scholarly journals Experimental Study for Sand Filter Backwash Water Management: Low-Cost Treatment for Recycling and Residual Sludge Utilization for Radium Removal

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 2799
Author(s):  
Md. Shafiquzzaman ◽  
Saleem S. AlSaleem ◽  
Husnain Haider ◽  
Mohammad T. Alresheedi ◽  
Hussein Thabit
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Oxides ◽  
Management Practice ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Mass Transfer Processes ◽  
Residual Sludge ◽  
Cost Treatment ◽  
Ceramic Filtration

Management of backwash water (BW) generated from sand filtration of groundwater naturally contaminated with iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and radium (Ra) remains a challenge worldwide. The present study investigated the effectiveness of a low-cost clay ceramic filter for BW recycling along with residual sludge utilization for Ra removal from BW. A 15 day continuous ceramic filtration process operated at a constant flux of 2000 L/m2/d (83 LMH) showed 99% removal of Fe, Mn, and turbidity. The treated BW was found suitable for recycling back to the sand filters. Subsequently, the residual sand filter backwash sludge (BS) was collected, characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction, and examined as a potential adsorbent to the Ra. Results showed that the sludge constituted heterogeneous basic elements, with higher percentages of iron and manganese oxides. The sludge can be classified as typical mesoporous and poorly crystalline minerals consisting primarily of quartz and Mn2O3. Over 60% of Ra from the initial 2.1 bq/L could be removed by sludge in 30 min at neutral pH. The adsorption kinetics of sludge described well by the pseudo-second order model and Ra adsorption on the sludge were mainly controlled by chemisorption rate-controlling steps, intraparticle diffusion, and external mass transfer processes. Treatment of BW by low-cost clay ceramic filters and the utilization the BS for Ra removal would be a sustainable sand filter BW management practice.

scholarly journals Evaluation of a Low-Cost Ceramic Filter for Sustainable Reuse of Urban Stormwater in Arid Environments

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
Md. Shafiquzzaman ◽  
Husnain Haider ◽  
Yousry Mahmoud Ghazaw ◽  
Fawaz Alharbi ◽  
Saleem S. AlSaleem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Continuous Mode ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Alum Coagulation ◽  
Ceramic Filtration

Sustainable reuse of urban stormwater is inevitable in the fight against water crises in arid regions. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a low-cost ceramic filtration process for reuse applications of urban stormwater. Stormwater was collected from a storage pond located in Buraydah (Qassim, Saudi Arabia) for laboratory experiments. The filtration tests were performed in a continuous mode with constant pressure using a low-cost ceramic filter made of clay soil and rice bran. The removal rates of the contaminants (heavy metals) as well as the turbidity, suspended solids, and nutrients of the stormwater were assessed. High removal efficiencies for turbidity (97.4%), suspended solids (97.0%), BOD5 (78.4%), and COD (76.1%) were achieved while low removals were achieved for the nutrients: 19.7% for total nitrogen, 25.3% for nitrate, and 8.6% for phosphate. Removal efficiencies ranged between 36.2% and 99.9% for the heavy metals, i.e., iron, manganese, lead, zinc, nickel, copper, cadmium, selenium, and barium. Contaminant removal rates observed for the ceramic filter were also compared with the alum coagulation process operated in a continuous mode at an optimum alum dose of 50 mg/L. Similar removal behaviors for removal of turbidity, suspended solids, organics, nutrients, and heavy metals suggested that both ceramic filtration and alum coagulation can be effectively used for stormwater treatment. Effluent qualities of both the ceramic filter and alum coagulation met the standards, for recycling/reuse of wastewater, set by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and World Health Organization for unrestricted irrigation and toilet flushing. The study results revealed that ceramic filtration is a low-cost, energy efficient, and easy to maintain technology which can be complimentary to best management practices for stormwater.

scholarly journals Utilização de filtro intermitente de areia como pós-tratamento de esgoto doméstico – estudo da taxa de aplicação superficial

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (47) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Robson Arruda Dos Santos ◽  
Gilson Barbosa Athayde Junior
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Sand Filter ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
The Impact

<p class="Normal1">This research is the study of surface application rate for intermittent sand filter sizing, with emphasis to its constructive aspect. It is a design parameter set by the NBR 13969/1997 like the relation between the flow of sewage and surface area of a treatment unit. We examined the main research projects that studied the use of sand filter as post-treatment sewage, highlighting the superficial application rates used in these studies, comparing them with the recommendations of the Brazilian standard that deal with it. The results show that the NBR 13969/97 recommends a lower value to those obtained by Brazilian and foreigner researchers, and regarding Brazilian research, the value of the standard (100 L / m².dia) is always below the rates evaluated. Thus, we highlight the need to update the NBR 13969/97, for that would meet the actual demand for building sand filters, reactor treating of low cost of construction and maintenance, and good removal efficiency of organic matter and nitrification . The environmental benefits are indisputabl and the improvement of the quality of the effluent decreases the impact on water bodies and soil.</p>

ARSENIC OCCURRENCE IN AFRICAN WATER SYSTEMS AND LOW-COST TREATMENT TECHNOLOGIES

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina Filemon Irunde ◽  
◽  
Julian Ijumulana ◽  
Julian Ijumulana ◽  
Julian Ijumulana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Cost Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technologies

scholarly journals Removal of Toxic Elements and Microbial Contaminants from Groundwater Using Low-Cost Treatment Options

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana A. Da’ana ◽  
Nabil Zouari ◽  
Mohammad Y. Ashfaq ◽  
Mohammed Abu-Dieyeh ◽  
Majeda Khraisheh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Groundwater Treatment ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Cost Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Microbial Contaminants

Abstract Purpose of Review This paper reviews various low-cost treatment techniques such as adsorption, permeable reactive barrier, and biological techniques for the simultaneous removal of chemical and microbial contaminants from groundwater and discusses treatment mechanisms of different treatment techniques. This paper also discusses the challenges of groundwater treatment, how to choose the appropriate treatment technique, and cost analysis of groundwater treatment. Recent Findings Various treatment technologies have been used for the treatment of groundwater: physical, chemical, and biological technologies with different success rates. In the literature, various adsorbents have been successfully synthesized from low-cost and environmentally friendly materials. Adsorption is considered an efficient treatment technique for the removal of both toxic elements and pathogens by utilizing different adsorbents. For example, the nanostructures of MgO with a BET surface area of up to 171 m2/g obtained a very high adsorption capacity of 29,131 mg/g for fluoride ions in water, while the incorporation of iron in activated carbon has improved its adsorption capacity to 51.3 mg/g for arsenic. Moreover, certain adsorbents have shown the capability to remove 99% of the rotavirus and adenovirus from groundwater. Summary Groundwater resources are contaminated with toxic metals and pathogens. Therefore, water treatment technologies should be evaluated for their efficiency to remove such contaminants. Determination of the most cost-effective and efficient treatment technique is not an easy task and requires the understanding of various aspects such as the contaminants present in water, the reuse options considered, and cost analysis of the treatment technique.

scholarly journals High catalytic activity for formaldehyde oxidation of an interconnected network structure composed of δ-MnO2 nanosheets and γ-MnOOH nanowires

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 429-439
Author(s):  
Ying Tao ◽  
Rong Li ◽  
Ai-Bin Huang ◽  
Yi-Ning Ma ◽  
Shi-Dong Ji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Manganese Oxides ◽  
Active Oxygen Species ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Dispersion ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Interconnected Network ◽  
Surface Hydroxyl

AbstractAmong the transition metal oxide catalysts, manganese oxides have great potential for formaldehyde (HCHO) oxidation at ambient temperature because of their high activity, nontoxicity, low cost, and polybasic morphologies. In this work, a MnO2-based catalyst (M-MnO2) with an interconnected network structure was successfully synthesized by a one-step hydrothermal method. The M-MnO2 catalyst was composed of the main catalytic agent, δ-MnO2 nanosheets, dispersed in a nonactive framework material of γ-MnOOH nanowires. The catalytic activity of M-MnO2 for HCHO oxidation at room temperature was much higher than that of the pure δ-MnO2 nanosheets. This is attributed to the special interconnected network structure. The special interconnected network structure has high dispersion and specific surface area, which can provide more surface active oxygen species and higher surface hydroxyl groups to realize rapid decomposition of HCHO.

scholarly journals Variation in brief treatment for substance use disorder: a qualitative investigation of four federally qualified health centers with SBIRT services

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis P. Watson ◽  
Monte D. Staton ◽  
Michael L. Dennis ◽  
Christine E. Grella ◽  
Christy K. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Substance Use ◽  
Substance Use Disorder ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Qualitative Investigation ◽  
Brief Treatment ◽  
Federally Qualified Health Centers ◽  
Implementation Quality ◽  
Cost Treatment ◽  
Future Work

Abstract Background Brief treatment (BT) can be an effective, short-term, and low-cost treatment option for many people who misuse alcohol and drugs. However, inconsistent implementation is suggested to result in BT that often looks and potentially costs similar to regular outpatient care. Prior research is also rife with inconsistent operationalizations regarding the measurement of BT received by patients. As such, there is a need to more explicitly identify and document variations in BT practice. Methods A qualitative investigation of BT in four Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHC) was undertaken as a sub study of a larger clinical trial. Researchers interviewed 12 staff (administrators and clinicians) involved in BT oversight, referral, or delivery within the four FQHCs. Data were analyzed following an inductive approach guided by the primary research questions. Results Findings demonstrate considerable differences in how BT was conceptualized and implemented within the FQHCs. This included a variety of ways in which BT was presented and described to patients that likely impacts how they perceive the BT they receive, including potentially not understanding they received substance use disorder treatment at all. Conclusions The findings raise questions regarding the validity of prior research, demonstrating more objective definitions of BT and fidelity checklists are needed to ensure integrity of results. Future work in this area should seek to understand BT as practiced among a larger sample of providers and the direct experiences and perspectives of patients. There is also a need for more consistent implementation, quality assurance guidelines, and standardized stage of change assessments to aid practitioners.

DEVELOPMENT OF CONTINUOUS ANTI-SOLVENT RECRYSTALLIZATION METHOD TO PRODUCE CEFTRIAXONE SODIUM NANO CRYSTALS INJECTION USING CERAMIC FILTRATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (9) ◽  
pp. 2323-2336
Author(s):  
Firas Aziz Rahi ◽  
Krar Kadhim Mj
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Water Purification ◽  
Porous Ceramic ◽  
Ceramic Filter ◽  
Dissolution Time ◽  
Mixing Rate ◽  
Ceftriaxone Sodium ◽  
Continuous Recrystallization ◽  
Ceramic Filtration ◽  
Clear Solution

The aim: In this work we developed a method of continuous recrystallization to meet industrial requirements. Materials and methods: Continuous recrystallization method was investigated using porous ceramic filter for water purification with pour size less than 1 μm, that ensures high mixing rate of ethanol and water. Results and conclusions: The results of experiments using crystallization through ceramic filter, gives superior products in particle size, and produced needle shaped ceftriaxone crystals form, that showed significant improvement in dissolution time and obtained ceftriaxone sodium powder to be reconstituted in injectable formula that give clear solution without insoluble microparticles.

Nitrogen removal in a combined system: vertical vegetated bed over horizontal flow sand bed

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 137-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kantawanichkul ◽  
P. Neamkam ◽  
R.B.E. Shutes
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Horizontal Flow ◽  
Vertical Flow ◽  
Combined System ◽  
Cost Treatment ◽  
Pig Farm ◽  
Farm Wastewater

Pig farm wastewater creates various problems in many areas throughout Thailand. Constructed wetland systems are an appropriate, low cost treatment option for tropical countries such as Thailand. In this study, a combined system (a vertical flow bed planted with Cyperus flabelliformis over a horizontal flow sand bed without plants) was used to treat settled pig farm wastewater . This system is suitable for using in farms where land is limited. The average COD and nitrogen loading rate of the vegetated vertical flow bed were 105 g/m2.d and 11 g/m2.d respectively. The wastewater was fed intermittently at intervals of 4 hours with a hydraulic loading rate of 3.7 cm/d. The recirculation of the effluent increased total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency from 71% to 85%. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removal efficiencies were 95% and 98%. Nitrification was significant in vertical flow Cyperus bed, and the concentration of nitrate increased by a factor of 140. The horizontal flow sand bed enhanced COD removal and nitrate reduction was 60%. Plant uptake of nitrogen was 1.1 g N/m2.d or dry biomass production was 2.8 kg/m2 over 100 days.

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