scholarly journals Jėzuitai Sapiegų hegemonijos bei vidaus karo Lietuvoje akivaizdoje

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020/1 ◽  
pp. 53-78
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Society Of Jesus ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
The Family ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Great Northern War ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article analyses the attitude of the Jesuits towards the hegemony of the Sapieha family in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Jesuits’ standpoint and tactics and the changes they underwent in the last decade of the 17th – the first decade of the 18th century when Lithuania was shaken by internal conflicts which at the turn of the century escalated to a civil war. Making use of the Jesuit archives the author analyses: 1) the conflict between the bishop of Vilnius Konstanty Kazimierz Brzostowski and Vilnius academy which evolved in 1691–1693 around the disagreements with regard to the Bishop’s prerogatives as the chancellor of the Academy and his power over the students; 2) The dire situation of monks amidst the conflict between the bishop of Vilnius and the grand hetman of Lithuania and the voivoide of Vilnius Kazimierz Jan Sapieha; 3) the attitude of the Jesuits towards the anti-Sapieha opposition and actions of the former as the conflict escalated to the civil war which later blended into the Great Northern War. The author emphasises the dependence of Jesuits upon the Sapieha family which not only financially supported the institutions of the order but also had a powerful leverage in the possibility to manipulate by means of quartering their army on the estates and collection of hiberna taxes. The article also points out the fact that the Jesuits contributed to the prestige of the grand hetman of Lithuania and his family, therefore the nobility in opposition to the Sapiehas suspected the Jesuits of being in sympathy with the family. This was accountable for the ill relations between the Jesuits and the anti-Sapieha opposition, the so-called republicans. Only when on 18 November 1700 the Sapiehas were defeated at the battle of Valkininkai, Jesuits were forced to look for new patrons and made effort to establish connections with the republican leaders. KEYWORDS: Society of Jesus, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Sapieha, Konstanty Kazimierz Brzostowski, civil war, Great Northern War (1700–1721), political history, 17th century, 18th century

scholarly journals Visuality in funeral solemnities of the Radvila (Radziwiłł) family in the 18th century

Menotyra ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aistė Paliušytė
Keyword(s):  
Visual Rhetoric ◽  
Visual Experience ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Spatial Relations ◽  
Cultural Image ◽  
Dynamic Observation ◽  
The Family ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
General Scope ◽  
Grand Duchy

The research is focused on the funeral solemnities of the Radvila (Radziwiłł) family, including those to which no proper attention has been paid so far in historiography. Attempts are made to reconstruct and evaluate the visuality of the Radvila’s funeral and compare it to the tradition of other nobility solemnities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The scenery of the Radvila solemnities changed according to the course and spatial context of the rituals. The most of attention was paid to arrangement of a solemn view in Nesvizh and its approaches. Emblems and other images were applied mostly in church interiors and catafalques. Heraldic motives, insignia were extensively applied, metaphoric and metonymic motives were integrated. Catafalque compositions resounded the virtues of the deceased, expressed their eminent background and status. After studying the cases of funeral solemnities of the Radvila family, it can be stated that elements of military visualization were more important than it had been witnessed by earlier research. Such often applied military requisites expressed a connection to the nobility ethos of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, a cultural image of a nobleman-warrior. The importance of the family memory motives in the funeral décor was also noticed. Although images related to a deceased person were used in the décor of solemnity, the general scope of the motives and their application principles reiterated and were in line with the visual rhetoric tradition of funerals in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Although a lot of attention was paid to listing of the décor motives in funeral descriptions, not only their recognisability was considered important. The funeral rhetoric foresaw some visual experience for the viewer, which changed continuously while conducting funeral rituals. The authors of solemnity descriptions noticed and sometimes commented on effects of illumination, shapes and their spatial relations. Dynamic observation, change of a viewer’s position, focused viewing of separate details and the so-called saccadic viewing were foreseen for solemn events. In summary, it can be stated that the research of the Radvila family solemnities revealed the suggestibility of the Baroque culture that was based on a viewer’s visual experience.

scholarly journals Manuscript Books: Collections of Political Life Materials from the Area of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania Dating Back to the 17th and 18th Centuries in Libraries, Archives and Museums in Poland

Knygotyra ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 77 ◽  
pp. 171-202
Author(s):  
Maciej Matwijów
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Public Life ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Historical Records ◽  
Public Activity ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article discusses manuscript books – collections of public life materials created in the 17th and 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, now located in Poland. They were created mainly by nobles and by chancellery clerks and officials employed at magnates’ and state dignitaries’ courts as an expression of the interests of collectors or documentary and historiographical concerns, and sometimes also as support for public activity. They contained various materials related to conducting, documenting and recording public life. The present overview is based on an identification of copies and on the information contained in printed and online manuscript catalogues and inventories. The number of surviving manuscripts of that type can be hypothetically estimated at ca. 400–500 copies, with ca. 100 copies identified in Poland. Their largest collection is held in the Radvilos Archives, part of the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw, with single copies scattered across different libraries and museums. The oldest ones date back to the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The greatest value should be attributed to several manuscripts originating from the Radvilos of Biržai community from the mid-17th century. Other valuable manuscripts include some made by common nobles, especially in the 17th century, as they often contain unique materials, unknown from elsewhere, as well as those created in the circles of the Sapiegos and Radvilos of Nyasvizh magnate families. Standing out among the latter are miscellanies created during the first three decades of the 18th century by Kazimierz Złotkowski, secretary of the Grand Chancellor of Lithuania Karolis Stanislovas Radvila. These books attest to the integration of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’s nobility and magnates with other lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. They largely contain materials relating to public life of the whole Commonwealth, while often including materials relating to local issues.

scholarly journals Jono Kristijono Dicelijaus lietuviška 1690 metų dedikacija

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-32
Author(s):  
Mindaugas Šinkūnas
Keyword(s):  
Publishing House ◽  
Writing Skills ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Exact Date ◽  
The Family ◽  
Master's Thesis ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The University ◽  
Grand Duchy

JOHANN CHRISTIAN DICELIUS’S LITHUANIAN DEDICATION OF 1690 This article presents a dedication written in Lithuanian, that until recently was unknown, as well as additional information about its author and the circumstances of its writing. The poem of Johann Christian Dicelius from 1690, published together with Johann Christoph Taubert’s Master’s thesis, is the second known Lithuanian dedication created for the occasion of receiving a scholarly degree. Seven copies of the publication are known, and all of them are held outside of Lithuania. The exact date of Dicelius’s birth is not known, but he was born around 1670 into the family of Ernest Dicelius, a priest in Valtarkiemis (Walterkehmen), known for composing and translating Lithuanian hymns. In 1690 he began studies in Law at the University of Jena. After his studies, from 1695 he worked at the Vėluva (Wehlau) school until 1700 when he left his post as the school’s co-rector to return to Valtarkiemis where he lived with his mother until his death in 1706. From the 16th–17th century at least seven students from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and 25 from Lithuania Minor studied at the University of Jena. One of them—a fellow countryman from Klaipėda, Taubert—is the recipient of Dicelius’s congratulatory note written in Lithuanian. Dicelius’s mastery of the Lithuanian language and writing skills raise no doubts. The expected orthography of Lithuania Minor is used, but it is slightly altered due to the fact that the publishing house did not have the technical possibilities to produce Lithuanian script. Dicelius’s language is characterized by the typical mixing of the phonemes /ė/ and /ie/; for a more fluid rhyme or for the sake of a formal style he used the rare occasional derivative šviesimas ‘enlightening’ and the long athematic forms of the verbs plėšti ‘to rip’ and rėžti ‘to carve’.

scholarly journals Lithuanian aspirations for an equality with the Crown in the 17th century. An attempt to systematize

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-187
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Ziober
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Government Institutions ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Vice Chancellors ◽  
Grand Duchy

AbstractThe activity of representatives of the elites of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which sought equality with the Crowners, but also the defense of their prerogatives was present from the first days after the signing of the Lublin Union. Analyzing this issue, it should be remembered that the Crown and Lithuania were separated state bodies, which union did not merge into one country, but formed a federal state. They were characterized by a separate treasury, army, offices, judiciary, law, local government institutions, i.e. basically everything that determines the administrative independence of the country. Lithuanians wanted to guarantee the same rights as the Crown nobility had, however, remaining separate. Thus, offices were established having the same prerogatives in the Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, such as the Grand and Field Hetman, Chancellor and Vice-Chancellors, Treasurer and Grand and Court Marshal, as well as a number of land and town dignities and dignitaries. The first of these were allocated appropriate seats in the senate, behind their crown counterparts, which caused quarrels between Poles and Lithuanians. However, manifestations of activity guaranteeing and “reminding” Poles of Lithuania’s separateness from the Crown were evident throughout the entire existence of the federal Commonwealth.

W. Cameron Forbes in the Philippines: A Study in Proconsular Power

1966 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Spector
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Ralph Waldo Emerson ◽  
Family Firm ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Family ◽  
The One

On his mother's side, W. Cameron Forbes was the grandson of Ralph Waldo Emerson, and on his father's, the grandson of John Murray Forbes, who made his fortune in the China clipper trade. He carried in his heredity the shrewd business ability of the one and the liberalism of the other. In Hofstadter's turn of phrase, he was the patrician as liberal. His wealth, his education — the best available (Milton Academy, Hopkinson School, Harvard) — would have entitled him to admittance to the innermost recesses of post-Civil War Republicanism. Yet he remained at best only affiliated with that party, and at heart an outspoken Independent. In 1892, on graduation from Harvard, he joined Stone and Webster, later gained experience in business as officer and director of several Boston banks, and then, just before the turn of the century, joined the family firm of J. M. Forbes and Co., Merchants.

scholarly journals Pomiędzy tradycją zakonu a tradycją rodu – treści ideowe fasady kościoła Benedyktynek pw. św. Katarzyny w Wilnie

Artifex Novus ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 58-75
Author(s):  
Anna Sylwia Czyż
Keyword(s):  
Community Life ◽  
The Family ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Common ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The One ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Church ◽  
Grand Duchy

ABSTRAKT Sprowadzone do Wilna między 1616 a 1618 r. benedyktynki utworzyły niewielką i skromnie uposażoną wspólnotę. Ich sytuacja zmieniła się w 1692 r., kiedy to dzięki bogatym zapisom Feliksa Jana Paca mogły wystawić murowany kościół konsekrowany w 1703 r. Hojność podkomorzego litewskiego nie była przypadkowa, bowiem do wileńskich benedyktynek wstąpiły jego córki Sybilla i Anna, jedyne potomstwo jakie po sobiepozostawił. Z nich szczególne znaczenie dla dziejów klasztoru miała Sybilla (Magdalena) Pacówna, która w 1704 r. została wybrana ksienią. Nie tylko odnowiła ona życie wspólnoty, ale stała się również jedną z najważniejszych postaci ówczesnego Wilna. Po pożarze w 1737 r. Sybilla Pacówna energicznie przystąpiła do odbudowy klasztoru i kościoła, którą kończyła już jej następczyni Joanna Rejtanówna. Wzniesioną wówczas według projektu Jana Krzysztofa Glaubitza fasadę ozdobiono stiukowo-metalową dekoracją o indywidualnie zaplanowanym programie ideowym odwołującym się i do tradycji zakonnej i rodowej – pacowskiej. W fasadzie wyeksponowano ideały związane z życiem benedyktyńskim sytuując je wśród aluzji o konieczności walki na płaszczyźnie ducha i ciała, włączając w militarną symbolikę także konieczność walki z wrogami Kościoła i ojczyzny oraz charakterystyczną dla duchowości benedyktyńskiej pobożność związaną z krzyżem w typie karawaka oraz zOpatrznością Bożą. Jednocześnie przypominano o bogactwie powołań w klasztorze benedyktynek wileńskich przyrównując mniszki do lilii. Porównanie to dzięki obecności w fasadzie herbu Gozdawa (podwójna lilia) oraz powszechnego w XVII i XVIII w. zwyczaju określania Paców „Liliatami” można było odnosić także do ich rodu, w tym do zasłużonej dla klasztoru ksieni Sybilli. Tak mocne wyeksponowanie fundatorów było nie tylko chęciąupamiętnia darczyńców, ale wraz z całym architektonicznym i plastycznym wystrojem świątyni wiązało się z koniecznością stworzenia przeciwwagi dla nowego i prężnie rozwijającego się pod patronatem elity litewskiej klasztoru Wwizytek w Wilnie. Przy tym charakter dekoracji fasady kościoła pw. św. Katarzyny wpisuje się w inne fundacje Paców: kościół pw. św. Teresy i kościół pw. śś. Piotra i Pawła będąc ostatnią ważną inicjatywą artystyczną rodu w stolicy Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. SUMMARY The Benedictines, who had been brought to Vilnius between 1616 and 1618, formed a small and modest community. Thanks to the generous legacy of Feliks Jan Pac, in 1692 their situation changed as they could erect a brick church, which was then consecrated in 1703. The generosity of the Lithuanian chamberlain was not a coincidence; his two daughters, Sybilla and Anna, the only offspring he left, had joined the Benedictine Sisters in Vilnius. Sybilla (Magdalena) Pac, who became an abbess in 1704, was particularly important for the history of the monastery. Not only did she renew the community life, but she also became one of the most important personalities of the then Vilnius. After the fire in 1737 Sybilla Pac vigorously started rebuilding the monastery and the church, which was completed by her successor, Joanna Rejtan. The facade which was then erected after Johann Christoph Glaubitz’s design was adorned with stucco and metal decorations with a perfectly devised ideological programme which referred to the tradition of the order and to the one of the Pac family. The facade presented ideals connected with the Benedictine life, which placed them among the hints of having to fight at the level of spirit and body, incorporating among the military symbols also the need to fight the enemies of the Church and the state, and the typical for the Benedictine spirituality piety connected with the Caravaca cross and the Divine Providence. At the same time, it reminded of the Benedictine vocations comparing nuns to lilies. This comparison, due to the presence of the Gozdawa coat-of-arms (double lilie) and the common nickname of the Pac family in the 17th and 18th cc. “the Liliats”, could also apply to their lineage, including the abbess Sybilla and her services to the monastery. Exposing founders in such an emphatic way was not only the will to immortalise them, but was also, together with the entire architectural and artistic decor of the church, connected with the need to counterbalance the new and dynamicallydeveloping Visitation Monastery in Vilnius. At the same time, the nature of the facade decoration of the Church of St. Catherine is in line with other foundations of the Pac family: St Theresa’s Church and the St Peter and St Paul Church, and was the last significant artistic initiative of the family in thecapital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

scholarly journals The Image of Lithuania in English Publications in the 17th Century

2011 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-118
Author(s):  
Gintautas Sliesoriūnas
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
English Language ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Related Issue ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
English Society ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
West European

In the 17th century, as contacts between citizens of England, which was gaining increasing importance in Europe, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (GDL) intensified, the phenomenon of the image of Lithuania in English and Scottish societies, as well as the level of their knowledge about the GDL, became more important. The issue of mentioning Lithuania in West European historical sources and the related issue of the image of Lithuania in the region in the 16th–17th centuries has already been analysed in Lithuania, albeit not thoroughly enough. However, the question of the image of Lithuania in English publications in the 17th–18th centuries still requires more detailed analysis. This article discusses Lithuania-related facts that could have been familiar not only to the narrow circle of people that were in close contact with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, but also to wider well-read English and Scottish society. The few educated members of English society who had an interest in learning more about Lithuania had access to publications in various languages published in different countries. However, this article dwells almost exclusively on publications in the English language dating from the 17th century that facilitated the rendering of knowledge and opinions about Lithuania to a much wider circle of people who read in the English language.

scholarly journals Maciej Ziemierski, Testamenty krakowskiej rodziny Królików z XVII w.

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 11-41
Author(s):  
Maciej Ziemierski
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Family Members ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Town ◽  
Distinguished Member

17th century testaments of the Królik family from Krakow The article is dedicated to the Królik family from Krakow, who lived in the town from the late 16th century until the first years of the 18th century. The family members initially worked as tailors, later reinforcing the group of Krakow merchants in the third generation (Maciej Królik). Wojciech Królik – from the fourth generation – was a miner in Olkusz. The text omits the most distinguished member of the family, Wojciech’s oldest brother, the Krakow councillor Mikołaj Królik, whose figure has been covered in a separate work. The work shows the complicated religious relations in the family of non-Catholics, initially highly engaged in the life of the Krakow Congregation, but whose members gradually converted from Evangelism to Catholicism. As a result, Wojciech Królik and his siblings became Catholics. This work is complemented by four testaments of family members, with the first, Jakub Królik’s, being written in 1626 and the last one, Wojciech Królik’s, written in 1691.

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