scholarly journals Social bonds, social status and survival in wild baboons: a tale of two sexes

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1811) ◽  
pp. 20190621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando A. Campos ◽  
Francisco Villavicencio ◽  
Elizabeth A. Archie ◽  
Fernando Colchero ◽  
Susan C. Alberts
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Adult Mortality ◽  
Social Environments ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
Integrated Or ◽  
Wild Baboons

People who are more socially integrated or have higher socio-economic status live longer. Recent studies in non-human primates show striking convergences with this human pattern: female primates with more social partners, stronger social bonds or higher dominance rank all lead longer lives. However, it remains unclear whether social environments also predict survival in male non-human primates, as it does in men. This gap persists because, in most primates, males disperse among social groups, resulting in many males who disappear with unknown fate and have unknown dates of birth. We present a Bayesian model to estimate the effects of time-varying social covariates on age-specific adult mortality in both sexes of wild baboons. We compare how the survival trajectories of both sexes are linked to social bonds and social status over the life. We find that, parallel to females, male baboons who are more strongly bonded to females have longer lifespans. However, males with higher dominance rank for their age appear to have shorter lifespans. This finding brings new understanding to the adaptive significance of heterosexual social bonds for male baboons: in addition to protecting the male's offspring from infanticide, these bonds may have direct benefits to males themselves. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Evolution of the primate ageing process'.

Socio-Economic Status of Dalits Community in Sindhuli District

Patan Pragya ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-161
Author(s):  
Bed Prasad Neupane
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Social Awareness ◽  
Service Work ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
The Social ◽  
Traditional Occupation

This study is based on Kamalamai Municipality, Sindhuli District. There are 56 households of Dalit (Damai 29 and Kami 27) in this area. The census method was used in the study where, total population is 365 from 56 households. Among them, 172 were male and 193 were female. The general objectives of this study are to identify demographic and socio-economic status of Dalits and to find out causes of deprivation of Dalits people in the community. They worked as agricultural labour and service work. Their income is less than their expenditure. Most of them are uneducated but nowadays, the level of education has increased so that their children go to school and college. Only 39 percent were literate and only 7 percent Dalits have passed SLC and +2. They give priority on arrange marriage. Youth generation doesn't like the traditional occupation and skills. They use a lot of alcohol (Jaad and Raski) in the festivals and rituals ceremony however the economic condition of Dalit is poor so many children of them are forced to dropout from schools because their parents cannot afford their education fees. The social status of the females in the Dalit community is very low than the males in the society. After the father's death all the properties is transferred to the son. The main causes for degrading status of Dalits are due to poverty, lack of education and lack of social awareness. So far, there have not been any kinds of policies and plans to uplift the Dalit community in this area.

scholarly journals Social environment influences the relationship between genotype and gene expression in wild baboons

2013 ◽  
Vol 368 (1618) ◽  
pp. 20120345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Runcie ◽  
Ralph T. Wiedmann ◽  
Elizabeth A. Archie ◽  
Jeanne Altmann ◽  
Gregory A. Wray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Social Connectedness ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Social Stressors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wild Baboons

Variation in the social environment can have profound effects on survival and reproduction in wild social mammals. However, we know little about the degree to which these effects are influenced by genetic differences among individuals, and conversely, the degree to which social environmental variation mediates genetic reaction norms. To better understand these relationships, we investigated the potential for dominance rank, social connectedness and group size to modify the effects of genetic variation on gene expression in the wild baboons of the Amboseli basin. We found evidence for a number of gene–environment interactions (GEIs) associated with variation in the social environment, encompassing social environments experienced in adulthood as well as persistent effects of early life social environment. Social connectedness, maternal dominance rank and group size all interacted with genotype to influence gene expression in at least one sex, and either in early life or in adulthood. These results suggest that social and behavioural variation, akin to other factors such as age and sex, can impact the genotype–phenotype relationship. We conclude that GEIs mediated by the social environment are important in the evolution and maintenance of individual differences in wild social mammals, including individual differences in responses to social stressors.

scholarly journals Healthy dietary habits in relation to social determinants and lifestyle factors

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 211-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Johansson ◽  
Dag S. Thelle ◽  
Kari Solvoll ◽  
Gunn-Elin Aa. Bjørneboe ◽  
Christian A. Drevon
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Healthy Diet ◽  
Dietary Survey ◽  
Food Frequency ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Socio Economic Status

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the importance of social status and lifestyle for dietary habits, since these factors may influence life expectancy. We studied the association of four indicators for healthy dietary habits (fruits and vegetables, fibre, fat and Hegsted score) with sex, age, socio-economic status, education, physical leisure exercise, smoking and personal attention paid to keeping a healthy diet. Data were gathered with a self-administered quantitative food-frequency questionnaire distributed to a representative sample of Norwegian men and women aged 16–79 years in a national dietary survey, of whom 3144 subjects (63%) responded. Age and female sex were positively associated with indicators for healthy dietary habits. By separate evaluation length of education, regular physical leisure exercise and degree of attention paid to keeping a healthy diet were positively associated with all four indicators for healthy dietary habits in both sexes. Socio-economic status, location of residence and smoking habits were associated with from one to three indicators for healthy dietary habits. In a multiple regression model, age, education and location of residence together explained from 1 to 9% of the variation (R2) in the four dietary indicators. Length of education was significantly associated with three of four dietary indicators both among men and women. By including the variable ‘attention paid to keeping a healthy diet’ in the model, R2 increased to between 4 and 15% for the four dietary indicators. Length of education remained correlated to three dietary indicators among women, and one indicator among men, after adjusting for attention to healthy diet, age and location of residence. Residence in cities remained correlated to two indicators among men, but none among women, after adjusting for age, education and attention to healthy diet. In conclusion, education was associated with indicators of a healthy diet. Attention to healthy diet showed the strongest and most consistent association with all four indicators for healthy dietary habits in both sexes. This suggests that personal preferences may be just as important for having a healthy diet as social status determinants.

scholarly journals REVERSE TRANSLATION OF HUMAN BIO-AGING MEASURES TO CYNOMOLGUS MONKEYS TO TEST ASSOCIATIONS WITH DOMINANCE RANK

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S349-S349
Author(s):  
Noah Snyder-Mackler ◽  
Carol Shively ◽  
Tom Register ◽  
Daniel W Belsky
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Blood Chemistry ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Cynomolgus Monkeys ◽  
Health Decline ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Human Primate

Abstract Social status is a powerful correlate of aging-related health decline. Observational data in humans suggest that disadvantaged social status may be associated with accelerated biological aging. But establishing causality in this relationship poses challenges; experimental manipulation of human social status is not possible. In contrast, social status can be experimentally manipulated non-human primates (e.g. Snyder-Mackler 2016 Science). We conducted analysis to reverse-translate blood-chemistry of biological aging to cynomolgus monkeys using data from several hundred animals in the Wake Primate Center breeding colony. We are applying these measures in an independent sample of monkeys with ascertained dominance rank to test replication in the non-human primate model of the human social gradient in biological aging. Parallel analysis of DNA methylation-based measures of biological aging are ongoing and should be available to present by Fall 2019. Results will inform potential to use this non-human primate model to study social determinants of biological aging.

Socio-Economic Status in Relation to Risk Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Disease, in Healthy Individuals from the ATTICA Study

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos ◽  
Christos Pitsavos ◽  
Yannis Manios ◽  
Evangelos Polychronopoulos ◽  
Christina A. Chrysohoou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Risk ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Considerable Proportion ◽  
Inverse Association ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Cell Counts

Background Social status has been related with the prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between socio-economic status (SES) and clinical and biochemical factors related to coronary heart disease, in a sample of cardiovascular disease-free men and women. Design Cross-sectional survey. Methods During 2001-2002, 1514 men (20-87 years old) and 1528 women (20-89 years old) from the Attica region (Greece) were randomly enrolled into the study. Trends in established and emerging cardiovascular risk factors were examined across the participants' socio-economic status. A special index was developed (years of school by annual income) and three socio-economic classes were created. Results An inverse relationship was found regarding all lipids and glucose levels across the tertiles of the SES index. An inverse association was observed between body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and SES in men, but not in women. Furthermore, compared to the lowest tertile, individuals who were classified in the highest SES tertile had lower levels of C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, homocysteine, tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 levels and white blood cell counts, even after adjusting for various potential confounders. Finally, a considerable proportion of men and women reported lack of health knowledge and education. Conclusions An inverse association between SES and factors related to cardiovascular risk exists, but the causal pathway itself requires more detailed explanation before the social status can have explanatory power.

The Perceived Effect of a Witness Security Program on Willingness to Testify

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-81
Author(s):  
Mustafa Demir
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Education Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Sociodemographic Variables ◽  
Employment Education ◽  
The Impact

To encourage witnesses to testify, witness security programs have been established to protect people who testify against offenders. Research on the impact of witness protection programs on the willingness of people to testify, however, is scarce. To fill the gap, this research was conducted in Turkey to investigate the perceived effect of a witness security program on witnesses’ willingness to testify while controlling for sociodemographic variables, including gender, marital status, age, employment, education level, economic status, and social status. The study used a self-administered survey of 732 individuals who were either a victim of a crime or a witness to a crime. The findings from the multivariate analysis showed that gender, social status, and employed had an impact on willingness to testify. Specifically, the findings showed that being male, having middle- or upper-class social status, and being unemployed increased the likelihood of willingness to testify. The other variables were not statistically significant predictors of willingness to testify. These findings suggest that a witness security program is an essential tool for increasing people’s willingness of testify and ensure an effective investigation, prosecution, and adjudication.

scholarly journals KONSTRUKSI IDENTITAS SUPORTER SEPAKBOLA DI INDONESIA

PERSPEKTIF ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yovita Sabarina Sitepu Fransiska Desiana Setyaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Individual Identity ◽  
Case Study Method ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Level Analysis

Focus of this research is to describe how the member of Persija FC’s supporter constructing their identities before and after they become the member of The Jakmania. Case study method is used with multi case-single level analysis design. It is found that, in each of three informants’ self, the changing of identities are really happened. One of the changing identities about for example is their social status after they have joined with The Jakmania. In the beginning, before they join with The Jakmania, people did not pay attention to them. It was because their low socio-economic status. Now, after joined The Jakmania, they have their own ingroup that strengthen their individual identity.

scholarly journals Unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies in a population of wild group-living mammals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E Nadin ◽  
David W. Macdonald ◽  
Sandra Baker ◽  
Christina D. Buesching ◽  
Stephen Ellwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Group Living ◽  
Meles Meles ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
European Badgers ◽  
Wild Group

Allogrooming can relate to social status in mammalian societies, and thus, be used to infer social structure. This relationship has previously been investigated by examining an individual’s dominance rank and their total amount of allogrooming. This, however, does not account for the identity of allogrooming partners. We applied a novel approach, calculating the linearity and steepness of unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies using actor–receiver matrices in European badgers (Meles meles) groups. Badgers have relatively unstructured social groups compared to most group-living carnivores and allogrooming in badgers is currently hypothesized to have a hygiene function. We examine whether allogrooming is linked to social status by investigating: 1) the presence, linearity, and steepness of unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies; 2) the trading of unreciprocated allogrooming for the potential benefit of receiving reduced aggression from dominant individuals; and, 3) whether unreciprocated allogrooming is associated with relatedness. We found weak unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies, with marginal linearity, steepness overall, and variation between social-group-years. Unreciprocated allogrooming was positively correlated with directed aggression, potentially providing evidence for the trading of allogrooming for reduced aggression. Allogrooming was not correlated with relatedness, possibly due to high relatedness within social groups. Our findings reaffirm that European badgers have a relatively unstructured social system; likely reflecting a relatively simple state of sociality in Carnivores, with little need for hierarchical order. Using actor–receiver unreciprocated allogrooming matrices to test for linearity and steepness of unreciprocated allogrooming hierarchies in other social species will improve knowledge of group social structure.

scholarly journals COVID-19: Global Preparedness, Challenges and Impact

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-32
Author(s):  
L. Macharia ◽  
M. N. Macharia
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Research Centers ◽  
Vaccine Research ◽  
The World ◽  
Bill Gates ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Killer Virus ◽  
Day By Day

Corona virus COVID-19 is a pandemic whose devastating effects were felt in all corners of the world and by all humanity of whatever age, gender, economic and social status from the beginning of January 2020 and the intensity increasing day-by-day. The patients that had symptoms were isolated while waiting for results. In some countries, self-isolation was encouraged while in others, people had to be put in quarantine facilities to cut down the spread chain immediately. Different countries identified quarantine centers where individuals were quarantined for 14 days upon which they would be tested. A philanthropist Bill gates, the Microsoft billionaire, committed himself to donating resources for developing a vaccine. Research centers directed their focus to establishing a cure or a vaccine for the killer virus.  After four months of trials and tests, there was no sign of a cure. Many governments in the world applied a partial or full lockdown guided by the rate of infection and death. China was the first to call for a complete lockdown as it struggled with the new pandemic. The CoVID 19 pandemic has affected every facet of life; social, economic and mental. This has placed a lot of strain on governments and individuals. The economic status of many countries and individuals has been adversely affected and may take a long time before recovery.

scholarly journals Distinct gene regulatory signatures of dominance rank and social bond strength in wild baboons

2022 ◽  
Vol 377 (1845) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan A. Anderson ◽  
Amanda J. Lea ◽  
Tawni N. Voyles ◽  
Mercy Y. Akinyi ◽  
Ruth Nyakundi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Regulation ◽  
Bond Strength ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Social Bond ◽  
Immune Gene ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Change Response ◽  
Wild Baboons

The social environment is a major determinant of morbidity, mortality and Darwinian fitness in social animals. Recent studies have begun to uncover the molecular processes associated with these relationships, but the degree to which they vary across different dimensions of the social environment remains unclear. Here, we draw on a long-term field study of wild baboons to compare the signatures of affiliative and competitive aspects of the social environment in white blood cell gene regulation, under both immune-stimulated and non-stimulated conditions. We find that the effects of dominance rank on gene expression are directionally opposite in males versus females, such that high-ranking males resemble low-ranking females, and vice versa. Among females, rank and social bond strength are both reflected in the activity of cellular metabolism and proliferation genes. However, while we observe pronounced rank-related differences in baseline immune gene activity, only bond strength predicts the fold-change response to immune (lipopolysaccharide) stimulation. Together, our results indicate that the directionality and magnitude of social effects on gene regulation depend on the aspect of the social environment under study. This heterogeneity may help explain why social environmental effects on health and longevity can also vary between measures. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’.

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