scholarly journals Differences and determinants of female entrepreneurship across selected EU countries: some empirical evidence for the period 2010–2018

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-114
Author(s):  
Ewa Kraska ◽  
Janusz Kot
Keyword(s):  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Female Entrepreneurship ◽  
Female Self ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The Relationship

There is a wide differentiation in the level of female entrepreneurship across European Union countries. The literature emphasises the importance of various intrinsic (i.e. education, experience, human capital, access to capital resources) and extrinsic (i.e. influencing the level of entrepreneurship) factors. The purpose of this article is to empirically analyse the relationship between the level of female self-employment and the economic and social determinants of female labour force participation for 19 EU member states. This article uses panel data techniques to empirically analyse the relationship between the female self-employment and the following: gross domestic product per capita, female unemployment rate, total fertility rate, crude marriage rate, people at risk of poverty or social exclusion by age, gender wage gap (median) for full-time employees, masculinization index. Simple statistical methods and Pearson correlation coefficient were used in this paper. An econometric model was created to verify the factors affecting the level of female self-employment. Statistical data collected by Eurostat and the OECD were used to conduct the analyses. Due to limited data availability, the study covers the years 2010–2018. Gretl and Excel were used to conduct the analysis.

scholarly journals Gender and Structural Adjustment in Pakistan

1996 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan ◽  
Mehnaz Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Structural Adjustment ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Caloric Intake ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Education Expenditure ◽  
Female Self ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Dramatic Decline ◽  
Dramatic Rise ◽  
Condition Of Women

We review the change in the socio-economic condition of women during the intensive period of structural adjustment (1987/88 onwards) in their role as producers, as home managers and as mothers. In their role as producers, overall female labour force participation increased such that their share in the labour force virtually tripled. However, over this period there has also been a dramatic decline in female self-employment and a more dramatic rise in the female unemployment rate. In their role as home managers, women confronted a more than doubling of the sensitive price index and a cut in consumption subsidies as a percent of the budget by about two-thirds. The price of wheat, from which the poor derive almost three-fifths of their caloric intake and three-fourths, also more than doubled. In their role as mothers, data show that compared to 1987-88, education expenditure as a percent of GNP has been constant while that of health has actually declined.

Gender Differences in the Relationship between Paid Employment and Informal Care

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Arber ◽  
Jay Ginn
Keyword(s):  
Informal Care ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Care Recipient ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Elderly Parents ◽  
Paid Employment ◽  
Informal Carers ◽  
The Relationship

This paper analyses the circumstances under which providing informal care has an adverse impact on paid employment, using data from the 1990 General Household Survey which identified 2,700 informal carers. The relationship between informal caring and employment participation is complex and differs by gender and marital status. Paid employment is lowered for adults providing care within their household. The effect is greater for women than for men, and varies with the closeness of the kin relationship between carer and care-recipient. Women caring for a handicapped child are least likely to be in full-time work. Care for a spouse depresses both men's and women's employment. The effect of caring for a co-resident parent is least for married men and greatest for married women. The assumption that women's increased labour force participation will reduce their availability as informal carers for elderly parents is largely unfounded. This care is mainly for elderly parents living in another household, and is associated with reduced hours of employment but not lower overall rates of employment. The norm of combining paid work and informal caring results in very high total hours of informal and paid work.

The third birth in Great Britain

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Wright ◽  
John F. Ermisch ◽  
P. R. Andrew Hinde ◽  
Heather E. Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Labour Force ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Subsequent Fertility ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
Time Varying Covariates ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryThe relationship between female labour force participation, and other socioeconomic factors, and the probability of having a third birth is examined, using British data collected in the 1980 Women and Employment Survey, by hazard regression modelling with time-varying covariates. The results demonstrate the strong association between demographic factors, e.g. age at first birth and birth interval and subsequent fertility behaviour. Education appears to have little effect. Surprisingly, women who have spent a higher proportion of time as housewives have a lower risk of having a third birth. This finding is in sharp disagreement with the conventional expectation that cumulative labour force participation supports lower fertility. These findings are briefly compared with similar research carried out in Sweden.

scholarly journals Labour Markets and Wages in Australia in 2009

2010 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese Jefferson ◽  
Alison Preston
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Full Time ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
Part Time ◽  
The Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Labour Market Activity ◽  
Full Time Employment

The global financial crisis (GFC) of 2008 made it clear that traditional indicators of labour market activity such as headline unemployment, labour force participation and earnings in full-time employment can only partially explain the health of the labour market. In this article we argue the need for a nuanced approach that takes into fuller consideration issues related to hours of work and part-time earnings. Selected industry sectors show stark differences in labour market outcomes when these issues are examined.

scholarly journals Services Trade: The Great Gender Equaliser?

2021 ◽  
pp. 001573252110118
Author(s):  
Louise Johannesson ◽  
Hildegunn Kyvik Nordås
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Advantage ◽  
Gender Wage Gap ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Formal Sector ◽  
Services Trade ◽  
Jel Codes ◽  
Formal Employment ◽  
Women In India

Standing at 24% in 2018, India’s female labour force participation is only half of the global average (48%). At the same time, India has one of the widest gender wage gaps in the world and women are less likely to be employed in the formal sector compared to men. This article focuses on how international trade affects relative wages and formal employment between men and women in India. Using the Revealed Symmetrical Comparative Advantage index, sectors of comparative advantage and disadvantage are identified and matched to Indian labour force surveys that contain information on sectoral employment and earnings. We find that sectors of comparative advantage in services have the lowest gender wage gap, with women earning 24% less than their male counterparts, while women in manufacturing earned on average 40% less than male workers. Using the Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition, we find that the total gender wage gap in sectors of comparative advantage in services are minor while it is quite substantial in manufacturing, regardless of comparative advantage status. The article concludes that services trade goes hand in hand with a smaller gender wage gap as women leverage their skills better in services than in manufacturing. JEL Codes: F16, F14

Age, labour market conditions and male suicide rates in selected countries

2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
PHILIP TAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Older Workers ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Male Suicide ◽  
Younger Workers ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the relationship between suicide rates among men since 1975 and rates of unemployment and labour force participation in 20 countries. Previous research has found statistically significant correlations between suicide and unemployment rates over time among young people in a number of countries. This study has extended this research to include different age groups of men. The findings for younger workers largely confirm the findings of previous studies. Among older workers, however, unemployment and suicide rates are largely unrelated, notable exceptions including Japan and the USA. The implications of this finding for policy making towards older workers are discussed.

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