Региональная языковая картина мира на базе текстов арктических путешествий XVIII–XIX вв.

The article considers texts of scientists and public figures of the second half of the 18th–19th centuries, who wrote travel essays on the natural-climatic and historical-cultural peculiarities, social and daily life of the population of the Russian North and the Arctic coast. Ways of modelling the regional linguistic worldview on the basis of text analysis are suggested. The article describes the stages of working with semantically diverse texts, which make it possible to differentiate and systematise texts for the purpose of forming semantically homogeneous discourses allowing identification of the basic parameters of conceptualisation and categorisation of the world objects reflecting the essential aspects of regional life.

New data on morphology and distribution of Alona werestschagini Sinev, 1999—the only Arcto-Alpine species of Chydoridae (Cladocera: Anomopoda) known to date

Detailed study of morphology of Alona werestschagini Sinev, 1999 (Crustacea: Cladocera) confirms its affinities with Alona guttata Sars, 1862. A. werestschagini is the only Arcto-Alpine species among the family Chydoridae, distributed along Arctic coast of Eurasia and in mountains of Central Asia, newer recorded in temperate lowlands of the continent. In our opinion, the species evolved in mountainous regions of Central Asia, while its spreading to Arctic regions took place in Pleistocene.

Submersible power-generating unit as an alternative energy sources

There was proposed a compact underwater energy generating device in which energy is produced by underwater currents and tidal phenomena on the Arctic coast for small settlements. These communities will be created to track ships sailing along the Northern Sea Route and to provide operational assistance if necessary. The idea of the technical proposal is structurally distinctive, the device is carried out of a set of conventional pipes of a certain diameter with a fairly wide bell (funnel), horizontally mounted towards the underwater current. This idea is quietly new for Russia, and it’s learned not very well. Calculation was provided in a new way on the basis of Propellers theory. In result there are shown table with calculated efficiency of our turbines with defined quantity of turbines in machine unit. Also we suppose that our approach is more accurate then results obtained with Betz’s formula as so as Betz’s formula doesn’t consider geometrical option of impeller.

Reconstruction of the founder haplotype with mutation c.644G>A p. (Trp215*) in the CLIC5 gene, leading to juvenile autosomal recessive deafness (DFNB103) in Yakutia

Ранее методом полноэкзомного секвенирования (WES) в Якутии была выявлена генетическая причина ювенильной аутосомно-рецессивной глухоты (DFNB103, OMIM 616042), обусловленной нонсенс-вариантом c.644G>A p.(Trp215*) гена CLIC5. В настоящей работе приводятся результаты анализа частоты гетерозиготного носительства c.644G>A p.(Trp215*) у 512 взрослых индивидов без признаков нарушения слуха из 8 популяций Восточной Сибири (русские, русские старожилы, якуты, эвенки, эвены, долганы, юкагиры и чукчи). С наибольшей частотой гетерозиготного носительства данная мутация обнаружена в популяции юкагиров (3,2%), с промежуточными частотами у эвенов (1,4%) и эвенков (1,4%), с наименьшей у якутов (0,8%). Мутация отсутствовала у русских (в том числе среди старожилов), долган и чукчей. Проведен анализ гаплотипов, реконструированных в результате генотипирования ~730000 SNP-маркеров у 18 пациентов с DFNB103 различного этнического происхождения (тунгусо-манчжурская группа - эвены и эвенки, тюркская группа - якуты), гомозиготных по мутации c.644G>A p.(Trp215*) и 83 индивидов без данной мутации. У всех 18 человек с гомозиготным вариантом c.644G>A p.(Trp215*) выявлены различные по длине блоки гомозиготности на хромосоме 6, отсутствовавшие у лиц без данной мутации. Все блоки перекрывались в одной области, протяженностью 785,5 т.п.н. (224 SNP), что свидетельствует в пользу гипотезы о едином происхождении мутации c.644G>A p.(Trp215*). Оценка возраста гаплотипов, несущих c.644G>A p.(Trp215*), показала, что экспансия мутантных хромосом могла начаться в позднем неолите (бронзовый или ранний железный век), и, вероятнее всего, не в тюркской, а в тунгусо-язычной, или даже в уральской или палеоазиатской среде. Полученные данные свидетельствуют об актуальности таргетного анализа мутации c.644G>A p.(Trp215*) гена CLIC5 в целевых группах пациентов, среди автохтонного населения Сибири и Восточной Азии, а также, возможно, в популяциях арктического побережья Евразии и Северной Америки. Earlier, in Yakutia, using whole exome sequencing (WES) the genetic cause of juvenile autosomal recessive deafness (DFNB103, OMIM 616042), caused by the nonsense variant c.644G>A p.(Trp215*) of the CLIC5 gene, was identified. This work presents the results of the analysis of the carrier frequency of the variant c.644G>A p.(Trp215*) in 512 adult individuals without hearing impairment from 8 populations of Eastern Siberia (Russians, Russian old-timers, Yakuts, Evenks, Evens, Dolgans, Yukaghirs and Chukchi). With the highest carrier frequency this mutation was found in the Yukaghir population (3.2%), with intermediate carrier frequencies in Evens (1.4%) and Evenks (1.4%), with the lowest carrier frequency in Yakuts (0.8%) and was absent in Russians (including Russian old-timers), Dolgans and Chukchi. The analysis of haplotypes obtained as a result of genotyping of ~ 730,000 SNP-markers was carried out in 18 patients of various ethnic origins (Evens, Evenks, and Yakuts) homozygous for the c.644G>A p.(Trp215*) mutation, and 83 individuals without this mutation. All 18 individuals with the homozygous variant c.644G>A p.(Trp215*) showed homozygosity blocks of different lengths on chromosome 6, which were absent in the control group. All blocks overlapped in one region, 785.5 kb in length (224 SNP), which is evidence in favor of a single origin of the c.644G>A p.(Trp215*) mutation. Estimation of the age of c.644G>A-haplotypes showed that the expansion of mutant chromosomes could begin in the Late Neolith period (Bronze or Early Iron Age), and most likely not in the Turkic peoples, but in the Tungus-speaking, Ural-speaking, or even in paleoasians peoples. The data obtained indicate the relevance of the targeted analysis of the c.644G>A p. (Trp215*) mutation of the CLIC5 gene in the target groups of patients, among the indigenous population of Siberia and East Asia, and possibly among the populations of the Arctic coast of Eurasia and North America.

The Prospects of Evolution of the Baseline Systems in the Arctic

The article discusses the notion of “baselines” and the legal framework for drawing them, as well as the practice of drawing baselines, primarily by the coastal Arctic states. As a result of analysis, we make a suggestion that the existing system of baselines in the Arctic Ocean seas may evolve on the basis of international legal rules, with due account taken of the practice of applying them, and through the use of such a legal concept as “historic waters.” The article covers the interpretation of the concept of “historic waters” in various sources, indicating how this concept is used by different states to proclaim their rights to adjacent maritime areas on historical grounds. We have drawn on our extensive research and documents identified that may be used by the Russian Federation to expand its “historic waters” on the Arctic coast. At the same time, we have not aimed at making specific proposals on changing the location of the existing baselines or declaring new Arctic water areas “historic waters.” Rather, our objective was to comprehensively study the possibility of preparing such proposals.

On unique stone beaches on the Arctic coast of the Kola Peninsula

The results of studies of 11 stone beaches on the coast of the Barents Sea in the area of the Teriberskaya Bay have been presented. The studies were carried out from 2017 to 2019. As a result of the work, the structure of the beaches, their size, the composition of clastic material and the relationship with bedrocks were studied in detail. The genetic link between beaches and sea terraces has been established. Special attention has been paid to the morphology of beach clastic material, the conditions of its formation, and its role in abrasion activity. It has been shown that the clastic material of the beaches mainly corresponds to boulders equal to 100-1,000 mm, to a lesser extent to pebbles 10-100 mm, and rarely - gravel 1-10 mm. Individual boulders reach 2,000 mm. Sandy fractions in the composition of beach sediments are practically absent. The roundness of the fragments is high, semi-circular and rounded grains predominate, the most perfect shape of the rounded fragments is a biaxial ellipsoid or egg. Perfectly rounded boulders and pebbles in some areas account for up to 30 % of beach deposits. Measurements of the parameters of the egg-shaped pebbles have shown that they are close to the parameters of the "golden section" of the egg, i. e. meet the most durable form, resistant to destruction. Thus, the process of abrasion of the beach debris is directed towards their acquisition of the most energetically stable state. This suggests that the original shape of the debris contained a solid core in the form of a biaxial ellipsoid.

Verkhoyansk Secondary School — the Oldest School in the Far North: The Beginning of a Long Journey

In this article, the author shares the results of his research on the history of the city of Verkhoyansk — one of the oldest cities in the Far North of Russia. The city was founded by the Russian Cossack Postnik Ivanov in 1638. The school, which was opened two and a half centuries later, has its own history, as interesting as the city itself: it reflects almost all the events that took place in such a distant time in the Arctic coast of the Arctic, in Yakutia, in Russia. Despite the fact that the city is one of the smallest for its population, however, the founders of the school, its teachers and alumni were involved in many historical events, facts that made the fame and pride of place, has contributed to the development of their region, their country. Today we will get acquainted with the earliest period — the time of the Foundation and creation of the school as one of the main points of enlightenment of the vast territory lying to the North of the Verkhoyansk ridges. As it turned out, despite the long-standing interest in this place on the part of domestic and foreign historians, sociologists, and ethnographers, this period still remains a blank spot in history: we still do not know many participants in these events, there is no reliable data about some facts. The author has to be content with fragmentary information, give his own interpretation and explanation.

Additional data on morphology and distribution of Melitoides valida (Shoemaker, 1955) (Amphipoda, Melitidae)

The genus Melitoides Gurjanova, 1934 (Amphipoda, Melitidae) includes three species from the Arctic and northwestern Pacific: Melitoides makarovi Gurjanova, 1934, M. valida (Shoemaker, 1955), and M. kawaii Labay, 2014. M. makarovi and M. kawaii only were recorded until recently in the seas of the Russian Far East. Only two specimens of M. valida were found once near the Arctic coast of Alaska; therefore, the morphological description of the species was incomplete, which led to difficulties with its generic identification. For the first time, M. valida was found in the seas of the Russian Far East in September 2018 on the shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk, near the North-Eastern Sakhalin Island at the depth of 29 m on the sand bottom. Detailed re-description of the species was carried out using optical and electronic scanning microscopes by the Coleman protocol. The material collected is stored at the Crustacea collection of the Zoological Museum of Far Eastern Federal University (Vladivostok). The specimen from the Sea of Okhotsk is identical to the specimens of the type series from the Arctic coast of Alaska in the form of dorsal carination (with several teeth on posterior margin of pleon segments 2, 3 and urosomites 1, 2), in the structure of pereopods 1–7, especially in the form of propodus of pereopods 2 (palm with distinct posterior-distal tooth, as well as with three large and one small obtuse palmar teeth). M. valida description has been substantially supplemented, and information on its range has been expanded.

Sensitivity of organic carbon fluxes from Arctic coastal erosion to climate change

<p>When unprotected by sea-ice and exposed to the warm air and ocean waves, the Arctic coast erodes and releases organic carbon from permafrost to the surrounding ocean and atmosphere. This release is estimated to deliver similar amounts of organic carbon to the Arctic Ocean as all Arctic rivers combined, at the present-day climate. Depending on the degradation pathway of the eroded material, the erosion of the Arctic coast could represent a positive feedback loop in the climate system, to an extent still unknown. In addition, the organic carbon flux from Arctic coastal erosion is expected to increase in the future, mainly due to surface warming and sea-ice loss. In this work, we aim at addressing the following questions: How is Arctic coastal erosion projected to change in the future? How sensitive is Arctic coastal erosion to climate change?</p><p>To address these questions, we use a 10-member ensemble of climate change simulations performed with the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM) for the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) to make projections of coastal erosion at a pan-Arctic scale. We use a semi-empirical approach to model Arctic coastal erosion, assuming a linear contribution of its thermal and mechanical drivers. The pan-Arctic carbon release due to coastal erosion is projected to increase from 6.9 ± 5.4 TgC/year (mean estimate ± two standard deviations from the distribution of uncertainties) during the historical period (mean over 1850 -1950) to between 13.1 ± 6.7 TgC/year and 17.2 ± 8.2 TgC/year in the period 2081-2100 following an intermediate (SSP2.4-5) and a high-end (SSP5.8-5) climate change scenario, respectively. The sensitivity of the organic carbon release from Arctic coastal erosion to climate warming is estimated to range from 1.52 TgC/year/K to 2.79 TgC/year/K depending on the scenario. Our results present the first projections of Arctic coastal erosion, combining observations and Earth system model (ESM) simulations. This allows us to make first-order estimates of sensitivity and feedback magnitudes between Arctic coastal erosion and climate change, which can lay out pathways for future coupled ESM simulations.</p><p> </p>