scholarly journals Faculty Opinions recommendation of Social bonds do not mediate the relationship between early adversity and adult glucocorticoids in wild baboons.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Ronald de Kloet ◽  
Marc Molendijk ◽  
Onno Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Social Bonds ◽  
Early Adversity ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wild Baboons

scholarly journals Social bonds do not mediate the relationship between early adversity and adult glucocorticoids in wild baboons

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (33) ◽  
pp. 20052-20062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stacy Rosenbaum ◽  
Shuxi Zeng ◽  
Fernando A. Campos ◽  
Laurence R. Gesquiere ◽  
Jeanne Altmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Response ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Early Adversity ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Wild Baboons

In humans and other animals, harsh conditions in early life can have profound effects on adult physiology, including the stress response. This relationship may be mediated by a lack of supportive relationships in adulthood. That is, early life adversity may inhibit the formation of supportive social ties, and weak social support is itself often linked to dysregulated stress responses. Here, we use prospective, longitudinal data from wild baboons in Kenya to test the links between early adversity, adult social bonds, and adult fecal glucocorticoid hormone concentrations (a measure of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal [HPA] axis activation and the stress response). Using a causal inference framework, we found that experiencing one or more sources of early adversity led to a 9 to 14% increase in females’ glucocorticoid concentrations across adulthood. However, these effects were not mediated by weak social bonds: The direct effects of early adversity on adult glucocorticoid concentrations were 11 times stronger than the effects mediated by social bonds. This pattern occurred, in part, because the effect of social bonds on glucocorticoids was weak compared to the powerful effects of early adversity on glucocorticoid levels in adulthood. Hence, in female baboons, weak social bonds in adulthood are not enough to explain the effects of early adversity on glucocorticoid concentrations. Together, our results support the well-established notions that early adversity and weak social bonds both predict poor adult health. However, the magnitudes of these two effects differ considerably, and they may act independently of one another.

Infant handling enhances social bonds in free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Behaviour ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 154 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 875-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica S. Dunayer ◽  
Carol M. Berman
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Social Characteristics ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fitness Effects ◽  
Early Handling ◽  
Infant Handling ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
The Relationship

Throughout the primate order, individuals are highly motivated to handle infants that are not their own. Given the differing and often conflicting interests of the various participants in handling interactions (handler, infant, and mother), most functional hypotheses are specific to particular handling roles. Here we explore one hypothesis that may apply to all participants, but that has received relatively little attention: that handling may facilitate the formation and maintenance of social bonds. Using free-ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) on Cayo Santiago, we examine the relationship between infant handling in the early weeks and the strength and diversity of infant social bonds months later, when infant relationships were more independent from those of their mothers. Our results largely confirm the influence of several social characteristics (kinship, rank, sex, and age) in governing handling interactions. They also provide the first evidence that early handling is associated with later social bonds that are stronger than expected based on these social characteristics. However, the enhancement of bonds is largely confined to related handlers; frequent unrelated handlers did not generally go on to form strong bonds with infants. This suggests that kinship may be a sort of prerequisite to the enhancement of social bonds via handling. Given the adaptive benefits of strong social bonds among adult primates, future research should investigate whether early infant handling may have longer term fitness effects.

Social Networks and Social Complexity in Female-bonded Primates

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Lehmann ◽  
Katherine Andrews ◽  
Robin Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
The Social ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Primate Group ◽  
Network Metrics ◽  
The Relationship

Most primates are intensely social and spend a large amount of time servicing social relationships. The social brain hypothesis suggests that the evolution of the primate brain has been driven by the necessity of dealing with increased social complexity. This chapter uses social network analysis to analyse the relationship between primate group size, neocortex ratio and several social network metrics. Findings suggest that social complexity may derive from managing indirect social relationships, i.e. relationships in which a female is not directly involved, which may pose high cognitive demands on primates. The discussion notes that a large neocortex allows individuals to form intense social bonds with some group members while at the same time enabling them to manage and monitor less intense indirect relationships without frequent direct involvement with each individual of the social group.

scholarly journals Smiling in Pain: Explorations of Its Social Motives

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam Kunz ◽  
Kenneth Prkachin ◽  
Stefan Lautenbacher
Keyword(s):  
Social Bonds ◽  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
Social Motives ◽  
Quantitative Level ◽  
Clinical Pain ◽  
Socially Motivated ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unpleasant Experience

Studies of facial responses during experimental and clinical pain have revealed a surprising phenomenon, namely, that a considerable number of individuals respond with a smile. So far, it is not known why smiling occurs during pain. It is possible that the “smile of pain” is socially motivated (e.g., reinforcing social bonds while undergoing an unpleasant experience). The present studies were conducted in an attempt to address the role of social motives in smiling during pain. In two studies, we varied the quantitative (level of sociality) and qualitative (properties of the relationship between interactants) components of the situations in which participants received painful stimulation. Participants’ faces were video-recorded and the occurrence of smiling was assessed. The occurrence of smiling differed depending on stimulus intensity and the properties of the relationship between interactants. Smiling occurred more often during the painful compared to nonpainful stimulation. Whereas the presence of a stranger (experimenter) reduced the smiling behavior, the presence of an intimate other increased it. Slight variations in the level of sociality, however, had no effect on the degree of smiling. Social motives possibly aimed at strengthening social bonds and thus ensuring social support appear to underlie smiling during pain.

scholarly journals Topography of social touching depends on emotional bonds between humans

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (45) ◽  
pp. 13811-13816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juulia T. Suvilehto ◽  
Enrico Glerean ◽  
Robin I. M. Dunbar ◽  
Riitta Hari ◽  
Lauri Nummenmaa
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
Social Touch ◽  
Emotional Bonds ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Relationship

Nonhuman primates use social touch for maintenance and reinforcement of social structures, yet the role of social touch in human bonding in different reproductive, affiliative, and kinship-based relationships remains unresolved. Here we reveal quantified, relationship-specific maps of bodily regions where social touch is allowed in a large cross-cultural dataset (N = 1,368 from Finland, France, Italy, Russia, and the United Kingdom). Participants were shown front and back silhouettes of human bodies with a word denoting one member of their social network. They were asked to color, on separate trials, the bodily regions where each individual in their social network would be allowed to touch them. Across all tested cultures, the total bodily area where touching was allowed was linearly dependent (mean r2 = 0.54) on the emotional bond with the toucher, but independent of when that person was last encountered. Close acquaintances and family members were touched for more reasons than less familiar individuals. The bodily area others are allowed to touch thus represented, in a parametric fashion, the strength of the relationship-specific emotional bond. We propose that the spatial patterns of human social touch reflect an important mechanism supporting the maintenance of social bonds.

Moderators of the relationship between social bonding and organizational commitment

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Shih-Tse Wang
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Social Bonding ◽  
Work Status ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Frontline Employees ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Service Employees ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The commitment of service employees to an organization is a critical concern that affects the success of an organization. The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether the social bonds between the supervisor and the employee, and among employees, foster organizational commitment in employees. The study subsequently explored the moderating role of work status (full-time vs parttime) and employee individualistic values in the relationship between social bonding and commitment. Design/methodology/approach – Empirical data were collected from the frontline employees of restaurants in Taiwan (n=395). Hierarchical moderated regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between social bonds and relationship commitment and the moderating effect of work status and individualistic values on the social bonding-commitment relationship. Findings – The results show that social bonding is an antecedent to organizational commitment, and work status and individualistic values moderate the social bonding-commitment relationship. The effect of social bonding on organizational commitment is stronger for full-time and less individualistic employees than for part-time and more individualistic employees. Originality/value – This research contributes to knowledge of the effect of social bonding on employee organizational commitment, and provides evidence showing that work status and employee values affect the social bonding-commitment relationship.

scholarly journals Title: Intergenerational effects of early adversity on survival in wild baboons

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew N. Zipple ◽  
Elizabeth A. Archie ◽  
Jenny Tung ◽  
Jeanne Altmann ◽  
Susan C. Alberts
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Early Adversity ◽  
Offspring Survival ◽  
Intergenerational Effects ◽  
Offspring Quality ◽  
Parental Effect ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal ◽  
Wild Baboons

AbstractIn humans and nonhuman animals, early life adversity can affect an individual’s health, survival, and fertility for many years after the adverse experience. However, whether early life adversity also imposes intergenerational effects on the exposed individual’s offspring is not well understood. Here, we fill this gap by leveraging prospective, longitudinal data on a wild, long-lived primate. We find that juveniles whose mothers experienced early life adversity exhibit high mortality before age 4, and this effect is independent of the juvenile’s own experience of early adversity. Furthermore, our results point towards a strong role for classic parental effects in driving these effects: mothers that experienced early life adversity displayed reduced viability in adulthood, which in turn led to reductions in offspring survival. Importantly, these mothers’ juvenile offspring often preceded them in death by 1 to 2 years, indicating that, for high adversity mothers, the quality of maternal care declines near the end of life. While we cannot exclude direct effects of a parent’s environment on offspring quality (e.g., transgenerational epigenetic changes), our results are most consistent with a classic parental effect, in which the environment experienced by a parent affects its future phenotype and therefore its offspring’s phenotype. Together, our findings demonstrate that adversity experienced by individuals in one generation can have strong effects on the survival of offspring in the next generation, even if those offspring did not themselves experience early adversity.

scholarly journals Emotion Regulation Strategy Usage Explains Links Between Institutional Caregiving and Elevated Internalizing Symptoms

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Haya Waizman ◽  
Adriana Sofia Méndez Leal ◽  
Joao F Guassi Moreira ◽  
Natalie Marie Saragosa-Harris ◽  
Emilia Ninova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Internalizing Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Reappraisal ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Early Adversity ◽  
Expressive Suppression ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategy ◽  
Institutionalized Youth ◽  
The Relationship

Early adversity, including institutional orphanage care, is associated with the development of internalizing disorders. Previous research suggests that institutionalization can disrupt emotion regulation processes, which contribute to internalizing symptoms. However, no prior work has investigated how early orphanage care shapes emotion regulation strategy usage (e.g., cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression) and whether said strategy usage contributes to internalizing symptoms. The present study probed emotion regulation strategy usage and internalizing symptoms in a sample of 36 previously institutionalized and 58 comparison youth. As hypothesized, previously institutionalized youth exhibited higher rates of internalizing symptoms than comparison youth, and more frequent use of suppression partially accounted for the relationship between early institutional care and elevated internalizing symptoms. Contrary to our initial hypotheses, reappraisal use did not buffer previously institutionalized or comparison youth against internalizing symptoms. Our findings highlight the potential utility of targeting emotion regulation strategy usage in adversity-exposed youth in future intervention work.

scholarly journals Social bonds, social status and survival in wild baboons: a tale of two sexes

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1811) ◽  
pp. 20190621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando A. Campos ◽  
Francisco Villavicencio ◽  
Elizabeth A. Archie ◽  
Fernando Colchero ◽  
Susan C. Alberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
Integrated Or ◽  
Wild Baboons

People who are more socially integrated or have higher socio-economic status live longer. Recent studies in non-human primates show striking convergences with this human pattern: female primates with more social partners, stronger social bonds or higher dominance rank all lead longer lives. However, it remains unclear whether social environments also predict survival in male non-human primates, as it does in men. This gap persists because, in most primates, males disperse among social groups, resulting in many males who disappear with unknown fate and have unknown dates of birth. We present a Bayesian model to estimate the effects of time-varying social covariates on age-specific adult mortality in both sexes of wild baboons. We compare how the survival trajectories of both sexes are linked to social bonds and social status over the life. We find that, parallel to females, male baboons who are more strongly bonded to females have longer lifespans. However, males with higher dominance rank for their age appear to have shorter lifespans. This finding brings new understanding to the adaptive significance of heterosexual social bonds for male baboons: in addition to protecting the male's offspring from infanticide, these bonds may have direct benefits to males themselves. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution of the primate ageing process'.

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