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Africa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 713-741
Author(s):  
Iracema Dulley

Abstract‘Chronicles of Bailundo’ is a fragmentary account of life in Bailundo, Central Angola. The manuscript, whose authorship and exact date are unknown, is available at the archives of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM) at Houghton Library, Harvard University. It was written in Umbundu, the vernacular spoken in Bailundo, by North American Congregational missionaries between 1903 and the 1930s. Although the source mentions no dates, it refers roughly to the period between the seventeenth century and the gradual establishment of Portuguese colonial rule and Christian missions in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It gives access to both the Umbundu then spoken in Bailundo and the perspective of Umbundu-speaking subjects on what it was like to live in this polity. The source addresses socio-cultural, political and economic aspects of life in Bailundo as well as significant historical events, such as the Bailundo War (1902–03). The text in Umbundu, published as supplementary material with this article, has been transcribed, translated into Portuguese and English, and annotated. The version published following the main introduction of the article presents an annotated sample of the source in English. The full version, published as supplementary material, comprises the complete original in Umbundu, its complete annotated translation into English, and a complete annotated translation into Portuguese. The article addresses the authorship, contents, form and context of production of the source.


2021 ◽  
Vol III (III) ◽  
pp. 175-188
Author(s):  
Anna Korzeniewska - Lasota

In the Act of 8 July 2005 on the Exercise of the Right to Compensation for Real Property Left Beyond the Present Borders of the Republic of Poland, there is no clear definition of the date that should be taken into account for the purpose of determining whether one meets the premise of being the holder of the ownership title to the left real property. Moreover, judicial practice also lacks a uniform answer to the question whether such owner of the real property left beyond the borders should provide the proof of title to that property as at the date of the outbreak of the Second World War, i.e. on 1 September 1939, or as at the exact date of departing from that territory. In the commented judgement, the court found that persons who were not the holders of the ownership title to the property as at 1 September 1939, but who later became property owners and, at the same time, met the other statutory conditions, are entitled to the Bug River compensation.


Author(s):  
A. V. Zhuravel
Keyword(s):  

The study examines the chronological discrepancies related to the theme of the invasion of Tokhtamysh in Russia in 1382, and establishes the exact date of the fall of Moscow. This becomes possible because of author's methods developed during the study of the Old Russian lunisolar calendar.


Author(s):  
Ulyana Pidvalna ◽  
◽  
Roman Plyatsko ◽  
Vassyl Lonchyna ◽  
◽  
...  

On January 5, 1896, the Austrian newspaper Die Presse published an article entitled “A Sensational Discovery”. It was dedicated to the discovery of X-rays made on November 8, 1895 by the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen. Having taken into account the contribution of other scientists, the precondition of the given epochal, yet unexpected, discovery was, first and foremost, the work of the Ukrainian scientist Ivan Puluj. It was Puluj who laid the foundation for X-ray science. He explained the nature of X-rays, discovered that they can ionize atoms and molecules, and defined the place of X-ray emergence and their distribution in space. In 1881, Puluj constructed a cathode lamp (“Puluj’s tube”) which was fundamentally a new type of light source. In the same year, in recognition of this discovery, Puluj received an award at the International Exhibition in Paris. Investigating the processes in cathode-ray tubes, Ivan Puluj set the stage for two ground-breaking discoveries in physics, namely X-rays and electrons. Puluj used his cathode lamp in medicine as a source of intense X-rays which proved to be highly efficient. The exact date of the first X-ray images received by Puluj remains unknown. High-quality photographs of the hand of an eleven-year-old girl, taken on January 18, 1896, are preserved. Multiple X-ray images clearly visualized pathological changes in the examined structures (fractures, calluses, tuberculous bone lesions). High-quality images were obtained by means of the anticathode in the design of Puluj’s lamp, which was the first in the world. The image of the whole skeleton of a stillborn child (published on April 3, 1896 in The Photogram) is considered to be the starting point of using X-rays in anatomy.


Author(s):  
Melinda Torbágyi ◽  
István A. Vida

In the Carpathian Basin, the only coinage made by purely following Roman designs and based on their monetary standards is related to the Eravisci. The exact date of the coinage is still a matter of discussion, but the Eraviscan coins may have begun during the last decades of the 1st century BC at the earliest. The Eraviscan coinage was more probably politically motivated than economically, with their purpose perhaps to finance Eraviscan troops allied with the Romans, for instance in the war planned against Maroboduus. The coinage may perhaps have had a later phase after the abandonment of the oppidum on Gellért Hill. In this phase, very “odd” coins were minted somewhere in the edge of the Eraviscan territory. Recently, some imitations of Eraviscan denarii came to light north of the Danube, e.g. the Czechy hoard. They are thin, poorly minted coins of half weight and strongly stylized imagery.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-406
Author(s):  
Vikas Mishra ◽  
Pierre Laperdrix ◽  
Walter Rudametkin ◽  
Romain Rouvoy

Abstract Many browser cache attacks have been proposed in the literature to sniff the user’s browsing history. All of them rely on specific time measurements to infer if a resource is in the cache or not. Unlike the state-of-the-art, this paper reports on a novel cache-based attack that is not a timing attack but that abuses the HTTP cache-control and expires headers to extract the exact date and time when a resource was cached by the browser. The privacy implications are serious as this information can not only be utilized to detect if a website was visited by the user but it can also help build a timeline of the user’s visits. This goes beyond traditional history sniffing attacks as we can observe patterns of visit and model user’s behavior on the web. To evaluate the impact of our attack, we tested it on all major browsers and found that all of them, except the ones based on WebKit, are vulnerable to it. Since our attack requires specific HTTP headers to be present, we also crawled the Tranco Top 100K websites and identified 12, 970 of them can be detected with our approach. Among them, 1, 910 deliver resources that have expiry dates greater than 100 days, enabling long-term user tracking. Finally, we discuss possible defenses at both the browser and standard levels to prevent users from being tracked.


Author(s):  
Krasovskaya A. A. ◽  

The article deals with the governing bodies of Troitskosavsk in the 1920s. Particular attention is paid to the process of their formation in the difficult time of changing the power, Civil War and foreign military intervention. We have described the structure of the governing bodies of Troitskosavsk, namely economic, financial, administrative, transport departments. The materials of the State Archives of the Republic of Buryatia (SARB) made it possible to present a complete picture of the activities of government bodies in the town. The archival sources allowed us to identify the members of Troitskosavsk district people's revolutionary committee, particularly Troitskosavsk municipal people's revolutionary committee. By studying the protocols, circulars, resolutions of the municipal governance, correspondence with other institutions, as well as correspondence between departments and appeals of the members of people's revolutionary committees, we established the main functions, goals and objectives of the emergency authorities in the town, as well as the problems they were forced to decide in the current conditions. We also determined a clear chronological framework for the beginning of the activities of both district and municipal people's revolutionary committees. The exact date of the end of their activities in Troitskosavsk is unknown till now. That is why it is necessary to continue the study of the municipal governance. Despite the few available researches on the history of Troitskosavsk, there are still gaps on the issues of municipal governance. For an in-depth immersion in the topic of research, it is necessary to refer to archival sources, periodicals of that time, as well as to the sources of personal origin — memoirs and diaries of the participants in the events of those years.


2021 ◽  
Vol 251 ◽  
pp. 01001
Author(s):  
Jamie Sheirs

Computing for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN arguably started shortly after the commencement of data taking at the previous machine – LEP – some would argue it was even before. Without specifying an exact date, it was certainly prior to when today’s large(st) collaborations, namely ATLAS and CMS, had formed and been approved and before the LHC itself was given the official go-ahead at the 100th meeting of the CERN Council in 1995. Approximately the first decade was spent doing research and development; the second – from the beginning of the new millennium – on grid exploration and hardening; and the third providing support to LHC data taking, production, analysis and most importantly obtaining results.


Author(s):  
Vladimir Petrovich Kirilko ◽  

The gate church of the Theodorite castle near the village of Funa appeared in 1459 and existed to 1778. Left unattended later on, it became decayed, quickly dilapidated, and finally turning into ruin after the earthquake of 1927. The experts’ conclusions concerning its origin are based mainly on the typical features of the architectonics and carved decoration of the structure, correlated with the traditions of Armenian architecture and Seljuk ornamentation. The most exquisite architectural detail of the building is the large slab with relief ornamentation that overlapped from outside the doorway of the south entrance. Two iconographic sources are published for the first time to supply new information about the slab in question along with the results of a substantive study of a large fragment of the artefact which was found by chance outside the castle short time ago. Almost a half of the composition that adorned the outermost part of the architrave survived. Its completely lost middle part can be reconstructed reliably by the photograph taken by N. N. Klepinin and the drawing by D. M. Strukov. The ornamental motif of the slab is one of the most popular in mediaeval art, being typical of the eastern decorative tradition. It is still not possible to discover the origin and exact date of the architrave which was secondary used in the church of 1459. Stylistically, structurally, and technologically it is comparable with carved architectural details of many main buildings of the capital town of Theodoro, which were erected in the 1420s. Therefore, the slab in question possibly has the same chronology, but still it could be made even earlier.


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