scholarly journals More confidently uncertain? Teaching learners to apply Bayesian methods to make sense of scientific phenomena

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Rosenberg

While analyzing data is important learning in science domains, existing tools for those learning to work with data have key limitations, particularly concerning modeling data. This early-stage research is intended to begin a line of work on students’ data analysis that is not yet widely used in K-12 learning environments, Bayesian statistical methods, with implications for how learners use evidence in science learning environments and how computational thinking is related to working with data.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Zapata-Ros

In its simplest sense, computational thinking is considered as a series of specific skills that help programmers to do their homework, but that are also useful to people in their professional life and in their personal life as a way to organize the resolution on their problems, and of representing the reality that surrounds them.In a more elaborate scheme, this complex of skills constitutes a new literacy --- or the most substantial part of it --- and an inculturation to deal with a new culture, the digital culture in the knowledge society.We have seen how Bayesian probability is used in epidemiology models to determine models for the evolution of data on contagion and deaths in COVID and in natural language processing.We could also see it in a multitude of cases in the most varied scientific and process analysis fields. In this way, with the automation of Bayesian methods and the use of probabilistic graphical models, it is possible to identify patterns and anomalies in voluminous data sets in fields as diverse as linguistic corpus, astronomical maps, add functionalities to the practice of the magnetic resonance imaging, or to card, online or smartphone purchasing habits. In this new way of proceeding, big data analysis and Bayesian theory are associated.If we consider that Bayesian thinking, this way of proceeding, as one more and more relevant element of computational thinking, then to what has been said on previous occasions we must now add the idea of generalized computational thinking, which goes beyond education. It is no longer about aspects purely associated with ordinary professional or vital practice to deal with life and the world of work, as has been what we have called computational thinking until now, but as a preparation for basic research and research methodology in almost all disciplines. Because, thus defined, computational thinking is influencing research in almost all areas, both in the sciences and in the humanities. An instruction focused on this component of computational thinking, Bayesian thinking, of including it at an early stage, in Secondary (K-12), including the inverse probability formula, would allow, based on Merrill’s First principles of learning, and in particular in the activation principle, activate these learning as very valuable and very complex components in a later stage of professional or research activity, or in the training passed, undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, of these professions or that train for these activities and professions.


Author(s):  
Emily C. Miller ◽  
Joseph S. Krajcik

AbstractIn this paper, we present a design solution that involves the bringing together of Project-based Learning (PBL) with the theory of usable knowledge (Pellegrino & Hilton, Developing transferable knowledge and skills in the 21st century, 2012). Usable knowledge is the ability to use ideas to solve problems and explain phenomena, an approach to science learning put forth by the Framework for K-12 Science Education (National Research Council (NRC), A framework for K–12 science education: Practices, crosscutting concepts, and core ideas, 2012) to optimize science learning environments. We offer a process for designing a curricular system that enhances how students learn science as a progression toward sophisticated practice of usable knowledge by focusing on coherence, depth, and motivation. We saw the potential of these distinct approaches for informing one another, and we extrapolate on 4 years of research that involves the process of iterating on our curricular design to best integrate the two approaches to support student learning.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 468
Author(s):  
Zulhamdi Zulhamdi

This research is based on the result of science learning of grade VI students of SD Negeri 018 Kubang JayaKecamatan Siak Hulu Kabupaten Kampar which is still very low. This study aims to improve science learningoutcomes. From the data analysis, there was an increase of both teacher activity, student activity, and studentlearning result. The teacher activity at the 1st cycle meeting percentage was 70% (good) and at the 2nd meetingincreased 5% to 75% (good). In the second cycle of the meeting 3 teacher activities increased 10% from 75%(good) to 85% (very good) and at meeting 4 increased 10% from 85% (very good) to 95% (very good). Judgingfrom the student activity also increased from the 1st meeting of cycle I was 65% (enough) and at meeting 2increased 15% to 80% (good). In the second cycle of meeting 3 it increases 5% from 80% (good) to 85% (verygood) and at meeting 4 increases 10% from 85% (very good) to 95% (very good). Judging from the results of thestudents also experienced preningkat, from the average score of students on a basic score of 62.78. after the firstcycle the student's average score increased to 79.44 with an increase of 16.66 points from the baseline score. Inthe second cycle student learning outcomes also increased as much as 11.67 points from cycle I with averagestudent's grade 91.11. From the data analysis there is an increase both from teacher activity, student activity,and student learning outcomes. It can be concluded that the advancement of contextual learning can improve thelearning outcomes of science students of grade 6 of SD Negeri 018 Kubang Jaya Kecamatan Siak HuluKabupaten Kampar.


Author(s):  
Saheb Foroutaifar

AbstractThe main objectives of this study were to compare the prediction accuracy of different Bayesian methods for traits with a wide range of genetic architecture using simulation and real data and to assess the sensitivity of these methods to the violation of their assumptions. For the simulation study, different scenarios were implemented based on two traits with low or high heritability and different numbers of QTL and the distribution of their effects. For real data analysis, a German Holstein dataset for milk fat percentage, milk yield, and somatic cell score was used. The simulation results showed that, with the exception of the Bayes R, the other methods were sensitive to changes in the number of QTLs and distribution of QTL effects. Having a distribution of QTL effects, similar to what different Bayesian methods assume for estimating marker effects, did not improve their prediction accuracy. The Bayes B method gave higher or equal accuracy rather than the rest. The real data analysis showed that similar to scenarios with a large number of QTLs in the simulation, there was no difference between the accuracies of the different methods for any of the traits.


Author(s):  
José Miguel Merino-Armero ◽  
José Antonio González-Calero ◽  
Ramón Cózar-Gutiérrez

Technometrics ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Eric R. Ziegel ◽  
Lyman Ott

Author(s):  
Emily C. Bouck ◽  
Phil Sands ◽  
Holly Long ◽  
Aman Yadav

Increasingly in K–12 schools, students are gaining access to computational thinking (CT) and computer science (CS). This access, however, is not always extended to students with disabilities. One way to increase CT and CS (CT/CS) exposure for students with disabilities is through preparing special education teachers to do so. In this study, researchers explore exposing special education preservice teachers to the ideas of CT/CS in the context of a mathematics methods course for students with disabilities or those at risk of disability. Through analyzing lesson plans and reflections from 31 preservice special education teachers, the researchers learned that overall emerging promise exists with regard to the limited exposure of preservice special education teachers to CT/CS in mathematics. Specifically, preservice teachers demonstrated the ability to include CT/CS in math lesson plans and showed understanding of how CT/CS might enhance instruction with students with disabilities via reflections on these lessons. The researchers, however, also found a need for increased experiences and opportunities for preservice special education teachers with CT/CS to more positively impact access for students with disabilities.


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