scholarly journals A High-Throughput Phenotyping System Using Machine Vision to Quantify Severity of Grapevine Powdery Mildew

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Bierman ◽  
Tim LaPlumm ◽  
Lance Cadle-Davidson ◽  
David Gadoury ◽  
Dani Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Leaf Disk ◽  
Grapevine Powdery Mildew ◽  
Cmos Sensor ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping ◽  
Image Set ◽  
Grape Leaf ◽  
Working Distance ◽  
Leaf Disks

Powdery mildews present specific challenges to phenotyping systems that are based on imaging. Having previously developed low-throughput, quantitative microscopy approaches for phenotyping resistance to Erysiphe necator on thousands of grape leaf disk samples for genetic analysis, here we developed automated imaging and analysis methods for E. necator severity on leaf disks. By pairing a 46-megapixel CMOS sensor camera, a long-working distance lens providing 3.5× magnification, X-Y sample positioning, and Z-axis focusing movement, the system captured 78% of the area of a 1-cm diameter leaf disk in 3 to 10 focus-stacked images within 13.5 to 26 seconds. Each image pixel represented 1.44 μm2 of the leaf disk. A convolutional neural network (CNN) based on GoogLeNet determined the presence or absence of E. necator hyphae in approximately 800 subimages per leaf disk as an assessment of severity, with a training validation accuracy of 94.3%. For an independent image set the CNN was in agreement with human experts for 89.3% to 91.7% of subimages. This live-imaging approach was nondestructive, and a repeated measures time course of infection showed differentiation among susceptible, moderate, and resistant samples. Processing over one thousand samples per day with good accuracy, the system can assess host resistance, chemical or biological efficacy, or other phenotypic responses of grapevine to E. necator. In addition, new CNNs could be readily developed for phenotyping within diverse pathosystems or for diverse traits amenable to leaf disk assays.

scholarly journals High-Throughput Feeding Bioassay for Lepidoptera Larvae

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inoussa Sanané ◽  
Judith Legrand ◽  
Christine Dillmann ◽  
Frédéric Marion-Poll
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Leaf Disk ◽  
Source Image ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Analysis Program ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Feeding Activities ◽  
Camera Holder

AbstractFinding plant cultivars that are resistant or tolerant against lepidopteran pests, takes time, effort and is costly. We present here a high throughput leaf-disk consumption assay system, to screen plants for resistance or chemicals for their deterrence. A webcam capturing images at regular intervals can follow the feeding activities of 150 larvae placed into individual cages. We developed a computer program running under an open source image analysis program to analyze and measure the surface of each leaf disk over time. We further developed new statistical procedures to analyze the time course of the feeding activities of the larvae and to compare them between treatments. As a test case, we compared how European corn borer larvae respond to a commercial antifeedant containing azadirachtin, and to quinine, which is a bitter alkaloid for many organisms. As expected, increasing doses of azadirachtin reduced and delayed feeding. However, quinine was poorly effective at the range of concentrations tested (10–5 M to 10–2 M). The model cage, the camera holder, the plugins, and the R scripts are freely available, and can be modified according to the users’ needs.

Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (Peter): Evaluation of 114 Measures

1986 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 683-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvah C. Bittner ◽  
Robert C. Carter ◽  
Robert S. Kennedy ◽  
Mary M. Harbeson ◽  
Michele Krause
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Environmental Studies ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Human Capabilities ◽  
Task Definition ◽  
And Task

The goal of the Performance Evaluation Tests for Environmental Research (PETER) Program was to identify a set of measures of human capabilities for use in the study of environmental and other time-course effects. 114 measures studied in the PETER Program were evaluated and categorized into four groups based upon task stability and task definition. The Recommended category contained 30 measures that clearly obtained total stabilization and had an acceptable level of reliability efficiency. The Acceptable-But-Redundant category contained 15 measures. The 37 measures in the Marginal category, which included an inordinate number of slope and other derived measures, usually had desirable features which were outweighed by faults. The 32 measures in the Unacceptable category had either differential instability or weak reliability efficiency. It is our opinion that the 30 measures in the Recommended category should be given first consideration for environmental research applications. Further, it is recommended that information pertaining to preexperimental practice requirements and stabilized reliabilities should be utilized in repeated-measures environmental studies.

scholarly journals In planta and in vitro interactions between Phomopsis (Diaporthe) isolates and sunflower

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002) ◽  
pp. 461-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.M. Pennisi ◽  
M.R. Abenavoli ◽  
B. Maimone ◽  
L. Di Dio
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Callus Cultures ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Culture Filtrates ◽  
Pathogenicity Tests ◽  
Hyphal Wall ◽  
Leaf Disks ◽  
In Vitro Interactions

In this study, we determined the amount of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> released by sunflower callus cultures challenged by both crude hyphal wall extracts and culture filtrates of 26 Phomopsis isolates from sunflower of worldwide origin (Argentina, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Rumania). The amount of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> released by callus cultures and the production time-course response, however, did not correlate with both the amount of electrolytes released by sunflower leaf disks treated with crude culture filtrates and the results of pathogenicity tests on sunflower seedlings. Only few isolates induced a time-course response indicative of an oxidative burst. This would suggest that elicitors extracted from hyphal walls are not involved in this host-pathogen recognition system and toxic metabolites produced by Phomopsis in liquid cultures are not pathogenicity factors.

scholarly journals Does Prior Surgery Affect Total Ankle Complication and Failure Rates?

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 2473011420S0034
Author(s):  
Luigi Manzi ◽  
Federico Giuseppe Usuelli ◽  
Alexander Caughman ◽  
Christopher E. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Functional Outcome ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Functional Outcomes ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Consecutive Series ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pain Outcomes

Category: Ankle Arthritis; Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Given that most ankle replacements are post-traumatic in origin, it is important to investigate if prior interventions can affect a patient’s functional outcome or the possibility of having a complication. Prior surgeries create scar, incisions, and possible affect bone health that could interfere with healing. The purpose of the study is to assess the pain and functional temporal outcomes of patients with and without prior surgeries in the ipsilateral ankle. We hypothesize that those with a previous ipsilateral ankle procedure will not have an increased complication rate or worse functional outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively identified a consecutive series of 100 primary TARs with a prior procedure who were followed for a minimum of 3 years. The follow-up time points considered were 0, 6, 12, and 36 months. Outcomes were measured using AOFAS, VAS, SF12, and range of motion scores. The mean patient age was 56.5 +- 13.4 years. Sixty-four patients had previous interventions which included osteosynthesis (49), arthroscopy (11), hardware removal (25), arthrodesis (3), prosthesis (1), open fracture (9), and other open surgery (12). Within-group comparisons were performed using one-way repeated-measures ANOVA (1-w rANOVA), analyzing temporal course of clinical data (comparisons between different time points) between the groups. To compare the time course of clinical measures between the two groups, 2-w rANOVAs were performed. Data and statistical analysis were conducted using Matlab (MathWorks, Natick, MA). Results: For each type of intervention, every outcome was compared to test whether presurgery interventions have an influence on the temporal evolution of the outcomes. The two groups did not show any difference on the temporal evolution of the outcomes. The type of intervention did have a weak effect on outcomes. Treatment of previous open fractures was the only pre- surgical intervention that showed a statistically significant difference in temporal evolution of functional and pain outcomes between intervention and non-intervention groups. No significant correlations were found between all outcomes and the time between the last intervention and prosthesis. Using Fisher’s-exact test, there was not a significant association between the those who had previous surgery and those who did not and the rate of complication and revision (p =0.10). Conclusion: A pre-operative discussion should center on potential complications and predicted functional outcomes. The presence, type, and timing of an intervention prior to an ankle replacement does not strongly affect the temporal outcomes of pain and functional outcome scores. Furthermore, the complication or revision rate is not affected by prior surgeries.

scholarly journals Time Course and Magnitude of Tolerance to the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine on the Second Ventilatory Threshold

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Carlos Ruiz-Moreno ◽  
Beatriz Lara ◽  
Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín ◽  
Jaime González-García ◽  
Juan Del Coso
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Ergogenic Effect ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Main Effects

Pre-exercise caffeine ingestion has been shown to increase the workload at ventilatory threshold, suggesting an ergogenic effect of this stimulant on submaximal aerobic exercise. However, the time course of tolerance to the effect of caffeine on ventilatory threshold is unknown. This study aimed to determine the evolution of tolerance to the ergogenic effect of caffeine on the ventilatory threshold. Methods: Eleven participants (age 32.3 ± 4.9 yrs, height 171 ± 8 cm, body mass 66.6 ± 13.6 kg, VO2max = 48.0 ± 3.8 mL/kg/min) took part in a longitudinal, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover experimental design. Each participant took part in two identical treatments: in one treatment, participants ingested a capsule containing 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass per day (mg/kg/day) for twenty consecutive days; in the other treatment, participants ingested a capsule filled with a placebo for the same duration and frequency. During these treatments, participants performed a maximal ramp test on a cycle ergometer three times per week and the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was assessed by using the ventilatory equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide. Results: A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (substance × time) revealed statistically significant main effects of caffeine (p < 0.01) and time (p = 0.04) on the wattage obtained at VT2, although there was no interaction (p = 0.09). In comparison to the placebo, caffeine increased the workload at VT2 on days 1, 4, 6 and 15 of ingestion (p < 0.05). The size of the ergogenic effect of caffeine over the placebo on the workload at VT2 was progressively reduced with the duration of the treatment. In addition, there were main effects of caffeine (p = 0.03) and time (p = 0.16) on VO2 obtained at VT2, with no interaction (p = 0.49). Specifically, caffeine increased oxygen uptake at VT2 on days 1 and 4 (p < 0.05), with no other caffeine–placebo differences afterwards. For heart rate obtained at VT2, there was a main effect of substance (p < 0.01), while the overall effect of time (p = 0.13) and the interaction (p = 0.22) did not reach statistical significance. Heart rate at VT2 was higher with caffeine than with the placebo on days 1 and 4 (p < 0.05). The size of the effect of caffeine on VO2 and heart at VT2 tended to decline over time. Conclusion: Pre-exercise intake of 3 mg/kg/day of caffeine for twenty days enhanced the wattage obtained at VT2 during cycling ramp tests for ~15 days of ingestion, while there was a progressive attenuation of the size of the ergogenic effect of caffeine on this performance variable. Therefore, habituation to caffeine through daily ingestion may reduce the ergogenic effect of this stimulant on aerobic exercise of submaximal intensity.

scholarly journals Time Course of Autonomic Symptoms in Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS) Patients: Two-Year Follow-Up Results

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5872
Author(s):  
Franca Dipaola ◽  
Caterina Barberi ◽  
Elena Castelnuovo ◽  
Maura Minonzio ◽  
Roberto Fornerone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Orthostatic Intolerance ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome ◽  
Autonomic Symptoms ◽  
Post Hoc

Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a multifactorial condition capable of chronically reducing the quality of life and the work ability of patients. The study aim was to assess the burden of autonomic symptoms in a cohort of POTS patients over 2 years. Patients’ clinical profiles were assessed by the 31-item Composite Autonomic Symptom Score questionnaire (COMPASS 31) and a visual analog scale (VAS). One-way ANOVA for repeated measures followed by Dunnett’s post-hoc test were used to compare symptoms at baseline and at 1 and 2 years. Out of 42 enrolled patients, 25 had a 1-year follow-up and 12 had a 2-year follow-up. At baseline, the reported burden of autonomic symptoms was high (overall COMPASS 31 = 49.9 ± 14.3 /100). Main complaints were related to orthostatic intolerance according to both COMPASS 31 and VAS. Fourteen patients were rendered inactive because of symptoms. At 1-year follow-up, a statistically significant improvement in pupillomotor function and overall score was detected by the COMPASS 31. These findings were confirmed at 2 years, together with a significant reduction in quality of life impairment, assessed by VAS. However, these improvements did not change patients’ occupational status. Awareness of POTS diagnosis, patient monitoring, and tailored therapies can help to improve patients’ condition.

scholarly journals P001: Proof-of-principle in a large animal pilot: cardiac arrest may be associated with acute, transient coagulopathy that may drive post-cardiac arrest syndrome

CJEM ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (S1) ◽  
pp. S64-S65
Author(s):  
C. Yeh ◽  
B. Camilotti ◽  
H. Hanif ◽  
R. Mohindra ◽  
C. Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Alpha Angle ◽  
Clot Formation ◽  
Lead Target ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Early Medical Intervention ◽  
Post Cardiac Arrest Syndrome ◽  
Coagulation And Fibrinolysis

Introduction: Many cardiac arrest survivors die later due to hemorrhage or thromboembolism, thought to be caused by acquired coagulopathy in post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) from shock and reperfusion injury. Understanding PCAS is a priority identified by the AHA for the prevention of complications in cardiac arrest survivors. Shock dysregulates both coagulation and fibrinolysis. The key effector enzyme thrombin (Th), is responsible for both up- and down-regulating coagulation and fibrinolysis. Measuring early Th activity may allow for predicting PCAS coagulopathy, and early medical intervention in the ED. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the time-course profile of early coagulation using an established pig model of cardiac arrest. Methods: Yorkshire pigs were anaesthetised and intubated, had VF-arrest induced by pacing, and were resuscitated per ACLS. Rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) was performed on whole blood at four times: baseline, intra-arrest, post-arrest, and death, using the fibrin-based test with tissue factor to initiate clotting in the presence of a platelet inhibitor cytochalasin D (FIBTEM). Clot time (CT), clot formation time (CFT), alpha-angle during clot formation (Alpha), clot amplitude at 10 min (A10), maximum clot firmness (MCF), and maximum lysis as total percentage (ML%) were quantified. The primary outcome is the overall coagulation initiation measured by CFT, while secondary outcomes include ROTEM parameters reflecting Th activity. Parameters are compared over time in SPSS using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni correction. Results: Pilot data from one experiment show that cardiac arrest causes immediate early changes to coagulation that subsequently normalized with ROSC (Figure 1). CFT was impaired immediately upon cardiac arrest (2.3-fold increase), normalized with ROSC, and impaired again at death when compared with baseline. Consistent with clotting impairment, A10, Alpha, and MCF were all reduced with cardiac arrest, normalized with ROSC, and impaired again at death. Conclusion: Higher initial indices of coagulopathy in patients with cardiac arrest appear to correlate with death and thromboembolism. In this pilot, CFT is acutely modified by cardiac arrest. Since CFT is affected by overall Th activity, early Th dysregulation may be a critical driver of coagulopathy. Th may therefore be a lead target that is modifiable in the emergency post-arrest setting to decrease morbidity and mortality from PCAS in cardiac arrest survivors.

scholarly journals Time Course of Peritoneal Function in Automated and Continuous Peritoneal Dialysis

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 605-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wieneke M. Michels ◽  
Marion Verduijn ◽  
Alena Parikova ◽  
Elisabeth W. Boeschoten ◽  
Dirk G. Struijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Fluid Transport ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Transport Parameters ◽  
Lymphatic Absorption ◽  
Small Pore ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Over Time

♦ Background and ObjectivesIn automated peritoneal dialysis (APD), a patient's peritoneal membrane is more intensively exposed to fresh dialysate than it is in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Our aim was to study, in incident peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, the influence of APD—compared with that of CAPD—on peritoneal transport over 4 years.♦ Design, Setting, Participants, and MeasurementsPatients were included if at least 2 annual standard permeability analyses (SPAs) performed with 3.86% glucose were available while the patient was using the same modality with which they had started PD (APD or CAPD). Patients were followed until their first modality switch. Differences in the pattern of SPA outcomes over time were tested using repeated-measures models adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity, primary kidney disease, and year of PD start.♦ ResultsThe 59 CAPD patients enrolled were older than the 47 APD patients enrolled (mean age: 58 ± 14 years vs 49 ± 14 years; p < 0.01), and they had started PD earlier (mean start year: 2000 vs 2002). Over time, no differences in solute ( p > 0.19) or fluid transport ( p > 0.13) were observed. Similarly, free water transport ( p = 0.43) and small-pore transport ( p = 0.31) were not different between the modalities. Over time, patients on APD showed a faster decline in effective lymphatic absorption rate (ELAR: p = 0.02) and in transcapillary ultrafiltration (TCUF: p = 0.07, adjusted p = 0.05). Further adjustment did not change the results.♦ ConclusionsCompared with patients starting on CAPD, those starting on APD experienced a faster decline in ELAR and TCUF. Other transport parameters were not different over time between the groups.

Observations of Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase in THRIVE Studies Treated Orally with Ximelagatran

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Job Harenberg ◽  
Ingrid Jörg ◽  
Christel Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Alanine Aminotransferase ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Recurrent Events ◽  
Time Course ◽  
T Test ◽  
Thrombin Inhibitor ◽  
Treatment Trial ◽  
Oral Direct Thrombin Inhibitor ◽  
Acute Venous Thromboembolism

Treatment of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) and prophylaxis of recurrent events has been investigated in the THRIVE (THRombin Inhibitor in Venous ThrombeEmbolism) Treatment and the THRIVE III trial using the oral direct thrombin inhibitor ximelagatran. Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) increased in 9.6% and 6.4% of patients in the THRIVE Treatment and THRIVE III trials, respectively. The authors analysed the time course of the ALAT and in additionally of aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) in blood from 52 and 23 patients participating in the THRIVE Treatment and the THRIVE III trials in Germany. Analysis of variance for repeated measures and t test were performed. In the THRIVE Treatment trial, ALAT was significantly higher at week 2 for enoxaparin/warfarin ( p = .0039, t test) and at months 3 and 6 for ximelagatran ( p = .0453, p = .0014, respectively). ASAT and ASAT/ALAT ratio values did not increase and not differ for both groups. In the THRIVE III trial, ALAT and ASAT did not increase and did not differ compared to the comparator placebo. 2 × 36 mg Ximelagatran, induced higher ALAT values at months 3 and 6 compared to 2 × 24 mg ximelagatran ( p = .0105, p = .0063, respectively). ASAT did not differ between the two doses of ximelagatran. The ASAT/ALAT ratios were lower at week 2 for enoxaparin/warfarin ( t-test, p = .0032) and at month 3 and 6 for 2 × 36 mg versus warfarin or 2 × 24 mg Ximelagatran ( p between .0187 and .0002). The authors conclude that ALAT increases dose dependently during therapy with ximelagatran. The less frequent and lower increase of ASAT values compared to ALAT values indicates a nontoxic effect of ximelagatran on liver cells.

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