.

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