scholarly journals Access to microfinance and female labour force participation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Niaz Asadullah ◽  
Nudrat Faria Shreya ◽  
Zaki Wahhaj
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Health Satisfaction ◽  
Combining Data

Although microfinance started as a movement to improve women’s economic well-being through increased female entrepreneurship in particular, its impact on women’s attitudes toward and participation in the labour market is not fully understood. We fill this gap by combining data on branch locations of the major microfinance institutions in Bangladesh with household survey data and implement a spatial regression discontinuity design. Our estimates suggest significant effects of access to credit on women’s work; attitudes towards gender, social and employment norms; and psychosocial well-being. Access to credit increases labour force participation in terms of paid employment and traditional economic participation. Relatedly, respondents are more likely to be prevented from working by their husbands or other household members. They are also more likely to express traditional beliefs in relation to gender, social, and employment norms. Finally, access to credit leads to a loss in life satisfaction, financial satisfaction, health satisfaction, and overall happiness.

scholarly journals Rural Women’s Access to Credit and Extension: A Strategy for Change

1995 ◽  
Vol 34 (4II) ◽  
pp. 753-765
Author(s):  
Shahnaz Kazi ◽  
Bilquees Raza
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
National Level ◽  
Participation Rate ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Livestock Production ◽  
General View ◽  
Labour Force Participation Rate ◽  
Access To Credit

Although still ‘invisible’ to policy-makers, women’s involvement in agricultural and livestock production is empirically established through national surveys and intensive studies. The labour force participation rates for rural women in 1990-91 varied ranged between 57 percent (Agricultural Census) and 43 percent (Pakistan Integrated Household Survey). Evidence from micro studies also shows that women are active participants in the farm and livestock sectors [Freedman and Wai (1988); Masood (1988); Ali et al. (1976); Haque (1986); Khan and Bilquees (1976)]. While rural women’s contribution to agricultural and livestock production is well-documented, they have little or no access to productive inputs to enhance their economic participation in these sectors. Evidence based on national level data indicates that women’s participation in agricultural activities is constrained by the lack of land and other assets [Sathar and Desai (1994)]. Contrary to the general view, women belonging to households that own land or other assets have a higher labour force participation rate than landless women. While landless women are more likely to work as agricultural labourers, however, the demand for wage employment is seasonal, limited to a few activities and certain regions, and their lack of assets to work with excludes any possibility of self-employment. Findings of village level research indicate a wide gap between the technology used by rural women and the more efficient practices in livestock production, which is attributed to their lack of contact with extension services and to their lack of resources to adopt more efficient methods of livestock care [Haque (1986)].

scholarly journals Changes in Economic Status and Timing of Marriage of Young Canadians

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zenaida R. Ravanera ◽  
Fernando Rajulton
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Income Dynamics ◽  
Panel Surveys ◽  
Economic Well Being

Using the longitudinal panel data collected through the Canadian Surveys of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID) from 1993 to1998, we examined the hypotheses that (a) higher education delays marriage; (b) labour force participation and earnings of women, like those of men, increase the likelihood of marriage; and, (c) the magnitude of the effects of education and income varies by life course stages of the youth. Analyses were done for men aged 17-19, 20-22, and 23-25 and for women aged 15-17, 18-20, and 21-23 at the start of the panel surveys. Our findings confirm our hypotheses, namely, a longer stay in school lowers the risk of marrying while greater economic well-being increases the risk. The results also show that the effects of wages and salaries are strongest among the middle cohorts of men (20-22) and women (18-20) who are at the stage of forming their own independent lives.

scholarly journals Silence or Voice? Agency Freedom among Elderly Women Living in Extended Families in Urban India

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (23) ◽  
pp. 8779
Author(s):  
Ildikó Asztalos Morell ◽  
Santa De ◽  
Pravina Mahadalkar ◽  
Carl Johansson ◽  
Lena-Karin Gustafsson
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Elderly Women ◽  
Extended Family ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Master Narrative ◽  
Extended Families

The preferential form of living for the elderly in India is within the extended family. India is undergoing rapid economic development, an increase in mobility, and changes in gender norms due to an increase in women’s labour force participation, which places challenges on traditional intergenerational relationships. Ageing and the well-being of the elderly is a rising concern, especially considering that their proportion of the population is expected to grow rapidly in coming decades. There is a lack of universal state provision for the elderly’s basic needs, which is especially profound for elderly women, since most do not have an independent income. This leaves the elderly dependent upon the benevolence of their adult children’s families or other relatives. This paper explores, with help of narrative analysis and critical contributions from capability theory, elderly women’s agency freedoms and how this can be contextualised with their varying capability sets. With help of Spivak’s notion of the silent subaltern, the paper anchors elderly women’s abilities to voice to their agency freedom. The master narrative of the silent supportive wife and side-lined mother-in-law as well as three counter-narratives explore alternative agencies taken by elderly women.

A woman’s work is never done: fiscal policy and women’s labour supply in Malawi

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-60
Author(s):  
Frank Kalizinje
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Policy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Labour Supply ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Multinomial Logit Model ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Public Works ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
Women's Welfare

The study sought to identify factors that fiscal policy can target to induce beneficial female labour force participation (FLFP) in formal wage, casual (ganyu) and agricultural labour. To achieve this, the study first used the Multinomial Logit Model on Malawi’s Second Integrated Household Survey dataset (IHS2) to predict the occupational distribution and to test for differences in the factors associated with the choice among the three labour outcomes. This helped to identify channels through which gender-responsive fiscal policies can target and enhance FLFP and in turn uplift women’s welfare. The empirical results revealed that when women are poor, residing in rural areas, not married or are heads of households and are least educated, they are more likely to supply casual and/or agricultural labour compared to formal wage labour. Therefore, to enhance women’s welfare through FLFP, gender-sensitive spending programmes should target women with such characteristics. The study further recommended increased gender-sensitive spending on farm credit and inputs, literacy education, girls’ education and public-works programmes. It further encouraged strict adherence to gender budgeting at national and local government level. To finance these proposals the study suggested introducing a levy on alcohol and tobacco the revenue of which should strictly be used to empower girls and enhance women’s labour supply.

scholarly journals Disability and Labour Force Participation in Cameroon

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zamo-akono Christian
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Informal Sector ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
The Public ◽  
Disability Status ◽  
Econometric Tests ◽  
Specific Human Capital

This paper examines the effect of disability on labour force participation using the Cameroon 2007 Household Survey. Statistical and econometric tests indicate that disability represents a barrier to employment in the Cameroon labour market. For instance, disability status reduces men’s probability of getting into the labour market by 0.8% for the public sector, 0.05% for the formal private sector and by 2.9% for the informal sector. Other noteworthy results are the fact that women face greater constraints in entering the labour market and investments in general and specific human capital increase the probability of getting a job in the Cameroon.

scholarly journals Differences and determinants of female entrepreneurship across selected EU countries: some empirical evidence for the period 2010–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Ewa Kraska ◽  
Janusz Kot
Keyword(s):  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Female Self ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The Relationship

There is a wide differentiation in the level of female entrepreneurship across European Union countries. The literature emphasises the importance of various intrinsic (i.e. education, experience, human capital, access to capital resources) and extrinsic (i.e. influencing the level of entrepreneurship) factors. The purpose of this article is to empirically analyse the relationship between the level of female self-employment and the economic and social determinants of female labour force participation for 19 EU member states. This article uses panel data techniques to empirically analyse the relationship between the female self-employment and the following: gross domestic product per capita, female unemployment rate, total fertility rate, crude marriage rate, people at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age, gender wage gap (median) for full-time employees, masculinization index. Simple statistical methods and Pearson correlation coefficient were used in this paper. An econometric model was created to verify the factors affecting the level of female self-employment. Statistical data collected by Eurostat and the OECD were used to conduct the analyses. Due to limited data availability, the study covers the years 2010–2018. Gretl and Excel were used to conduct the analysis.

scholarly journals Becoming a wage earned or a self-employed: Does Young Educational Level determine the Choice of the Working Labour Force Status in Cameroon?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
KOUL NGWE MANGUELLE Maximilien
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Young People ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Discrete Choice Models ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Labour Force Status ◽  
Wage Earning

Abstract If employment is recognized as a key driver for growth, development and well-being improvement, human capital is probably a main determinant of the labour force participation. By often analyzing this relationship in wage earning jobs, studies used to leave self-employment untreated despite the fact that its proportion is growing significantly in several countries. This leads us to the following question: does the accumulating human capital determine access to all forms of employment? Focusing on young people, this article analyzes effects of the educational level used as a proxy of the accumulating human capital on the choice of the working labour force status in Cameroon. Using discrete-choice models on data drew from the second Employment and Informal Sector Survey carried out by the National Institute of Statistics, empirical findings reveal that educated young people are more likely to make a decision to work as wage earned and the corresponding probability rises with the increasing of their educational levels. However, the willingness to become self-employed decline with the rising of the educational level. Therefore, compared to the decision to work as a wage earned, becoming a self-employed does not appear as a human capital outcome. This paradoxical result for a low wage economy suggests a reform of educational and training systems starting at least from high school with emphasizes in sectors with a high potential of self-employment development and a setting-up of an apprenticeship plan.

scholarly journals regulating motherhood through markets: Filipino women’s engagement with microcredit

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-47
Author(s):  
Sharmila Parmanand
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Moral Worth ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Female Empowerment ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Feminist Scholarship ◽  
Loan Repayment ◽  
Access To Credit ◽  
Global Leader ◽  
The Cost

The Philippines is a global leader in deploying microcredit to address poverty. These programmes are usually directed at women. Research on these programmes focuses on traditional economic indicators such as loan repayment rates but neglects impacts on women’s agency and well-being, or their position in the household and relationships with their partners and children. It is taken for granted that access to microcredit leads to enhanced gender freedoms. In line with the growing body of work in feminist scholarship that critiques the instrumentalist logic of microfinance institutions (MFIs) in relation to women, this research foregrounds stories from interviews with female borrowers in Zamboanga City in Southern Philippines to provide grounded illustrations of how microcredit is reshaping relationships between women and their families, women and poverty and women and the state. Borrowers used loans to meet their family’s needs even at the cost of harassment from creditors, indebtedness, increased workloads and conflict with partners. These narratives challenge the dominant neoliberal discourse of female empowerment through access to credit by exposing how microcredit is part of a complex set of regulations around ‘good motherhood’ and consumption, where women’s moral worth is based on their willingness and ability to lift their families out of poverty.

scholarly journals Female labour-force participation and socioeconomic factors, with emphasis on health

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Αναστασία-Σοφία Γρηγοριάδου
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
State Dependence ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour Force Participation ◽  
Female Labour

Χρησιμοποιώντας ένα ισορροπημένο panel 331 παντρεμένων γυναικών ηλικίας 39-45 ετών από τη British Household Survey για τα έτη 1991-2002, επιδιώκουμε να διερευνήσουμε τη δυναμική της προσφοράς εργασίας γυναικών με έμφαση στο πώς η υγεία επηρεάζει τις εργασιακές αποφάσεις των γυναικών. Η state dependence (η εξάρτηση του τρέχοντος στάτους συμμετοχής στο εργατικό δυναμικό από αυτό της προηγούμενης περιόδου) στη συμμετοχή των γυναικών στην αγορά εργασίας, η μη παρατηρούμενη ατομική ετερογένεια, η αυτοσυσχέτιση του όρου σφάλματος και οι αρχικές συνθήκες λαμβάνονται υπόψη μέσω της προσαρμογής κατάλληλων δυναμικών μοντέλων διακριτών επιλογών. Σε όλες τις προσεγγίσεις, η εκτίμηση του συντελεστή για την κατάσταση συμμετοχής στην αγορά εργασίας με χρονική υστέρηση μίας περιόδου αντανακλά θετική state dependence και είναι στατιστικά σημαντική. Η εκτιμώμενη μέση μερική επίδραση της συμμετοχής στην αγορά εργασίας με χρονική υστέρηση μίας περιόδου δείχνει ότι, κατά μέσο όρο σε όλες τις γυναίκες και σε όλες τις χρονικές περιόδους, η πιθανότητα μιας γυναίκας να συμμετέχει στην αγορά εργασίας το τρέχον έτος είναι 60,37% υψηλότερη εάν η γυναίκα συμμετείχε στην αγορά εργασίας το προηγούμενο έτος από ό,τι αν δεν συμμετείχε. Η σημαντική επίδραση των μεταβλητών που σχετίζονται με την υγεία εντοπίζεται σε όλους τους εκτιμητές. Τα ευρήματα δείχνουν ότι οι γυναίκες έχουν μεγαλύτερη πιθανότητα συμμετοχής στην αγορά εργασίας όταν δεν αναφέρουν περιοριστικά προβλήματα υγείας και όταν δηλώνουν άριστη, πολύ καλή, καλή ή μέτρια υγεία, σε σύγκριση με τις γυναίκες που δηλώνουν ότι έχουν κακή ή πολύ κακή υγεία. Η παρουσία άγχους και κατάθλιψης επίσης μειώνει την πιθανότητα συμμετοχής. Ακόμη, βρίσκουμε ότι τα περιοριστικά προβλήματα υγείας συσχετίζονται με ατομικά χαρακτηριστικά που μειώνουν την πιθανότητα συμμετοχής στην αγορά εργασίας. Επιπλέον, οι προβλεπόμενες πιθανότητες καταδεικνύουν την ισχυρή επίδραση της παρουσίας μικρών παιδιών και των προβλημάτων υγείας στην πιθανότητα συμμετοχής στην αγορά εργασίας.

scholarly journals The well-being of families in Canada’s future

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Benoît Laplante
Keyword(s):  
Personal Development ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Public Resources ◽  
The Family ◽  
Société Canadienne

The author argues that the well-being of families in Canada’s future is uncertain because families are losing the central position that was traditionally theirs. Most of the changes that occurred in and around families over the last third of the 20th century came from changes in values (from survival to personal development, from collectivity-oriented to individual-oriented), in gender relations (rising education, labour force participation, and economic independence of women), and in the legal framework that deals with family life. Such changes are still having an impact on families and this impact will likely not diminish. But more than anything else, Canadian society is moving towards a model in which immigration rather than reproduction is the main source of population growth, thus reducing the importance of the family for the development of policies. This, and the increasing political importance given to environmental issues, might further displace the family as a priority for policymaking and the allocation of public resources, and thus impair the future well-being of families.L’auteur soutient que le bien-être des familles canadiennes des familles est loin d’être assuré à long terme parce que la famille, en tant qu’institution, perd aujourd’hui la position centrale qui était traditionnellement la sienne. La plupart des changements survenus dans et autour des familles au cours du dernier tiers du XX e siècle ont été la conséquence de changements dans les valeurs (de la primauté de la survie à celle du développement personnel, de la collectivité à l’individu), dans les rapports entre les sexes (l’éducation des femmes, leur activité et leur indépendance économique) et dans l’encadrement juridique de la vie familiale. Ces transformations se poursuivent et leur impact sur les familles ne diminuera probablement pas. À ceci s’ajoute le fait que la société canadienne a adopté un modèle où l’immigration remplace la reproduction comme source principale de la croissance démographique, réduisant encore plus l’importance de la famille pour l’élaboration des politiques. Ce changement, et l’importance croissante accordée aux questions environnementales, pourrait encore réduire la place de la famille en tant que priorité pour l’élaboration des politiques et l’allocation des ressources publiques, et ainsi compromettre le bien-être futur des familles.

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