scholarly journals Totemic Systems is the Precursor of Religion

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
B Sankareswari ◽  
S Kalaiselvam
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Ancient People ◽  
History Of

Any society with a long history of tradition and Culture has its origin and roots in religion. From this religious  tradition only next the stages of development of tradition and culture developed. It started from the ancient people to the present days casteist society. The religion developed and evolved by stages into the present day religion proper. This research paper states that the totemic system created the tendency for the later on religion. In a society, religion creates the barrier between what is sacred and what is unsacred. Totems are the basic, primitive tendencies for the later on religion. An anthropologist who studied about totems supports this argument. Totemic system is the precursor to religion and it anticipates religion later on, then comes the next stages of worship of forefathers worship of the relics, and the faith in rituals are effects of religion.

Reading Max Weber's Sociology of Law

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Treiber
Keyword(s):  
Sociology Of Law ◽  
Important Work ◽  
Research Setting ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Law ◽  
The Law ◽  
Comprehensive Study

More than a simple guide through a complicated text, this book serves both as an introduction and as a distillation of more than thirty years of reading and reflection on Max Weber's scholarship. It is a solid and comprehensive study of Weber and his main concepts. It also provides commentary in a manner informed both historically and sociologically. Drawing on recent research in the history of law, the book also presents and critiques the process by which the law was rationalized and which Weber divided into four ideal-typical stages of development. It contextualizes Weber's work in the light of current research, setting out to amend misinterpretations and misunderstandings that have prevailed from Weber's original texts. Ultimately, this volume is an important work in its own right and critical for any student of the sociology of law.

History of non-physician anaesthesia providers in Papua New Guinea: from heil tultuls to Anaesthetic Scientific Officers

2021 ◽  
pp. 0310057X2110278
Author(s):  
Terence E Loughnan ◽  
Michael G Cooper ◽  
Pauline B Wake ◽  
Harry Aigeeleng
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Medical Assistants ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University

The most recent estimates, published in 2016, have indicated that around 70% of anaesthesia providers in Papua New Guinea are non-physician anaesthetic providers and that they administer over 90% of anaesthetics, with a significant number unsupervised by a physician anaesthetist. Papua New Guinea has a physician anaesthetist ratio estimated to be 0.25 per 100,000 population, while Australia and New Zealand have a ratio of 19 physician anaesthetists per 100,000, which is 75 times that of Papua New Guinea. To reach a ratio of seven per 100,000, recommended as the minimum acceptable by the Lancet Commission in 2016, there will need to be over 35 practitioners trained per annum until 2030, at a time when the average annual numbers of recent years are less than three physicians and less than five non-physician anaesthetic providers. We review the development of anaesthesia administered by non-physician indigenous staff and the stages of development from heil tultuls, dokta bois, liklik doktas, native medical assistants, aid post orderlies, and Anaesthetic Technical Officers up to the current Anaesthetic Scientific Officers having attained the Diploma in Anaesthetic Science from the University of Papua New Guinea.

scholarly journals On the floral mechanism of Welwitschia mirabilis , hooker

1914 ◽  
Vol 87 (596) ◽  
pp. 354-355
Keyword(s):  
Previous History ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Points Of Interest ◽  
History Of ◽  
Welwitschia Mirabilis ◽  
Floral Form

1. In the preparation of sectional schemes for the flowers of Welwitschia mirabilis , in different stages of development, several points of interest were noted as tending to throw light on the previous history of this unique floral form. 2. Evidence is adduced to show that the primary structural features of the flowers are referable to an anthostrobiloid condition closely comparable with that of Cycadeoidea , now expressed in a phase of minimum reduction, and to be regarded as an example of heterophyletic convergence to a simple floral construction in the gymnospermic condition.

scholarly journals Phototransistor: The Story So Far

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-210
Author(s):  
Malti Bansal ◽  
Raaghav Raj Maiya
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Bias Voltage ◽  
Spectral Range ◽  
Real World ◽  
Optical Gain ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Illumination Intensity ◽  
Gain Parameter ◽  
History Of ◽  
Illumination Method

The research paper prospects the theory of phototransistor ranging from the history of the device to its application in the real world. The research paper deep dives into the characteristics of the phototransistor while discussing its dependence on bias drive, bias voltage, and illumination intensity. The research paper includes a comparative study between the various types of phototransistors based on optical gain, spectral range, and efficiency. It also concludes the best illumination method for the phototransistor based on the optical gain parameter.

scholarly journals Maxwell Bridge: Past & Present

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 197-201
Author(s):  
Malti Bansal ◽  
Nishu Chaudhary ◽  
Nipun Malik
Keyword(s):  
Research Paper ◽  
Initial Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mathematical Relations

In this research paper, we report the details about the Maxwell Bridge including the history of the same, which contains the discoverer, when discovered, initial structure, amendments (modification in the Maxwell Bridge), from where the idea came and mathematical relations for the Maxwell Bridge.

scholarly journals A History of Koshe Town in South-Central Ethiopia from 1941 to 1991

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-137
Author(s):  
Yohannes Tesfaye Getachew
Keyword(s):  
Research Paper ◽  
Military Regime ◽  
Central Ethiopia ◽  
South Central ◽  
Important Development ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Military ◽  
Commercial Center

Abstract Koshe town is the administrative and commercial center of Mareko woreda.1 It is found in Gurage Zone Southern Nation Nationalities and Peoples Regional State. According to the tradition the origin of the name “Koshe” is originated from the plant which called by the name Koshe which abundantly grow in the area. The establishment of Koshe town is directly associated with the five years Italian occupation. Due to the expansion of patriotic movement in the area Italian officials of the area forced to establish additional camp in the area in a particular place Koshe. This paper explores the role of Fascist Italy for the establishment of Koshe town. The former weekly market shifted its location and established around the Italian camp. Following the evacuation of Fascist Italy the Ethiopian governments control the area. During the government of Emperor Haile Selassie Koshe town got some important developmental programs. The most important development was the opening of the first school by the effort of the Swedes.2 The Military regime (Derg)3 also provided important inputs for the urbanization of Koshe town. This research paper observes the development works that flourish in Koshe during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie and the Military regime, and also asses the role of different organizations for the urbanization of Koshe town.

scholarly journals Laws, doctrines and practice: a study of intermarriages and the ways they challenged the Jewish Community of Helsinki from 1930 to 1970

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-54
Author(s):  
Mercédesz Viktória Czimbalmos
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Religious Congregations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Secular Society

The identities, customs and habits of religious congregations are tightly connected to the history of these congregations and to the specific religious tradition or denomination they consider themselves to be a part of. They are also shaped by the legislative and bureaucratic regulations and processes of the secular society that is surrounding them. The aim of this study is to further our knowledge of some of these aspects of Jewish life as they relate to the Jewish Community of Helsinki in the period 1930–70 by showcasing two examples that emerged as a result of the rising number of intermarriages in the congregation.

An introduction to the history of modern Persian Sufism, Part I: The Ni'matullāhī order: persecution, revival and schism

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonard Lewisohn
Keyword(s):  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
Religious Thought ◽  
Literature And Philosophy ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Modern Development ◽  
Mystical Tradition ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject

Following the political upheavals of 1978, the history and development of Shiite religious thought in modern-day Persia has been the subject of detailed scholarly studies, but the modern development of Sufism—the mystical tradition that lies at the heart of traditional Persian culture, literature and philosophy, which is, from the cultural and literary point of view at least, the most fascinating aspect of the Perso-Islamic religious tradition—remains almost completely uncharted. In contrast to the classical and medieval periods of Persian Sufism which have undergone much scholarly investigation in recent years, the study of the modern period of Iranian tasawwuf, though far better known and documented, has been seriously neglected by scholars.

HISTORICAL AND ARCHITECTURAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE EXALTATION OF THE HOLY CROSS MONASTERY IN MANYAVA (GREAT MANYAVSKY HERMITAGE) XVII-XX CENTURIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
Chen L ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Stages Of Development ◽  
Artistic Value ◽  
Bell Tower ◽  
History Of ◽  
Architectural Development

The article traces the history of the origin of the Manyavsky Hermitage and reveals the stages of development of the monastery from the beginning of its foundation and formation, prosperity to the decline, destruction and revival in our time. In the course of the research, the architectural-spatial and planning structure of the monastery ensemble of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross in Manyava were analyzed. The originality of the ensemble lies not only in the harmonious combination of wooden, brick monastic buildings, surrounded by fortified thick walls with three towers but also in a kind of architectural and spatial combination of the main cathedral, which dominates the cells and other temples, with high dominants - the Treasury Tower and the Bell Tower. Diverse in architectural-compositional and artistic solutions, the material of construction, monastic buildings are organically integrated into the existing landscape environment and form a holistic architectural ensemble. The monastery buildings of the Great Manyavsky Hermitage have architectural and artistic value, belong to the historical and cultural heritage, and are an invaluable spiritual heritage of Ukraine.

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