scholarly journals Economic inequality global knowledge in the context of historical research of social policy issues

2019 ◽  
pp. 211-214
Author(s):  
Yuriy S. Nikiforov
Keyword(s):  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Scientific Conference ◽  
Global Knowledge ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Income And Wealth Distribution ◽  
The Welfare State

The article presents an overview of the international scientific conference "The Global Knowledge of Economic Inequality. The Measurement of Income and Wealth Distribution since 1945", which took place on November 15 to 17, 2018, at the German Historical Institute London (United Kingdom). The conference was dedicated to the state and to prospects of research into the problems of economic inequality in the world. The main attention of the conference participants was focused on issues of the welfare state, economic inequality, its measurement, income, wealth, and poverty in various perspectives. More than 30 people made presentations in English and in discussions, including scientists from the UK, China, Russia, the USA, Germany, France and other countries.

scholarly journals Comparison of Aluminum Alloys from Aircraft of Four Nations Involved in the WWII Conflict Using Multiscale Analyses and Archival Study

Heritage ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 2784-2801 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toufa Ouissi ◽  
Gilles Collaveri ◽  
Philippe Sciau ◽  
Jean-Marc Olivier ◽  
Magali Brunet
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Aluminum Alloys ◽  
Magnesium Content ◽  
Light Metal ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Multiscale Approach ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Archival Study

Aluminum alloys are very interesting witnesses of industrial and technical development. The first ever developed was Duralumin, a light metal with good mechanical properties. In the 1930s, the rise of nationalism stimulated research and development, generating various aluminum alloys. This work reports the comparison of two versions of aluminum alloys, which were found in collected parts of WWII crashed aircraft from four nations: a Messerschmitt Bf 109 (DE), a Dewoitine D.520 (FR), and a P-51 Mustang (USA) and an Avro Lancaster (United Kingdom). The first version of alloy with magnesium content below or equal to 1 wt.% and the second version with higher magnesium content (1.5 wt.%), were identified as respectively AlCuMg1, AlCuMg2 in Germany; Duralumin, Duralumin F.R. in France; Hiduminium DU Brand, Hiduminium 72 in the UK and 17S, 24S in the USA. This study uses a multiscale approach based on historical research complimented by laboratory analyses of materials directly collected on the crashed aircraft. It allows a comparison and a better knowledge of the alloys used in each nations: their chemical composition, designations, microstructure, and mechanical properties are investigated.

scholarly journals Effect of Savings on a Gas-Like Model Economy with Credit and Debt

Entropy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Guillermo Chacón-Acosta ◽  
Vanessa Ángeles-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Partition Function ◽  
Statistical Physics ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Economic Inequality ◽  
Economic Literature ◽  
Payment Methods ◽  
Income And Wealth Distribution ◽  
Ensemble Formalism

In kinetic exchange models, agents make transactions based on well-established microscopic rules that give rise to macroscopic variables in analogy to statistical physics. These models have been applied to study processes such as income and wealth distribution, economic inequality sources, economic growth, etc., recovering well-known concepts in the economic literature. In this work, we apply ensemble formalism to a geometric agents model to study the effect of saving propensity in a system with money, credit, and debt. We calculate the partition function to obtain the total money of the system, with which we give an interpretation of the economic temperature in terms of the different payment methods available to the agents. We observe an interplay between the fraction of money that agents can save and their maximum debt. The system’s entropy increases as a function of the saved proportion, and increases even more when there is debt.

scholarly journals Effects of unconventional monetary policy on income and wealth distribution: Evidence from United States and Eurozone

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 535-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan-Francisco Albert ◽  
Nerea Gómez-Fernández ◽  
Carlos Ochando
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Unconventional Monetary Policy ◽  
Vector Autoregressive ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Income And Wealth Distribution

As an answer to the ?Great Recession? and Zero Lower Bound problem, main central banks had to use unconventional monetary policy (UMP). This research focuses on the distributive effects of these measures on household income and household wealth in the United States of America (USA) and the Eurozone. For this purpose, this paper presents four models that were constructed using the Structural Vector Autoregressive methodology (SVAR). The results suggest that the UMPs applied by the Federal Reserve (FED) in the USA could increase wealth and income inequality through the portfolio channel. However, the same results were not observed in the Eurozone.

scholarly journals Discipline, debt and coercive commodification: Post-crisis neoliberalism and the welfare state in Ireland, the UK and the USA

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Dukelow ◽  
Patricia Kennett
Keyword(s):  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Welfare Capitalism ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Liberal Capitalism ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Market Relations ◽  
The Welfare State

Ireland, the UK and the USA are heterogeneous examples of liberal worlds of welfare capitalism yet all three countries were deeply implicated in the 2008 global financial crisis. Examining these three countries together provides the opportunity to further develop an international comparative political economy of instability in the context of the globalised and financialised dimensions of Anglo-liberal capitalism and disciplinary governance. Our analysis is guided by the concept of disciplinary neoliberalism (Gill, 1995) through which we explore: (i) the dynamics that have shaped the impacts of and responses to the Great Recession; (ii) the ways in which state-market relations, shaped by differentiated accommodations to market imperative or market discipline, have been used as disciplinary tools and how these have interacted with existing social divisions and iii) the implications for shaping conditions for resistance. We suggest that the neoliberal pathways of each country, whilst not uniform, mark a ‘step-change’ and acceleration in the operation of disciplinary neoliberalism, and is particularly evident in what we identify as the coercive commodification of social policy.

scholarly journals The Trade Relations between Turkey and United Kingdom after Brexit and in the Covid-19 Epidemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-54
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
World Trade ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Customs Union ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

In the process of globalization, where international economic relations have further increased their significance, the separation of United Kingdom from the EU (Brexit) has literally called into question the understanding of integration. It is also noteworthy that the Brexit event coincided with the trade wars between the USA and China and the beginning of the new regional unions that China has established in the Pacific. Undoubtedly, these developments will significantly affect the future of world trade. Slowing economic growth in the world economy, deterioration in income and wealth distribution, increasing indebtedness rates, falling productivity and the threat of the COVID-19 epidemic in terms of world trade volume are commonly discussed. Especially during the COVID-19 epidemic, the supply constraints, the breaks in supply chains and the problems in logistics sector, are generally seen to mark the beginning of important changes in international trade. And Brexit has taken place amid such severe conditions. Naturally, it will have consequences for almost every country. Brexit is likely to have an effect not only on the fully-fledged members of the EU, but also on countries outside the EU. The EU and the UK are important partners in Turkey’s foreign trade. Hence the question of How Brexit will affect the trade between UK and Turkey, given Turkey’s customs union agreement with the EU has lately topped Turkey’s agenda. This study aims to discuss Turkey’s foreign trade with England prior to Brexit as well as the possible developments after Brexit.

Remembering and Rethinking the Social Divisions of Welfare: 50 Years On

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIRK MANN
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Memorial Lecture ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Social Divisions ◽  
Analytical Potential ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Welfare State

AbstractThis article revisits Titmuss's essay on the Social Divisions of Welfare (SDW) and reflects on its continuing relevance. Titmuss first presented the SDW in an Eleanor Rathbone Memorial lecture at Birmingham University in 1955, but it is best known from hisEssays on the Welfare Statepublished in 1958. Titmuss challenged the stereotype of ‘welfare’ as simply public welfare dependency and illustrated the different elements of the SDW. Some limitations of Titmuss's approach are identified, notably in relation to how he saw dependency arising, and revisions offered. The article provides a number of examples from the UK but also highlights some significant parallels with the SDW in the USA and Australia, the so-called ‘liberal welfare regimes’ (Esping-Andersen, 1990). Finally, it is claimed that 50 years on we need to be reminded of the insights and analytical potential of Titmuss's essay.

Germany and the Papacy in the Late Middle Ages

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-367
Author(s):  
DAVID D'AVRAY
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Search Engine ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Channel One ◽  
Late Middle Ages ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Public Money ◽  
The Uk

Towards the end of the twentieth century much UK public money for research was diverted to collaborative projects with specific research objectives, notably in the field of history. This distinguished the UK from other countries on the cutting edge of historical research, notably the USA which lags far behind, but not from Germany, which had long led the way when it comes to teamwork with a clearly defined theme, and where average budgets for historical research projects are still on a scale unimaginable on this side of the Channel. One of the greatest German historical enterprises is the Repertorium Germanicum. The project was conceived in the 1890s, and linked from the start with the German Historical Institute in Rome, from which so much fine work on papal history has emerged, notably by Protestant scholars. The first secretary of the DHI (Deutsches Historisches Institut) had the idea of creating a ‘search engine’ (Suchmaschine). It was to be and is organised within pontificates by the names of individuals who appear in documents in the Vatican Archives: a prosopographical structure. Though the individuals need a ‘German’ connection to be included, that is interpreted in the broadest sense, so that dioceses from Poland to Belgium find a place, as do any Germans who turn up in any other region, if the team happened upon them. Consultation online is now also possible, at < http://194.242.233.132/denqRG/index.htm>, though the volumes under review did not seem to have been made available electronically at time of writing – and many will find the paper volumes easier to manage, where they are available. Ludwig Quidde, who conceived of the project, thought that it could be completed up to the end of the fifteenth century by a team of five within three years. He had no idea of the scale of the holdings in the archive. Furthermore, alongside the Repertorium Germanicum one must now place its precocious younger sister, the Repertorium Poenitentiariae Germanicum, which has (thanks to Ludwig Schmugge and his team) already overtaken the elder sibling with Repertorium Poenitentiariae Germanicum, XI: Hadrian VI,1522–1523, ed. Ludwig Schmugge (Tübingen 2018).

Environmental Transformation of the State: The USA, Norway, Germany and the UK

2002 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Dryzek ◽  
Christian Hunold ◽  
David Schlosberg ◽  
David Downes ◽  
Hans-Kristian Hernes
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Environmental Conservation ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Environmental Transformation ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Capitalist State ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Welfare State

Modern states underwent two major transformations that produced first, the liberal capitalist state and second, the welfare state. Each was accompanied by the migration of a previously confrontational movement into the core of the state. In the creation of the liberal capitalist state, the bourgeoisie could harmonize with the state's emerging interest in economic growth. In the creation of the welfare state, the organized working class could harmonize with the state's emerging interest in legitimating the political economy by curbing capitalism's instability and inequality. We show that environmental conservation could now emerge as a core state interest, growing out of these established economic and legitimation imperatives. This examination is grounded in a comparative historical study of four countries: the USA, Norway, Germany, and the UK, each of which exemplifies a particular kind of interest representation. We show why the USA was an environmental pioneer around 1970, why it was then eclipsed by Norway, and why Germany now leads in addressing environmental concerns.

Anti-Social Determinism

Philosophy ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 69 (267) ◽  
pp. 21-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony Flew
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Think Tanks ◽  
Main Assumption ◽  
Social Determinism ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Welfare State ◽  
Social Affairs

The general moral decline widely perceived to be in process in both the UK and the USA is no doubt the effect of many causes. The present paper attends to only one, the de-moralization more or less unintentionally encouraged by the working of the machinery of the welfare state, and then further encouraged by a deliberate and systematic de-moralization of that machinery. It attempts to undermine a main assumption supporting that de-moralization, and thus contribute to the campaign for re-moralization waged in recent years by, among others, the Social Affairs Unit (SAU) in London and like-minded think-tanks in the USA.

An early mainstream economist from Hungary: István Varga (1897–1962)

2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Majoros
Keyword(s):  
Austrian Economic ◽  
National Income ◽  
Anglo Saxon ◽  
Turbulent Times ◽  
The Usa ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Modern Economic ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Economic Thinking ◽  
Lasting Influence

The study introduces a Hungarian economic thinker, István Varga*, whose valuable activity has remained unexplored up to now. He became an economic thinker during the 1920s, in a country that had not long before become independent of Austria. The role played by Austria in the modern economic thinking of that time was a form of competition with the thought adhered to by the UK and the USA. Hungarian economists mainly interpreted and commented on German and Austrian theories, reasons for this being that, for example, the majority of Hungarian economists had studied at German and Austrian universities, while at Hungarian universities principally German and Austrian economic theories were taught. István Varga was familiar not only with contemporary German economics but with the new ideas of Anglo-Saxon economics as well — and he introduced these ideas into Hungarian economic thinking. He lived and worked in turbulent times, and historians have only been able to appreciate his activity in a limited manner. The work of this excellent economist has all but been forgotten, although he was of international stature. After a brief summary of Varga’s profile the study will demonstrate the lasting influence he has had in four areas — namely, business cycle research and national income estimations, the 1946 Hungarian stabilisation program, corporate profit, and consumption economics — and will go on to summarise his most important achievements.

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