Complex medical rehabilitation of adolescents with dentoalveolar pathology in orthodontic treatment

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-78
Author(s):  
A. V. Kokareva ◽  
V. A. Zelenskiy ◽  
I. I. Gaidamaka ◽  
S. A. Pachin ◽  
R. M. Gusov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Therapy ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Medical Rehabilitation ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Craniosacral Therapy ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Group 1

The purpose of the study is to increase the effectiveness of medical rehabilitation of adolescents with dentoalveolar pathology in orthodontic treatment based on the inclusion of florentine waters, therapeutic physical exercise according to the craniovertebral method, and osteopathic craniosacral therapy in rehabilitation regimens. Material and methods. There have been observed 106 adolescents with dentoalveolar pathology on orthodontic treatment. They were distributed into 3 groups by simple randomization: in the main group 2, the patients received gum irrigation with fir extract florentine water, physical therapy exercises (PTE) according to the craniovertebral method and osteopathic craniosacral therapy in combination with the standard therapy; in the main group 1, the patients were prescribed gum irrigation with fir extract florentine water and PTE according to the craniovertebral method in combination with standard therapy; in the group of comparison, the patients had only irrigation of the gums with fir extract florentine water in combination with standard therapy. Results. In the main group 2, 83,1 % of cases noted levelling of clinical manifestations 6 months later, and 97.9 % — 18–20 months later, while the patients who received irrigation with fir extract florentine water (FW) in combination with standard therapy and PTE according to the craniovertebral method had an improvement in 63,5 % and 85.0 % of cases; when using only irrigations with fir extract FW against the background of standard therapy there was an improvement in 49.4 % and 78.1 % of cases; the reduction of the total number of functional disorders and stabilization of the statokinetic system within 6 months were improved by 1,81 (p < 0.01), and after 18–20 months — 2,61 (p < 0,01) times, while using irrigations with fir extract FW against the background of standard therapy and PTE according to the craniovertebral method, the improvement was by 1,38 (p < 0,01) and 1,69 (p < 0,01) times; when using only irrigations with fir extract FW against the background of standard therapy — by 1,27 (p < 0,05) and 1,73 (p < 0,01) times, respectively, which, with a high degree of reliability, has correlated with the improved dental, physical, and mental health. Conclusion. The developed technology of medical rehabilitation of adolescents using florentine waters, therapeutic physical exercises according to the craniovertebral technique and osteopathic craniosacral therapy is viable and pathogenetically justified.

Study of clinical and morphological features of postoperative nasal septum perforations

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
I. I. Morozov ◽  
◽  
N. S. Grachev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Septum ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Tissue Elasticity ◽  
Cytological Picture ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Choice Of Technique ◽  
Group 1

The literature provides many ways to close perforations of the nasal septum (NS), there is no differential approach to the choice of technique depending on the etiological factor. Objective: to study the clinical and morphological features of tissues at the edges of postoperative nasal septum perforations (PNSP) to substantiate the choice of the optimal surgical technique. Materials and methods. 52 patients are divided into 3 groups in accordance with the area (S) of PNSP: 1st S < 1 cm2 (10%); 2nd S 1–2 cm2 (75%), 3rd S > 2 cm2 (15%). In group 2, the subgroups are: 2A – PNSP without curvature of the NS (CNS) (52%); 2B – PNSP with CNS (48%). The state of the mucous membrane (MM) and supporting tissues at the edges of the PNSP, the results of a cytological study from the edges of the PNSP, and specific complaints of the patients were evaluated. Results: In group 1 and 2 at the edges of the PNSP, there was a significant decrease in tissue elasticity compared with group 3, indicating a deficit in supporting tissues (p < 0.05). The ratio of the area of the defect of supporting tissues and PNSP in group 1 was 1 to 3.5, in group 2 – 1 to 1.5, in group 3 – 1 to 1.1. A high degree of elasticity of the posterior edge of PNSP is accompanied by pronounced clinical manifestations, regardless of the size of PNSP, and is confirmed by the cytological picture of inflammation (p <0.01). The presence of CNS enhances the clinical manifestations of PNSPI (p < 0.05). Conclusion: the structure of the edges of PNSP forms the clinical picture of the disease. When choosing a closure method for PNSP, the surgeon must solve the following problems: the size of the NS defect required for replacement is determined not so much by the dimensions of the PNSP as the area of the defect in the supporting tissues of the NS; with a deficit of local tissues, it is advisable to additionally use grafts; MM in the area of the posterior and lower edges has pronounced signs of inflammation, these tissues should be removed during the operation.

scholarly journals The Systematic Effect of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy in Critical COVID-19 Patients: A Prospective Double Controlled Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 096368972110249
Author(s):  
G Adas ◽  
Z Cukurova ◽  
K Kart Yasar ◽  
R Yilmaz ◽  
N Isiksacan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Factors ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Systematic Effect ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The aim of this clinical trial was to control the cytokine storm by administering mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to critically-ill COVID-19 patients, to evaluate the healing effect, and to systematically investigate how the treatment works. Patients with moderate and critical COVID-19 clinical manifestations were separated as Group 1 (moderate cases, n = 10, treated conventionally), Group 2 (critical cases, n = 10, treated conventionally), and Group 3 (critical cases, n = 10, treated conventionally plus MSCs transplantation therapy of three consecutive doses on treatment days 0, 3, and 6, (as 3 × 106 cells/kg, intravenously). The treatment mechanism of action was investigated with evaluation markers of the cytokine storm, via biochemical parameters, levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, analyses of tissue regeneration via the levels of growth factors, apoptosis markers, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases, and granzyme-B, and by the assessment of the immunomodulatory effects via total oxidant/antioxidant status markers and the levels of lymphocyte subsets. In the assessment of the overall mortality rates of all the cases, six patients in Group-2 and three patients in Group-3 died, and there was no loss in Group-1. Proinflammatory cytokines IFNγ, IL-6, IL-17A, IL-2, IL-12, anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10, IL-13, IL-1ra, and growth factors TGF-β, VEGF, KGF, and NGF levels were found to be significant in Group-3. When Group-2 and Group-3 were compared, serum ferritin, fibrinogen and CRP levels in Group-3 had significantly decreased. CD45 +, CD3 +, CD4 +, CD8 +, CD19 +, HLA-DR +, and CD16 + / CD56 + levels were evaluated. In the statistical comparison of the groups, significance was only determined in respect of neutrophils. The results demonstrated the positive systematic and cellular effects of MSCs application on critically ill COVID-19 patients in a versatile way. This effect plays an important role in curing and reducing mortality in critically ill patients.

scholarly journals The role of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) in the progression and development of cerebrovascular diseases. A competent choice of pathogenic treatment is the key to success in treatment and prevention. An expert’s view from the ‘red zone’

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
V. V. Kovalchuk
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Disorders ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Recent Experience ◽  
Treatment And Prevention ◽  
State Recovery ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
State Examination ◽  
Group 1

COVID-19 worsens the course of cerebrovascular diseases (CVD), including chronic cerebral ischaemia (CCI). The Actovegin drug, which has long been widely used in CCI treatment, has an antioxidant and endothelium protective effect. It makes sense to study the effect of Actovegin therapy on the clinical manifestations of CCI in patients with a recent experience of COVID-19.Objective: to evaluate Actovegin efficacy in the treatment of CCI in patients with a recent experience of COVID-19.Patients and methods. The study included 440 patients (234 female; 206 male) with a recent experience of COVID-19, suffering from CCI, their average age being 67.8 years (from 54 to 85 years). All patients were broken down into two groups of 220 people (the patients in Group 1 were administrated Actovegin, the ones in Group 2 – were not). All patients were followed up for 90 days; their condition was assessed by the severity of clinical manifestations of CCI, using special scales and questionnaires.Results and discussion. After 90 days of follow-up, the frequency of complaints of cognitive impairment, sleep disorder, dizziness, fatigue, emotional disorders, and headache in Group 1 was significantly lower than in Group 2 (p<0.05). According to Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20), and Spiegel Sleep Questionnaire (SSQ), the average indicators improved significantly more in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p<0.05). The absence of quality of life impairment and their minimal severity were observed in Group 1 in 77.9%; in Group 2 – in 33.7% (p<0.001). Statistically significant differences between the groups of patients were also observed in relation to emotional state recovery according to the Wakefield Questionnaire and the Spielberger State Trait Anxiety inventory.Conclusion. The observational study demonstrated the efficacy of Actovegin in the treatment of main clinical manifestations of CCI in patients with recent COVID-19 experience.

Synchronous Ovarian and Appendiceal Mucinous Neoplasms in the Absence of Pseudomyxoma Peritonei

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-222
Author(s):  
Xianyong Gui ◽  
Jorge Escobar ◽  
Cheng-Han Lee ◽  
Máire A. Duggan ◽  
Martin Köbel
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei ◽  
Synchronous Tumors ◽  
Marker Panel ◽  
Ovarian Surface ◽  
Mucinous Neoplasms ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Ovarian Involvement ◽  
Appendiceal Perforation ◽  
Group 1

BackgroundSynchronous ovarian/appendiceal mucinous neoplasms sometimes occur in the absence of clinical pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP), which raises a question about whether the 2 tumors could be independent.MethodsWe identified 11 cases of synchronous ovarian/appendiceal mucinous neoplasms without PMP and subclassified them into groups 1 and 2 based on the presence or absence of microscopic peritoneal/ovarian surface mucin deposits. A 7-marker panel (CK7, CK20, CDX2, PAX8, MUC1, MUC2, and MUC5AC) immunohistochemistry was performed on both tumors.ResultsBetween the 2 groups, there were no significant differences in age, laterality, size, and histology of ovarian/appendiceal tumors. In group 1, 2 of 4 cases developed PMP later, and both had ovarian surface and contralateral ovarian involvement and appendiceal perforation with microscopic mucin deposits on the peritoneum. No patients in group 2 developed PMP. All group 1 cases showed a high degree of concordance of immunoprofile between the synchronous tumors, with an identical expression of appendiceal pattern in greater than 90% of the markers. In group 2, only 1 of 7 cases showed concordance in all markers.ConclusionsIf peritoneal mucin deposits present, even microscopic and acellular, the synchronous tumors are most likely of a single appendiceal origin. Otherwise, they are more heterogeneous, and some may be truly dual primaries.

scholarly journals Stability in Dental Changes in RME and SARME: A 2-Year Follow-up

2009 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oral Sokucu ◽  
H. Huseyin Kosger ◽  
A. Altug Bıcakci ◽  
Hasan Babacan
Keyword(s):  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Rapid Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Maxillary Expansion ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Maxillary Arch ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Dental Casts

Abstract Objective: To compare the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) on dentoalveolar structures following orthodontic treatment, as well as stability at 2-year follow-up. Materials and Methods: Two groups of subjects were used in the study. Group 1 consisted of 14 subjects (mean age, 12.7 ± 1.4 years) who were treated with RME, and Group 2 consisted of 13 subjects (mean age, 18.5 ± 2.3 years) who were treated with SARME. In both groups, all cases had a maxillary width deficiency with bilateral crossbites. Maxillary dental casts were available at three different intervals: pretreatment (T1), after orthodontic treatment (T2), and at follow-up recall (T3). Intermolar and interpremolar width, palatal height, and maxillary arch depth and length were assessed from maxillary dental casts. Results: Treatment by RME and SARME produced significant increases in intermolar and interpremolar width and maxillary arch length after expansion (T2) (P &lt; .05). The amount of relapse was not significantly different 2 years after treatment (P &gt; .05). Conclusions: Although age ranges of the patient groups are different, the dentoalveolar responses of RME and SARME were similar after orthodontic treatment. (Angle Orthod. 2009:79; )

scholarly journals CLINICAL EFFECTIVENESS OF ANTRAL IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PANCREATITIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-107
Author(s):  
O. S. Khukhina ◽  
I. V. Dudka ◽  
T. V. Dudka ◽  
V. S. Smandych
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pancreatitis ◽  
Standard Therapy ◽  
Blood Lipid ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Inhibitory System ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Integrated Therapy ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Dynamic Indicators

The studies on the pathogenesis of chronic pancreatitis (CP) have proven the important role of systemic inflammation, factors of proteinase-inhibitory system with increasing damaging effects of systemic proteolysis, disturbance of oxidant-antioxidant homeostasis, changes in blood lipid and protein spectroscopic processes that collectively contribute to inhibition of reparative processes and the activation of pancreatic fibrosis processes. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of applying Antral medicine in the treatment of CP in the exacerbation phase on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of clinical course of CP and structural and functional disorders of the pancreas. Material and methods. 52 patients with CP of mixed aetiology were examined in the exacerbation phase of moderate severity. The first group (group 1, control) included 24 people, who received standard treatment within 30 days. The main group (group 2) involved 28 people, who in addition to the standard therapy took Antral (Pharmak OAO, Kyiv) in a dose of 1 tablet (200 mg) 3 times a day for 30 days. The comparison group consisted of 30 healthy individuals of the same age and sex. Results. In 4 weeks since the beginning of the therapy, the astheno-vegetative syndrome was found as significantly less manifested in only 2 people (7.1%) of the 2 groups, whereas in the 1 group it remained in 17 patients. At the same time in all patients of group 2 (100.0%) the pain and feeling of heaviness in the epigastric region, pain in the left and right subcostal area were disappeared, they did not complain of nausea. The restoration of physical performance in 100.0% of patients in the 2 group can be regarded as a positive manifestation of the therapy efficacy. Analyzing the indicators, which characterize the phase of CP exacerbation, it is necessary to note the patients of the 2 group demonstrated higher efficacy of their treatment program. Thus, dynamic indicators of blood α-amylase activity against the background of hyperfermentemia diagnosed prior the treatment and in the phase of CP exacerbation significantly decreased in both groups of observation on the 30th day of the therapy; the syndrome of enzyme rejection in the blood was eliminated in 100% of patients of the 2 groups; whereas in group 1 this was observed only in 58.3% of the patients. The dynamic of indicators of the inflammation syndrome in patients with CP (by blood C-reactive protein content) indicates its complete elimination in 96.4% of the patients in group 2 vs. 29.2% of the patients in group 1. Analysis of the dynamic indicators of elastase-1 content in the faeces of the patients with CP on the 30th day of the therapy indicates a significant increase in this indicator in only group 2. Restoration of the secretory capacity of the pancreas was observed in 78.6% of patients in group 2 vs. 20.8% of the patients in group 1. Conclusions. Complex therapy of patients with chronic pancreatitis with applying Antral in addition to the integrated therapy has led to faster, when compared with only standard therapy, achieving clinical remission of chronic pancreatitis, elimination of inflammatory pancreatic oedema, hyperfermentemia and inflammation, restoration of the external secretion of the pancreas.

scholarly journals Optimization of healing in patients with odontogenic phlegmon of the maxillofacial region

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 387-390
Author(s):  
O. V. Shvets ◽  
Tatiana V. Gaivoronskaya ◽  
E. E. Esaulenko ◽  
N. I. Bykova
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Effectiveness ◽  
Comparison Group ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Maxillofacial Region ◽  
Traditional Treatment ◽  
Parameter Group ◽  
Antioxidant Agents ◽  
Complex Therapy ◽  
Group 2

Aim. This study aims to increase the efficiency of the wound process in patients with odontogenic phlegmons of the maxillofacial region by using energotropic and antioxidant agents. Material and methods. The clinical study included 42 patients with odontogenic phlegmons of the maxillofacial region. The patients were divided into two groups: comparison group (patients received traditional treatment) and main group (patients received treatment with Cytoflavin in the treatment regimen). Results. In the main group, the appearance of the first granulations occurred 2.1 times faster (on average on the 3rd day) in comparison with the granulation tissue in patients of the comparison group. Signs of edge epithelialization of wounds appeared almost 3 days earlier (on average on the 6th day) in the main group than in the comparison group; on the 7th day, secondary sutures were already applied, which was 1.6 times faster than the same parameter group 2, clearly suggesting the acceleration of reparative processes. Conclusion. The dynamics of clinical manifestations indicates the comparative effectiveness of using Cytoflavin as part of complex therapy. This finding is confirmed by the accelerated terms of wound healing, the appearance of granulations, epithelialization of the wound edges, and the imposition of secondary sutures.

scholarly journals Effect of modified neoadjuvant chemotherapy on levels of E6 oncoprotein in HPV-infected cervical tumor tissue

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-537
Author(s):  
Elena Frantsiyants ◽  
Anna Menshenina ◽  
Tatiana Moiseenko ◽  
Natalia Ushakova ◽  
Ekaterina Verenikina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cervical Cancer ◽  
Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy ◽  
Hpv Infection ◽  
Main Group ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cervical Tumor ◽  
E6 Oncoprotein ◽  
Tumor Tissues ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

. Background. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been established to be the etiological factor of cervical cancer (CC). HPV infection and CC progression involve the direct participation of the E6 oncoprotein. Aim. An analysis of the E6 oncoprotein levels in tissues of the tumor and its perifocal area in HPV-associated cervical squamous cell cancer as an objective indicator of the effect of treatment depending on preoperative chemotherapy. Material and methods. The study included clinical and laboratory data of 237 patients with high-risk HPV infection of the cervix. The patients were divided into 4 groups: two main groups (CC T2а2–2bN0–1M0) and two control groups. Patients in the main group 1 (n=84) received standard neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), in the main group 2 (n=93) — modified NACT with prior plasmapheresis session and a parallel course of nonspecific immunotherapy with Allokin-alpha. Control group 1 (n=40) included patients with CC T1b2–2a1N0–1M0, surgical treatment; control group 2 (n=20) — HPV-positive patients without CC. Levels of E6 were measured in samples of the cervical tumor and perifocal tissues. Results. The lowest levels of the E6 oncoprotein were registered in the group of HPV-positive patients without CC. After modified NACT, E6 levels in tumor tissues remained 4.6 times higher than in intact tissues, and even so, these patients demonstrated minimal E6 levels compared to other CC patients. E6 in tumor tissues was significantly lower than in main group 1 (by 3.3 times) and 8 times lower than in control group 1. E6 levels in the perifocal tissues of patients in main group 2 were 1.9 times lower than in the corresponding tissues of patients in main group 1 and 2.2 times lower than in control group 1. Conclusions. Inclusion of plasmapheresis and inducers of endogenous interferonogenesis into neoadjuvant treatment for cervical cancer can be considered pathogenetically justified, since it affects the key unit of cervical carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Thermal Helium-Oxygen Mixture as Part of a Treatment Protocol for Patients with COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (5S) ◽  
pp. 353-362
Author(s):  
Lyudmila V. Shogenova ◽  
Sergey S. Petrikov ◽  
Sergey V. Zhuravel ◽  
Pavel V. Gavrilov ◽  
Irina I. Utkina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Failure ◽  
Acute Respiratory Failure ◽  
Standard Therapy ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Oxygen Mixture ◽  
Virus Elimination ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Background. The paper discusses the use of a thermal helium-oxygen mixture (t-Не/О2 ), a novel technology, in treating patients with the 2019-nCoV acute respiratory disease (COVID-19) who develop life-threatening respiratory failure. Aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of t-Не/О2 inhalation combined with standard therapy in the treatment of acute respiratory failure in patients with COVID-19. Materials and Methods. This was a single-center, randomized, prospective study of 70 patients with COVID-19. All patients were divided into two groups: in Group 1 (n = 38) patients received t-He/О2 in addition to the standard COVID-19 treatment; and in Group 2 (n = 32) patients were given the standard treatment in accordance with the Clinical Treatment Guidelines for patients with COVID-19, developed by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The male/female ratio was 18/20 in Group 1 and 18/14 in Group 2. The mean age of the patients in the study was 53.5 years (43; 62): 56 years (42; 64) in Group 1 and 52 years (43; 66) in Group 2. All patients had computed tomography (CT) signs of lung injury: ground-glass opacities and areas of consolidation. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 30 Group 1 patients and 28 Group 2 patients. The patients were matched by sex, age, body mass index (BMI), area of pulmonary involvement, and laboratory findings. All patients provided voluntary informed consent to participate in the study and signed a consent form. Results. Inhalation of thermal helium-oxygen mixture combined with standard therapy did not cause any procedure-related side effects in any of the patients. The following changes were observed in all patients: pO2 /FiO2 , SpO2 , and lymphocyte counts increased, C-reactive protein (CRP) levels decreased, and D-dimer and ferritin levels returned to normal. In Group 1 statistically significant changes in the above-mentioned parameters were seen within three days, while in Group 2 the same changes were observed between Days 7 and 10 of treatment. In Group 1 patients cleared SARS-CoV-2 within 4872 hours after initiation of inhalation, which was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and in Group 2 virus elimination was achieved within 72168 hours. Conclusion. The addition of inhalation of a thermal gas mixture of helium and oxygen (t-He/О2 ) to the standard therapy for patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, CT signs of pneumonia (grades СT2 or CT3), and acute respiratory failure improves gas exchange, contributes to a more rapid virus elimination, and indirectly reduces inflammation.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance of bacterial strains in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with and without fixed appliances

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Andrade Pellissari ◽  
Gabriela Sergini Pereira Sabino ◽  
Roberto Nepomuceno de Souza Lima ◽  
Rogério Heládio Lopes Motta ◽  
Selly Sayuri Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽  
Fixed Appliances ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT Objectives To identify microorganisms isolated from patients wearing fixed orthodontic appliances and to evaluate the resistance of isolated bacterial strains to different antimicrobials. Materials and Methods Seventeen healthy patients wearing a fixed orthodontic appliance (group 1) and six nonwearers (group 2, control group) were evaluated. The biofilm that formed around the orthodontic brackets was collected, and the samples were then plated in a chromogenic medium (chromIDT, bioMérieux). Colony-forming units (CFUs) were isolated and inoculated in blood-agar medium. Automated biochemical tests (VITEK 2, bioMérieux) were carried out to identify the genus and species of the microorganisms and the resistance provided by 43 drugs (37 antibacterial and 6 antifungal). Results The most prevalent microbial genera identified in group 1 were Streptococcus (24.0%), Staphylococcus (20.0%), Enterobacter (12.0%), Geobacillus (12.0%), and Candida (12.0%), and the most frequent species were Enterobacter cloacae complex (13.6%) and Staphylococcus hominis (13.6%). In group 2, the most prevalent genera were Streptococcus (57.1%), Staphylococcus (14.2%), Sphingomonas (14.2%), and Enterobacter (14.2%). With regard to antimicrobial resistance, 14 of 19 (74%) isolated bacterial strains were found to be resistant to at least 1 of the tested antimicrobials. Conclusions The findings of the present study suggest that patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances have a more complex biofilm with a higher level of bacterial resistance.

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