Faculty Opinions recommendation of Indirect predator effects on clutch size and the cost of egg production.

The efficiency of introducing probiotics based on strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium in the amount of 150 g/t of feed into the diets of laying quails has been studied. The experiment lasting 182 days has been carried out on four groups of quails with 30 heads in each. The quails have been housed in the broiler battery in compliance with the required microclimate conditions. Quails of all groups have been received the main diet (compound feed) developed taking into account their age and physiological characteristics. The quails of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups in addition to the main diet received probiotics (150 g/t compound feed) based on strains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium, respectively. It has been found that feeding the laying quails of the consortium of strains Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis had the most significant positive impact on their productive performance, it allowed to increase egg production by 7,81 %, egg laying intensity by 5,0 %, egg mass yield by 9,77 %, while reducing feed expenditures for 10 eggs by 13,35 %. The yield of hatching eggs has been increased by 7,03 %, hatchability of chickens from laid and fertilized eggs by 8,33 and 8,35 %, brooding waste decreased by 21,74 %. Hematological parameters of quails during the whole experiment were within the physiological norm. The economic effect calculated on the basis of data on the cost of compound feed, probiotics and the cost of sold eggs of quail laying was 14,56 % in the 3rd experimental group (in relation to the control group).

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Indirect predator effects influence behaviour but not morphology of juvenile coral reef A mbon damselfish Pomacentrus amboinensis

Journal of Fish Biology ◽

10.1111/jfb.14728 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Brittany Arvizu ◽

Bridie J. M. Allan ◽

Justin R. Rizzari

Keyword(s):

Coral Reef ◽

Juvenile Coral ◽

Pomacentrus Amboinensis ◽

Indirect Predator Effects ◽

Predator Effects

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The efficiency of food utilization for egg production by pullets and yearling hens

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600029683 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 52 (3) ◽

pp. 364-368 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

W. Bolton

Keyword(s):

Crude Protein ◽

Egg Production ◽

High Energy ◽

Metabolizable Energy ◽

Low Energy ◽

Food Utilization ◽

Digestible Energy ◽

Digestible Protein ◽

The Cost ◽

Low Energy Diet

1. The efficiency of food conversion by pullets and yearlings fed on high- and low-energy diets has been determined.2. Egg production was slightly higher by birds fed the low-energy diet for both pullets and yearling hens; pullets laid more eggs than yearling hens.3. For each age, the gross food intake was greater for birds fed the low-energy diet; the consumptions of digestible protein, non-protein digestible energy and metabolizable energy were the same for both diets and both ages of bird.4. The food cost per dozen eggs was slightly greater in the yearling year when the cost of rearing the pullets was ignored, and about the same when it was included.5. The efficiency of utilization of digestible energy and protein showed only a slight decrease from the pullet to the yearling year.6. The variation in the composition and digestibility of eighteen consecutive mixes of the highenergy diet and twenty-five of the low-energy diet was: crude protein 2%, non-protein digestible energy 5% and metabolizable energy 0·4 kg. cal./g. The digestibility of the crude protein and oil was 87%, for both diets; carbohydrates were 81% digestible in the high-energy diet and 59% in the low-energy diet.

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Перспективи використання треоніну в годівлі племінних курей вітчизняної селекції

Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії ◽

10.31210/visnyk2013.03.41 ◽

2013 ◽

pp. 187-191

Author(s):

О. М. Гончаренко

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Egg Production ◽

Hatching Eggs ◽

The Cost

Введення в пшенично-кукурудзяно-соєвий комбі-корм у період вирощування ремонтного молодняку (18–23 тижні) і утримання племінних курей (24–51 тиждень) L-треоніну до рівня 0,60 і 0,63 % досто-вірно збільшує: живу масу – на 5,4 %, яйценос-ність – на 5,5 %, заплідненість яєць – на 1,1 %, вивід курчат – на 2,4 %, кількість інкубаційних яєць – на 6,7 % і зменшує витрати корму на 10 інкубаційних яєць на 6,6 %. У разі використання понад норму треоніну для племінних курей в яйці підвищилась як сума амінокислот (замінних і неза-мінних), так і концентрація треоніну – на 6,4 і 12,1 %, по відношенню до контролю, що поглиблює положення про виробництво продуктів харчування з функціональними властивостями. Introduction to the wheat-corn-soybean feed during rearing (18–23 weeks) and the maintenance of breeding chickens (24–51 weeks) L-threonine to the level of 0.60 and 0.63% significantly increased body weight – 5, 4%, egg production – by 5.5%, the fertilized eggs – by 1.1%, the birth of chickens – by 2.4%, the number of hatching eggs – by 6.7% and reduces the cost of feed for 10 hatching eggs by 6.6

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Nutrient Reserves and Clutch-Size Regulation of Northern Shovelers in Alaska

The Auk ◽

10.1093/auk/117.4.971 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 117 (4) ◽

pp. 971-979 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Margaret C. MacCluskie ◽

James S. Sedinger

Keyword(s):

Clutch Size ◽

Egg Production ◽

Prairie Pothole Region ◽

Prairie Pothole ◽

High Productivity ◽

Brood Rearing ◽

Nutrient Reserve ◽

Anas Clypeata ◽

Nutrient Reserves ◽

Nest Initiation

Abstract We determined patterns of nutrient-reserve use by female Northern Shovelers (Anas clypeata) nesting at Minto Flats, Alaska, and compared them with those of female shovelers nesting in the Prairie Pothole Region of Manitoba, Canada. Individual variation in somatic lipid was best explained by nest initiation date; females that initiated nests early had larger lipid reserves than females that delayed nest initiation. These results contrast with those from Manitoba, which showed that females used lipid reserves and stored protein during egg production. Incubating females from Alaska did not use protein or mineral reserves, but lipid reserves decreased significantly throughout incubation. Females in Alaska and Manitoba used lipid reserves similarly during incubation. We conclude that endogenous nutrient availability does not proximately limit clutch size during laying for this population of shovelers, possibly due to the high productivity of wetlands in interior Alaska and/or the long photoperiod that allow females to forage extensively. Successful completion of incubation or brood rearing may be an ultimate factor that controls clutch size for this population of shovelers.

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Do Post-Hatching Factors Limit Clutch Size in the Cape BArren Goose, Cereopsis novaehollandiae Latham?

Wildlife Research ◽

10.1071/wr9820145 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 145 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

SM Pellis ◽

VC Pellis

Keyword(s):

Clutch Size ◽

Brood Size ◽

Cost Of Reproduction ◽

Vigilance Behaviour ◽

The Cost

The vigilance behaviour of geese was measured by the amount of time per day they spent with their heads raised, and also by the frequency with which they interrupted feeding to look up. Goslings were vulnerable to predation in the first 4 weeks after hatching. The adults' vigilance behaviour was higher during the 4 weeks after hatching than later, and this reduced the amount of time they spent feeding. It is argued that brood size and the adults' ability to protect the young are inversely related, and that larger broods, for this reason, raise the cost of reproduction. These factors are considered as posthatching limitations on clutch size.

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Re-calculating the cost of coccidiosis in chickens

Veterinary Research ◽

10.1186/s13567-020-00837-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 51 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Damer P. Blake ◽

Jolene Knox ◽

Ben Dehaeck ◽

Ben Huntington ◽

Thilak Rathinam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Egg Production ◽

The United States ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Chicken Population ◽

Global Cost ◽

Using Data ◽

The Uk ◽

The Cost ◽

The Impact ◽

Significant Disease

Abstract Coccidiosis, caused by Eimeria species parasites, has long been recognised as an economically significant disease of chickens. As the global chicken population continues to grow, and its contribution to food security intensifies, it is increasingly important to assess the impact of diseases that compromise chicken productivity and welfare. In 1999, Williams published one of the most comprehensive estimates for the cost of coccidiosis in chickens, featuring a compartmentalised model for the costs of prophylaxis, treatment and losses, indicating a total cost in excess of £38 million in the United Kingdom (UK) in 1995. In the 25 years since this analysis the global chicken population has doubled and systems of chicken meat and egg production have advanced through improved nutrition, husbandry and selective breeding of chickens, and wider use of anticoccidial vaccines. Using data from industry representatives including veterinarians, farmers, production and health experts, we have updated the Williams model and estimate that coccidiosis in chickens cost the UK £99.2 million in 2016 (range £73.0–£125.5 million). Applying the model to data from Brazil, Egypt, Guatemala, India, New Zealand, Nigeria and the United States resulted in estimates that, when extrapolated by geographical region, indicate a global cost of ~ £10.4 billion at 2016 prices (£7.7–£13.0 billion), equivalent to £0.16/chicken produced. Understanding the economic costs of livestock diseases can be advantageous, providing baselines to evaluate the impact of different husbandry systems and interventions. The updated cost of coccidiosis in chickens will inform debates on the value of chemoprophylaxis and development of novel anticoccidial vaccines.

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Secondary sexual characters, energy use, senescence, and the cost of reproduction in sockeye salmon

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z99-158 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 77 (11) ◽

pp. 1663-1675 ◽

Cited By ~ 114

Author(s):

Andrew P Hendry ◽

Ole K Berg

Keyword(s):

Egg Production ◽

Sockeye Salmon ◽

Energy Use ◽

Relative Size ◽

Cost Of Reproduction ◽

Bristol Bay ◽

Secondary Sexual Characters ◽

In The Wild ◽

The Cost ◽

Secondary Sexual

Reproductive development and energy stores were characterized for sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) maturing in the wild (Pick Creek, Bristol Bay, Alaska). Between freshwater entry and the start of spawning, ovaries increased in mass by 87.1% and secondary sexual characters increased in linear dimension by 13.0-47.4%. Between the start of spawning and death, secondary sexual characters decreased in relative size by 3.3-12.7%. Mass-specific somatic energy declined from freshwater entry (6.7% fat, 20.6% protein, 6.6 kJ·g-1) to the start of spawning (1.6% fat, 18.0% protein, 4.5 kJ·g-1) and finally to death (0.1% fat, 14.4% protein, 2.9 kJ·g-1). Stored fat appeared to be used primarily for upriver migration and egg production, whereas stored protein appeared to be used primarily for the development of secondary sexual characters and metabolism during spawning. Most development of secondary sexual characters occurred late in maturation, perhaps to forestall deterioration of muscle tissue. Relative to populations with long freshwater migrations, Bristol Bay sockeye salmon stored less fat before entering fresh water and used less fat before death. The total energy cost of reproduction (freshwater entry until death, including gonad investment) was 74.1% for females and 66.1% for males, higher than levels typically reported for iteroparous salmonids.

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