Modern Weather Surveillance Radars: Hygienic Aspects of Monitoring Electromagnetic Fields at Operators’ Workplaces and in the Environment

2020 ◽  
pp. 34-40
Author(s):  
VN Nikitina ◽  
GG Lyashko ◽  
NI Kalinina ◽  
EN Dubrovskaya ◽  
VP Plekhanov
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Weather Radar ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Emf Measurements ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
Weather Radars ◽  
Radio Transmitters ◽  
Permissible Levels ◽  
Radar Antennas

Summary. Introduction: Location of weather surveillance radars near settlements, in residential areas and on airport premises makes it important to ensure safe levels of electromagnetic fields (EMF) when operating these radio transmitters. EMF maximum permissible levels for weather radars developed in the 1980s are outdated. Our objective was to analyze modern weather surveillance radars to develop proposals for improvement of radar-generated radiofrequency field monitoring. Materials and methods: We studied trends in meteorological radiolocation and technical characteristics of modern weather radars for atmospheric sensing and weather alerts, analyzed regulations for EMF measurements and hygienic assessment, and measured radiofrequency fields produced by weather radar antennas in open areas and at workplaces of operators. Results: We established that modern types of weather radars used in upper-air sensing systems and storm warning networks differ significantly in terms of technical characteristics and operating modes from previous generations. Developed in the 1980s, current hygienic standards for human exposures to radiofrequency fields from weather radar antennas are obsolete. Conclusions: It is essential to develop an up-to-date regulatory and method document specifying estimation and instrumental monitoring of EMF levels generated by weather radars and measuring instruments for monitoring of pulse-modulated electromagnetic radiation.

Developing GIS portal to ensure sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of transferring radio engineering objects

2020 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-350
Author(s):  
Evgeny V. Zibarev ◽  
A. S. Afanasev ◽  
O. V. Slusareva ◽  
T. I. Muragimov ◽  
V. A. Stepanets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Epidemiological Surveillance ◽  
Graphical Form ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Information Portal ◽  
Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Online Mode ◽  
Automated Processes

In recent years, in the Russian Federation there has been an increase in the levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in residential areas, including due to an increase in the number of base stations (BS). The purpose of sanitary and epidemiological surveillance at the stages of placement and commissioning of base stations (BS) is to prevent their adverse effects on public health. The increase in the number of base stations, together with the advent of new electronic equipment and antennas, provide opportunities for improving the processes of their accounting at the stage of placement and monitoring of the levels of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields at the operation stage. This automation tool can be a geo-information portal for providing sanitary and epidemiological surveillance of cellular base stations. The prototype of the geo-information portal allows both calculating the size of sanitary protection zones (SPZ) and building restriction zones (RZ) from the BS in online mode, displaying the results of calculations in graphical form and issuing sanitary and epidemiological conclusions for the placement and operation of base stations. The geo-information portal has the ability to synchronize with the data of the radio frequency center. Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing will be able to receive up-to-date analytical data. There will be completely automated processes of collecting, processing and storing information on BS.

scholarly journals Combined wind profiler-weather radar observations of orographic rainband around Kyushu, Japan in the Baiu season

2004 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 3971-3982 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Umemoto ◽  
M. Teshiba ◽  
Y. Shibagaki ◽  
H. Hashiguchi ◽  
M. D. Yamanaka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weather Radar ◽  
Horizontal Wind ◽  
Wind Component ◽  
Wind Profiler ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Clockwise Rotation ◽  
Weather Radars ◽  
X Band ◽  
Western Japan ◽  
Lifting Condensation Level

Abstract. A special observation campaign (X-BAIU), using various instruments (wind profilers, C-band weather radars, X-band Doppler radars, rawinsondes, etc.), was carried out in Kyushu (western Japan) during the Baiu season, from 1998 to 2002. In the X-BAIU-99 and -02 observations, a line-shaped orographic rainband extending northeastward from the Koshikijima Islands appeared in the low-level strong wind with warm-moist airs. The weather radar observation indicated that the rainband was maintained for 11h. The maximum length and width of the rainband observed in 1999 was ~200km and ~20km, respectively. The rainband observed in 2002 was not so developed compared with the case in 1999. The Froude number averaged from sea level to the top of the Koshikijima Islands (~600m) was large (>1), and the lifting condensation level was below the tops of the Koshikijima Islands. Thus, it is suggested that the clouds organizing the rainband are formed by the triggering of the mountains on the airflow passing over them. The vertical profile of horizontal wind in/around the rainband was investigated in the wind profiler observations. In the downdraft region 60km from the Koshikijima Islands, strong wind and its clockwise rotation with increasing height was observed below 3km altitude. In addition, a strong wind component perpendicular to the rainband was observed when the rainband was well developed. These wind behaviors were related to the evolution of the rainband.

scholarly journals Fireworks on Weather Radar and Camera

2020 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. E90-E108
Author(s):  
D. S. Zrnić ◽  
P. Zhang ◽  
V. Melnikov ◽  
E. Kabela
Keyword(s):  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Weather Radar ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Visible Image ◽  
Weather Radars ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Maximum Reflectivity ◽  
Operation Center

Abstract High-sensitivity weather radars easily detect nonmeteorological phenomena characterized by weak radar returns. Fireworks are the example presented here. To understand radar observations, an experiment was conducted in which the National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL)’s research (3-cm wavelength) dual-polarization radar and a video camera were located at 1 km from fireworks in Norman, Oklahoma. The fireworks from the 4 July 2017 celebration were recorded by both instruments. The experiment is described. Few bursts recorded by the camera are analyzed to obtain the height of the explosion, its maximum diameter, number of stars, and the duration of the visible image. Radar volume scans are examined to characterize the height of the observation, the maximum reflectivity, and its distribution with height. The fireworks location is close to the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) that operates in single polarization at a 5-cm wavelength and monitors hazardous weather over the Oklahoma City airport. A third radar with data from the event is the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) located in Norman. It has a wavelength of 10 cm and supports technical developments at the Radar Operation Center. Reflectivity factors measured by the three radars are compared to infer the size of dominant scatterers. The polarimetric characteristics of fireworks returns are analyzed. Although these differ from those of precipitation, they are indistinguishable from insect returns. Radar observation of larger fireworks in Fort Worth, Texas, with a WSR-88D is included and compared with the observations of the smaller fireworks in Norman. We expect the detectability of explosions would be similar as of fireworks. Pinpointing locations would be useful to first responders, or air quality forecasters. A benefit of fireworks recognition in weather radar data is that it can prevent contamination of precipitation accumulations.

The effects of translocation on the spatial ecology of tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) in a suburban landscape

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Butler ◽  
B. Malone ◽  
N. Clemann
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Ecology ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Radio Telemetry ◽  
Home Ranges ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Perceived Risks ◽  
Radio Transmitters ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Suburban Landscape ◽  
Very High

In many suburban parts of Australia the removal of snakes from private property by licenced snake catchers is employed to mitigate perceived risks to humans and their pets. The number of snakes translocated around greater Melbourne, Victoria, each year can be very high (at least many hundreds). However, the effects of translocation on the behaviour and welfare of individual snakes, and the impact on existing snake populations at release sites are unknown. We used radio-telemetry of ‘resident’ and translocated snakes to investigate the consequences of translocation on the spatial ecology of tiger snakes (Notechis scutatus) in a suburban parkland near Melbourne. Fourteen snakes (two female and four male residents, and four female and four male translocated snakes) implanted with radio-transmitters were tracked between spring 2002 and autumn 2003. Translocated snakes exhibited home ranges ~6 times larger than those of residents, although each group maintained core ranges of similar size. Translocated snakes travelled longer distances and were often located in residential areas adjacent to the park, whereas resident snakes were never located outside of the park.

Microstrip antenna array with an inclined surface and an increased distance between patches

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R. Bestugin ◽  
M.B. Ryzhikov ◽  
Yu.A. Novikova ◽  
I.A. Kirshina
Keyword(s):  
Antenna Array ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Weather Radar ◽  
Main Beam ◽  
Weather Radars ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Inclined Surface ◽  
Inclined Beam

A new technique for designing a path antenna array with an inclined beam is proposed. It boils down to finding a certain combination of parameters that use the secondary main maxima of the diagram as the main beam and at the same time guarantee the greatest distance between the emitters that does not yet lead to the occurrence of secondary main maxima in the antenna radiation pattern. This simplifies the geometric structure of the antenna, reduces its cost, simplifies the microstrip power system, and reduces the mutual influence of individual elements in the antenna array. To combine the possibility of reducing the radio visibility of the antenna by changing the orientation of the antenna opening while maintaining its emissivity in a given viewing plane, it is possible to implement an antenna with a main beam deviated from the normal. The efficiency of reducing backscattering for the radar range due to the tilt of the antenna outside the operating frequency band of the antenna is investigated. Thus, when mechanically scanning the antenna, due to the fact that the main beam of the antenna array is deviated from the normal, it is possible to achieve a significant reduction in the average backscattering pattern of at least 25 dB. It is known that improving the safety of small aircraft at low altitudes, as well as on take-off and landing sites, is directly related to the introduction of a small weather radar, which warns of the presence of dangerous phenomena along the flight path: thunderstorms, turbulence, and wind. When the onboard radar is operating in thunderstorm or turbulence detection modes, the presence of re-reflections from the Earth's surface can lead to the formation of false areas that are dangerous for flight. You can reduce the likelihood of such false zones by spatial filtering of interference from the ground using antennas with a low level of side lobes in the lower hemisphere. The relevance of the problem of reducing the influence of interference from the ground on the correctness of the wind speed estimation in the weather radar is confirmed by publications. They are focused on filtering interference from the earth's surface in the frequency domain for ground-based weather radars or for airborne radars, but by the main beam of the alignment diagram and the rule of its elevation to avoid touching the ground. The second part of the research is devoted to reducing the influence of re-reflections from the earth on the probability of forming false areas of dangerous weather events in the weather radar. To reduce the impact of interference, it is proposed to install an antenna with an upward tilt.

A Method for Efficient Implementation of a Radial-Based Noise Power Estimator for Weather Radars

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Hurtado
Keyword(s):  
Closed Form ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Weather Radar ◽  
Efficient Implementation ◽  
Noise Power ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Weather Radars ◽  
Low Computational Cost

AbstractIn a previous work, a weather radar algorithm with low computational cost has been developed to estimate the background noise power from the data collected at each radial. The algorithm consists of a sequence of steps designed to identify signal-free range volumes which are subsequently used to estimate the noise power. In this paper, we derive compact-closed form expressions to replace the numerical formulations used in the first two steps of the algorithm proposed in the original paper. The goal is to facilitate efficient implementation of the algorithm.

scholarly journals Scan-to-Scan Correlation of Weather Radar Signals to Identify Ground Clutter

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 855-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinguang Li ◽  
Guifu Zhang ◽  
Richard Doviak ◽  
Darcy Saxion
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Resolution ◽  
Correlation Time ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Weather Radar ◽  
Detection Algorithm ◽  
Weather Radars ◽  
Ground Clutter ◽  
Radar Echoes ◽  
Radar Signals

The scan-to-scan correlation method to discriminate weather signals from ground clutter, described in this letter, takes advantage of the fact that the correlation time of radar echoes from hydrometeors is typically much shorter than that from ground objects. In this letter, the scan-to-scan correlation method is applied to data from the WSR-88D, and its results are compared with those produced by the WSR-88D's ground clutter detector. A subjective comparison with an operational clutter detection algorithm used on the network of weather radars shows that the scan-to-scan correlation method produces a similar clutter field but presents clutter locations with higher spatial resolution.

scholarly journals Correction of polarization error in scanned array weather radar antennas

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Pang ◽  
P. Hoogeboom ◽  
H. Russchenberg ◽  
T. Wang ◽  
J. Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weather Radar ◽  
Radar Antennas

scholarly journals Staggered-PRT Sequences for Doppler Weather Radars. Part I: Spectral Analysis Using the Autocorrelation Spectral Density

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastián M. Torres ◽  
David A. Warde
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Analysis ◽  
Spectral Density ◽  
Power Spectral Density ◽  
Weather Radar ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Pulse Repetition ◽  
Spectral Processing ◽  
Weather Radars ◽  
Power Spectral ◽  
Repetition Time

AbstractThe autocorrelation spectral density (ASD) was introduced as a generalization of the classical periodogram-based power spectral density (PSD) and as an alternative tool for spectral analysis of uniformly sampled weather radar signals. In this paper, the ASD is applied to staggered pulse repetition time (PRT) sequences and is related to both the PSD and the ASD of the underlying uniform-PRT sequence. An unbiased autocorrelation estimator based on the ASD is introduced for use with staggered-PRT sequences when spectral processing is required. Finally, the strengths and limitations of the ASD for spectral analysis of staggered-PRT sequences are illustrated using simulated and real data.

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