A Study of the Drifting Experience of Japanese and the Social Situation of Jiangnan of the Qing in 1810 : 『The Picture of Drifting to the Qing Dynasty 淸國漂流圖』

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 249-290
Author(s):  
Hwa-Jin Park
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Social

Running Away from the Palace: Chinese Eunuchs during the Qing Dynasty

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-164
Author(s):  
MELISSA S. DALE
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Old Age ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Labour Relations ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Running Away ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Continuum

AbstractBy exploring cases of runaway eunuchs, this paper aims to contribute to understandings of unfree status during the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) and more broadly to the reconstruction of the social history of eunuchs. The abundance of cases in the historical record of palace eunuchs running away, often repeatedly, reflects poorly on the imperial court's treatment of its eunuchs and effectiveness at times in controlling its eunuch population. Confessions from captured eunuchs reveal that for many life serving as a palace eunuch proved too restrictive and too oppressive to endure. The repeated flight of eunuchs suggests that for some, the possibility of punishment was preferable to continued service and waiting for an authorised exit from the system due to old age or sickness. As the majority of palace eunuchs were illiterate, cases of runaway eunuchs give voice to eunuchs and reveal: (1) the tensions that characterised labour relations between the imperial household and its eunuch workforce and (2) that eunuch status does not fit neatly into the binary of free or unfree status, but rather is something more complicated that lies on the continuum in between.

Manchuria in Modern East Asia, 1600s–1949

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Shao
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Ming Dynasty ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Social Orders ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Japan And China

Manchuria is an English geographical term that, in the past three centuries or so, has referred to the region that approximately overlaps the region of Northeast China (Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang provinces) in the People’s Republic of China. A scholar’s choice of using or rejecting this term might be associated with their understandings of the historical changes in the territoriality of this region. From the 17th century to the mid-20th century, different powers contested over this region, including different tribes of the Jurchens, before the Manchus founded the Qing Dynasty; Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty; the Russians and Japanese; the Republic of China Government and Warlord regime; Japan and China; as well as the Communist Party of China and the Nationalist Party of China. All these contestations redefined the relationship between this region and China Proper, reshaping the social orders, communal identities, and statehood of the local peoples. Located at the nexus of the modern history of multiple ethnic groups and states, studies of modern Manchuria often require scholars to take transnational approaches, or at the least to adopt cross-border perspectives.

scholarly journals Symbols and Function of the Zhang Clan Han Army Sacrificial Rite

Religions ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Shuyun Guo
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Fundamental System ◽  
Special Group ◽  
Ancestor Worship ◽  
Special System ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Organizational ◽  
And Function

The Eight Banners System is the social organizational structure of the bannerman (qiren, 旗人) from the Qing dynasty and the fundamental system of the country under Qing rule. It is divided into three types: the Manchu Eight Banners, Mongolian Eight Banners, and Han Army Eight Banners. The Han Army was a special group in the Qing dynasty between the bannerman and the commoners (minren, 民人). The sacrificial rite of the Han Army is a form of comprehensive shamanic ritual based on the traditional ancestor worship of the Han people. However, it is influenced, to some extent, by the shamanic ritual of the Manchus involving trance-dance. It finally took shape as a unique sacrificial form different from both the Manchu shamanic rite and the traditional ancestor worship of the Han minren. As a special system of symbolic rituals, the Han qiren’s sacrificial form embodies shamanic concepts and serves two functions: (1) dispelling evil and bringing in good fortune for the community; and (2) unifying the Han bannermen’s clans and strengthening the culture, identity, and tradition of the Han people, who were living under Manchu rule during the Qing dynasty.

Centralization and decentralization of power structure: A theory of ruling risks and empirical evidence from Chinese history

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 506-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenghan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Power Structure ◽  
Provincial Government ◽  
Power Relationship ◽  
Chinese History ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Han Ethnicity ◽  
The Social

In Chinese history, the power relationship between the central and local governments has undergone perennial and critical changes. These changes have given rise to three questions: First, why did some dynasties adopt feudalism at an early stage, merely to curtail the local authority in times of stability? Second, why did the Yuan and Ming dynasties employ a native chieftain system, while the Qing dynasty struggled to bureaucratise the native officers in ethnic minority areas? Third, why were the dynasties of Han ethnicity so hesitant to set up a provincial government while nomadic societies did not view this as a dilemma? Furthermore, why was the Qing dynasty, which was ethnically Han, able to break down these contradictions and create a stable provincial government and provincial state? This paper demonstrates that these changes may be explained by the propensity of the rulers to minimise the ruling risks and constraints that they encountered. Specifically, the ruler’s decision to centralise or decentralise power was constrained by certain challenges, such as fiscal and administrative costs, military technology limitations and political competition. These constraints impelled the ruling class to deviate from the system of prefectures and countries. Under these circumstances, the central government was forced to endure higher social risks and also the potential delegation of power. However, it would reduce the social and delegate risks provided that the constraints were loosened, which triggered the evolution of a power structure between the central and local governments. Another potential driving force behind the changes in the power structure was the dynamic between the social and agency risks. When these risks increased, the central government would readjust the centralisation and decentralisation of power at different government levels to control the rising risks.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ СОЦІАЛЬНОГО ІНТЕЛЕКТУ ДІТЕЙ МОЛОДШОГО ШКІЛЬНОГО ВІКУ

1970 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Марина Орап
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
The Social ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Interpersonal Situations

У  статті  висвітлено  методологічні  та  практичні  засади  вивчення  онтогенезу  соціального  інтелекту. Складність вивчення даного соціально-психологічного феномену пов’язана із дотичністю його  до багатьох явищ, які описують умови успішності соціальної взаємодії особистості. Проаналізовано наявні  теоретичні   підходи   до   визначення   змісту   та   структури  соціального  інтелекту,   до   взаємозв’язку  останнього  з  іншими  видами  інтелекту.  Визначено,  що  дослідження  соціального  інтелекту  молодших  школярів слід здійснювати на основі розуміння останнього як здатності, що виникає на базі комплексу  інтелектуальних,   особистісних,   комунікативних   і   поведінкових   рис,   що   зумовлюють   прогнозування  розвитку  міжособистісних  ситуацій,  інтерпретацію  інформації  і  поведінки,  готовність  до  соціальної  взаємодії і прийняття рішень. Здійснене пілотажне емпіричне дослідження прогностичних можливостей  дітей  молодшого  шкільного  віку  продемонструвало  наявні  позитивні  кореляційні  зв’язки  між  рівнем  розвитку здатності до передбачення найбільш адекватного сценарію розвитку подій у соціальній ситуації  та рівнем розвитку мовленнєвого досвіду. Найбільш тісний взаємозв’язок виявлено між рівнем розвитку  здатності  передбачати  адекватну  вербальну  відповідь  у  ситуації  комунікації  та  рівнем  розвитку  мовленнєвої компетентності та мовленнєвої діяльності дітей молодшого шкільного віку. Таким чином,  були зроблені попередні висновки про наявність взаємозв’язку між мовленнєвим досвідом та прогностичним  можливостями у складі соціального інтелекту дитини молодшого шкільного віку The  article  outlines  the  methodological  and  practical  principles  of  studying  the  ontogenesis  of  social  intelligence. The complexity of studying this socio-psychological phenomenon is associated with its attractiveness to  many  phenomena  that  describe  the  conditions  for  the  successful  social  interaction.  The  existing  theoretical  approaches to the definition of the content and structure of social intelligence, to the interrelationship of it with  other types of intelligence are analyzed. It is determined that research of social intelligence of junior pupils should  be carried out on the basis of the understanding of this kind of intelligencer as an ability that based on a complex of  intellectual, personal, communicative and behavioral features. This complex predetermines the forecasting of the  development  of  interpersonal  situations,  the  interpretation  of  information  and  behavior,  readiness  for  social  interaction  and  decision-making.  The  research  of  the  prognostic  possibilities  of  primary  school  children  demonstrated the positive correlation between the level of development of the ability to predict the most adequate  scenario of the development of events in the social situation and the level of development of speech experience. The  closest relationship is found between the level of development of the ability to provide an adequate verbal response  in the context of communication and the level of development of speech competence and speech activity of children  of junior school age. Thus, was done a conclusion about the existence of a relationship between speech experience  and prognostic possibilities in the social intellect of a child of junior school age.   

Kaki Manusia Sebagai Objek Estetik Penciptaan Fotografi Seni

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dira Herawati
Keyword(s):  
Social Situation ◽  
Work Of Art ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Aesthetic Object ◽  
Human Foot ◽  
Works Of Art ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Art Photography ◽  
Artistic Images

Accountability report is a written description of creative experiences as an artist or a photographer of aesthetic exploration efforts on the image and the idea of a human as a basic stimulant for the creation of works of art photography. Human foot as an aesthetic object is a problem that relates to various phenomena that occur in the social sphere, culture and politics in Indonesia today. Based on these linkages, human feet would be formulated as an image that has a value, and the impression of eating alone in the creation of a work of art photography. Hence the creation of this art photography entitled The Human Foots as Aesthetic Object  Creation of Art Photography. Starting from this background, then the legs as an option object art photography, will be managed creatively and systematically through a phases of creation. The creation phases consist of: (1) the exploration of discourse, (2) artistic exploration, (3) the stage of elaboration photographic, (4) the synthesis phase, and (5) the stage of completion. Methodically, through the phases of the creative process  through which this can then be formulated in various forms of artistic image of a human foot. The various forms of artistic images generated from the foots of its creation process, can be summed up as an object of aesthetic order 160 Kaki Manusia Sebagai Objek Estetik Penciptaan Fotografi Seni in the photographic works of art. It is specifically characterized by the formation of ‘imaging the other’ behind the image seen with legs visible, as well as of the various forms of ‘new image’ as a result of an artistic exploration of the common image of legs visible. In general, the whole image of the foot in a photographic work of art has a reflective relationship with the social situation, cultures, and politics that developed in Indonesian society, by value, meaning and impression that it contains.Keywords: human foots, aestheti,; social phenomena, art photography, images

The methods of a research of processes of spontaneous socialization based on post-nonclassical approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Raschetina S.A.
Keyword(s):  
Social Reality ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Search Method ◽  
Detailed Design ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Cross

The detailed design implemented according to a grant of the Russian Federal Property Fund is focused on the solution of the cross-disciplinary humanitarian problem connected with the analysis of purposeful and sponta-neous processes of socialization of the child, and specif-ic characteristics of the social and pedagogical activity aimed at harmonization of the relations "the child - so-ciety" in modern unstable public conditions. The frag-ment of a research of processes of spontaneous sociali-zation of the child connected with the estimated dis-course presented in a social situation of its development is reflected in article. In it short characteristic of the post-nonclassical methodology focused on the analysis of chaotic conditions of social reality and essence of the person who acts as the language personality who is not existing "to language" is presented. Possibilities of post-nonclassical methodology in a research of a phenome-non purposeful - spontaneous socialization of the child are characterized. In article the specifics of the social and pedagogical activity aimed at harmonization of the relations "the child - society are disclosed from a posi-tion of post-nonclassical approach", the place of a re-search method in its structure is revealed.

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