scholarly journals THE DIAGNOSIS OF PHLEUM PRATENSE AS ALERGOGEN ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN WHITE LABORATORY RAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-980
Author(s):  
Hristijan Spasov ◽  
Mire Spasov ◽  
Icko Gjorgoski ◽  
Majlinda Ademi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Allergic Reaction ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
The Body ◽  
Recombinant Allergen ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Laboratory Rat

Allergic reactions in the body are initiated by non-pathogenic allergens that cause hypersensitivity to the immune system of the type I hypersensitivity group, characterized by excessive activation of the cells of the white blood cell, mast cells and basophils by IgE, resulting in an inflammatory response. The particles of the allergen in the body mainly penetrate the mucous membranes of the body openings causing a series of reactions by activating T cells and B cells. The main symptoms of allergic reactions are secretion from the mucous membrane, irritation, swelling with itching and redness. The aim of the research came from the assume that in the white laboratory rat, when treated with an allergen isolated from the pollen of the Phleum pratense plant, there may be an allergic reaction, and hence a change in some parameters of the immune system.As a result of these assumptions the following specific goals were set. To determine the change in the concentration of immunoglobulins in serum from the blood taken from the rats every week for a month, to determine the variation in the total number of leukocytes, determine the number of basophils that compared to the reference value will indicate whether there are certain changes. The basophils were the target of the study because it is known that their number is the same with the number of mast cells that also increase during the allergic reaction. Our goal was also to determine the changes in the above parameters in relation to the different concentration of the allergen.As an experimental model we used white laboratory rats from the Wistar kind.All of them were female at the age of 6 to 9 weeks. The chosen age is due to their genetic predisposition to develop Th2-type cells that are involved in the immune response to the model of the allergy that has been studied. The rats were divided into three groups of six animals, the first group of rats being treated with an allergen in a quantity of 5 μL, adsorbed in 100 μl Al (OH) 3 (Serva, Heidelburg, Germany, 2 mg / mL) in a total volume of 150 μl sterile PbS., treated with a recombinant allergen from Phleum pratense at room temperature, a second group treated with an allergen in an amount of 2.5 μl, and a third group of control rats that are not treated and serve to compare the results. Our studies have shown that in the treatment with an allergen isolated from the pollen of the plant Phleum pratense at concentrations of 5 μl and 2.5 μl,the white laboratory rat develops an allergic reaction with a change in the concentration of immunoglobulins, changes in the total number of leucocytes, the percentage of lymphocytes , monocytes and basophils. The results obtained by the ELISA test of the two volumes show that the concentrations of immunoglobulins during the experimental period of day by day, are continuously increasing, and are proportional to the volume of the allergen.

scholarly journals THE DIAGNOSIS OF DAUCUS CAROTA AS ALERGOGEN ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IN WHITE LABORATORY RAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 969-974
Author(s):  
Mire Spasov ◽  
Icko Gjorgoski
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Allergic Reaction ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Ige Antibodies ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Type I Hypersensitivity

The allergic reaction or type I hypersensitivity is a hypersensitive disorder to the immune system, which occurs by ingress of non-pathogenic agents from the external environment in the body. Antigens, in this case allergens, are substances from the environment that are harmless to most people. In allergies there is an inherent tendency to inherit the genes that make these people susceptible to allergies. Rapid sensitization may occur as a local reaction, which is just unpleasant (seasonal rhinitis or hay fever), severe exhaustion (asthma), or culminating in a fatal systemic disorder (anaphylaxis). Allergens in the body are inserted by inhalation, ingestion or injection, and move to mucous membranes, where they are accepted by T-lymphocytes. TN2 lymphocytes produce IL-4, which stimulate B-lymphocytes to differentiate into plasma cells. These cells excrete IgE, which recognize allergens. Excreted IgE antibodies sensitize mast cells that originate from the bone marrow. When sensitized individuals again expose themselves to an allergen from the external environment, they bind to specific IgE-antibodies to the mast cells (memory cells), whereby various mediators are excreted, causing inflammatory response, mucus secretion, vasoconstriction of blood vessels, and spasm of the airways. The aim of the study was to investigate the allergenic effect of Daucus carotte on the change in the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, basophils, and immunoglobulins as important components of the immune system. From the pollen of this plant, recombinant allergen is extracted, in the form of injections with a volume of 150μI. In the experiments, as experimental models were used Wistar white rats at the age of 6 to 9 weeks. We injected the allergen into the first, second, third and fourth week in a group of 6 rats in an amount of 5 μl and a second group of 6 rats in an amount of 2.5 μl allergen absorbed in 100 μl AI (OH) 3 (Serva, Heidelburg, Germany, 2 μg / mI) in a total volume of 150μI sterile PbS. The third group of 6 rats was a control group. The results showed that the Dacus carota causes an allergic reaction in Wistar white rats and its intensity depends directly on the volume of the allergen and the individuals that come into contact with it. Once we compared the values of blood parameters, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes, and basophils, as well as the IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE concentrations, we concluded that the higher concentration of Daucus carota causes a higher elevation in blood parameters and concentrations of immunoglobulins, compared to the smaller concentration of the same allergen. From the studies conducted over a period of one month, it was found that Dacus carota causes an allergic reaction, which is classified in Type I hypersensitivity in white laboratory rats of the Wistar strain.

scholarly journals Two Sides of the Coin: Mast Cells as a Key Regulator of Allergy and Acute/Chronic Inflammation

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1615
Author(s):  
Zhongwei Zhang ◽  
Yosuke Kurashima
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Chronic Inflammation ◽  
Regulatory Function ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Functions ◽  
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns ◽  
Two Sides

It is well known that mast cells (MCs) initiate type I allergic reactions and inflammation in a quick response to the various stimulants, including—but not limited to—allergens, pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). MCs highly express receptors of these ligands and proteases (e.g., tryptase, chymase) and cytokines (TNF), and other granular components (e.g., histamine and serotonin) and aggravate the allergic reaction and inflammation. On the other hand, accumulated evidence has revealed that MCs also possess immune-regulatory functions, suppressing chronic inflammation and allergic reactions on some occasions. IL-2 and IL-10 released from MCs inhibit excessive immune responses. Recently, it has been revealed that allergen immunotherapy modulates the function of MCs from their allergic function to their regulatory function to suppress allergic reactions. This evidence suggests the possibility that manipulation of MCs functions will result in a novel approach to the treatment of various MCs-mediated diseases.

Allergenic pollen emissions from vegetation—threats and prevention

2018 ◽  
pp. 195-201
Author(s):  
Åslög Dahl ◽  
Matilda van den Bosch ◽  
Thomas Ogren
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Allergic Reaction ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Allergic Diseases ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Pollen Biology

Allergic diseases are caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to a certain environmental exposure. Many different agents may induce an allergic reaction. This chapter concerns reactions to pollen. Although allergies to animals, for example dogs and cats, may be considered as part of nature-induced allergy, the focus here is on vegetation. Allergic reactions to pollen depend on the type of pollen, biological properties, location, and individual factors. Changes in our immune systems, our living environments and lifestyles, and climate change may play a role in the increasing prevalence of pollen allergies. This chapter contains three major sections: first, the basics of pollen biology are outlined; secondly, pollen’s impact on human health are introduced; and finally, the chapter includes a section on how practitioners and policymakers can plan our cities to be green, and yet limited in allergenic exposure.

Preventive approach of allergic reaction to oxaliplatin

2006 ◽  
Vol 24 (18_suppl) ◽  
pp. 13574-13574
Author(s):  
M. Suenaga ◽  
N. Mizunuma ◽  
T. Watanabe ◽  
K. Hatake ◽  
T. Muto
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Events ◽  
Allergic Reaction ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Platinum Compound ◽  
Rapid Infusion ◽  
Preventive Approach ◽  
Grade 3 ◽  
Antihistaminic Drugs ◽  
Severe Grade

13574 Background: Oxaliplatin is a well-known platinum compound as a key agent of FOLFOX regimen, the world standard chemotherapy in colorectal cancer. Allergic reaction due to oxaliplatin is a chronic adverse event regarded as almost type I allergy. In our institute, we have also experienced allergic reaction including severe cases and started to apply practical preventive approach to the patients treated with FOLFOX regimens. Methods: Preventive approach was as follows: 40mg of famotidine and 8mg of dexamethasone before oxaliplatin infusion were given to all patients from the initial cycle and 50mg of diphenhydramine after cycle 4. Further intensive anti-allergic procedure was performed for the patients who showed any allergic reactions against initial preventive approach. Increased dose of dexamethasone to 20mg and diphenhydramine were administered before oxaliplatin infusion and oxaliplatin was prolonged from 2 up to 4 hours for patients with grade 1, 2 allergic reactions (CTCAE v3.0). Treatment was discontinued in patients with severe grade 3 adverse events. Results: 139 patients received FOLFOX regimens during 6 months. 15 patients (10.8%) presented with allergic reaction, 11 (73.3%) of those were grade 1, 2 and the other 4 (26.7%) were grade 3. Immediate discontinuation of oxaliplatin infusion and administration of antihistaminic drugs, steroid or rapid infusion were routine proceeding, and almost of the patients entirely recovered within 2 hours. 9 patients were re-exposed to oxaliplatin using the preventive approach and grade1 reaction appeared in 3 patients (33.3%) again. Conclusions: Our initial preventive approach was effective to reduce the incidence of allergy, severe adverse events. And further intensive anti-allergic procedure contributed to re-expose to oxaliplatin. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

scholarly journals Mediators of Anaphylaxis, Anaphylactoid Reactions, and Rhinitis

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth P. Mathews
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cells ◽  
Allergic Reaction ◽  
Late Effects ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Nasal Symptoms ◽  
Anaphylactoid Reactions

Besides histamine, a large and increasing number of mediators of allergic reactions are being found to be released by mast cells or basophils during anaphylactic reactions. Many of these same substances are released by stimuli other than allergen-IgE interactions, and this type of phenomenon (anaphylactoid or pseudo-allergic reaction) may account for some nasal symptoms that simulate allergy. In addition to rapidly developing reactions of these types, numerous recent investigations have emphasized the importance of late-phase reactions that occur as a consequence of the immediate reactivity. Besides mast cells and/or basophils, these late effects seem to involve a complex network of cellular interactions, which may include neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, macrophages, and platelets. Studies of nasal washings following allergen challenges in humans have provided cogent in vivo support of earlier hypotheses about mediator release based on in vitro experimentation.

scholarly journals A Suspected Allergic Reaction to Boal Fish (Wallago Attu)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (9) ◽  
pp. CR1-CR4
Author(s):  
Ramesh Puri ◽  
Jayati Batra
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Contact Dermatitis ◽  
Allergic Reaction ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Quick Recovery ◽  
Wallago Attu ◽  
Life Threatening

Consumption of fish has increased around the globe due to its high nutritional value and this has led to an increase in incidence of allergic reactions to fish. Reactions to fish are not only mediated by the immune system causing allergies but are often caused by proteins, metals, various toxins and parasites. Allergic reactions to fish can range from being mild and self-limiting to serious and life threatening. We report a case of an adult with suspected allergic reaction to Boal fish (Wallago Attu) who developed contact dermatitis during marinating process. Application of steroids and administration of oral antihistaminic led to a quick recovery.

Suspected anaphylaxis

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siraj Misbah
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Reaction ◽  
Histamine Release ◽  
Acute Onset ◽  
Type I ◽  
Allergic Reactions ◽  
Systemic Allergic Reaction ◽  
Ige Mediated

A type I IgE-mediated systemic allergic reaction is characterized by a constellation of symptoms which are due to widespread histamine release and which comprise acute-onset urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, and hypotension. While a mild reaction may be limited to localized urticaria and/or angioedema, a full-blown allergic reaction associated with systemic features is best described as anaphylaxis. The term ‘anaphylactoid’, previously used to denote non-IgE-mediated systemic allergic reactions, is no longer recommended for use.

scholarly journals Yolkin Isolated from Hen Egg Yolk as a Natural Immunoregulator, Activating Innate Immune Response in BMDM Macrophages

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
W. Kazana ◽  
M. Mitkiewicz ◽  
M. Ochnik ◽  
M. Sochocka ◽  
A. Zambrowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
The Body ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Type I ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Hen Egg Yolk ◽  
Hen Egg

One of the goals of biomedical sciences is to search and identify natural compounds that are safe, have no side effects, and possess immunostimulatory activity. It has been proven that medicines of natural origin can be effective agents, supporting the therapy of many diseases, not only in the weakened immune system of the body but also in the prevention of many diseases in healthy people. It has been shown that yolkin, a polypeptide complex isolated from hen egg yolk as a fraction accompanying immunoglobulin Y (IgY), possesses potential biological activity. However, the mechanism of its action has not been explained. The objective of this investigation was to examine the molecular mechanisms of innate immune response, activated in response to yolkin, in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM). It was shown that yolkin induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-kinases (ERK1/2) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and upregulated expression and production of type I interferons, TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor α), and nitric oxide (NO), in BMDM cells. Using pharmacological inhibitors of ERK 1/2 and JNK kinases, we revealed that the JNK signaling cascade is required for yolkin-induced inducible NOS expression and upregulation of NO production in mouse macrophages. Using the TLR4-deficient BMDM cell line, we established that yolkin can activate macrophages in a TLR4-dependent manner. It was also shown that NO, TNF-α, and type I IFNs (α/β) produced by BMDM cells in response to yolkin triggered antiviral activity. These data indicate that yolkin affects the regulation of the immune system and antiviral response; therefore, it can be used as an effective immunostimulator of the innate immunity or as a supplement of the conventional therapy of immunodeficiency.

scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving role of mast cells during resolution of local inflammation.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lisa Kornstädt
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Type I ◽  
Local Inflammation ◽  
Ontology Term ◽  
Resolution Of Inflammation ◽  
Macrophage Phagocytosis ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Mast cells are long-lived tissue-resident leukocytes, located most abundantly in the skin and mucosal surfaces. They belong to the first line of defence of the body, protecting against invading pathogens, toxins and allergens. Their secretory granules are densely packed with a plethora of mediators, which can be released immediately upon activation of the cell. Next to their role in IgE-mediated allergic diseases and in promoting inflammation, potential anti-inflammatory functions have been assigned to mast cells, depending on the biological setting. The aim of this thesis was to contribute to a better understanding of the role of mast cells during the resolution of a local inflammation. Therefore, in a first of step a suitable model of a local inflammation had to be identified. Since comparison of the two Toll-like receptor (TLR)-agonists zymosan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which are most commonly used to locally induce inflammation, revealed a systemic response after LPS-injection and a local inflammation after zymosan-injection, the TLR2 agonist zymosan was chosen for the subsequent experiments. Multi epitope ligand cartography (MELC) combined with statistical neighbourhood analysis showed that mast cells are located in an anti-inflammatory microenvironment next to M2 macrophages during resolution of inflammation, while neutrophils and M1 macrophages are located in the zymosan-filled core of the inflammation. Furthermore, infiltrating neutrophils during peak inflammation and an increasing population of macrophages phagocytosing neutrophils during resolution of inflammation could be observed. MELC as well as flow cytometry analysis of mast cell-deficient mice revealed a decreased phagocytosing activity of macrophages in the absence of mast cells. As an untargeted approach to identify mast cell-derived mediators induced by zymosan, mRNA sequencing of bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) was performed. Gene ontology term analysis of the sequencing data revealed the induction of the type I interferon (IFN) pathway as the dominant response. Contradicting previous studies, I could validate the production of IFN-β by mast cells in response to zymosan and LPS in vitro. Furthermore IFN-β expression by mast cells was also detected in vivo. In accordance with previous studies regarding other cell types the release of IFN-β by mast cells depends on endosomal signaling. The potential of IFN-β to enhance the phagocytosing activity of macrophages has been demonstrated recently. Besides IFN-β, various other mediators with reported enhancing effects on macrophage phagocytosis were also induced by zymosan in BMMCs, including Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-13, and Prostaglandin (PG) E2. Thus, either one of these mediators alone or a combination of them could promote macrophage phagocytosis. In conclusion, I herein present mast cells as a novel source for IFN-β induced by non-viral TLR ligands and demonstrate their enhancing effect on macrophage phagocytosis, thereby contributing to the resolution of inflammation.

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