scholarly journals EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 142-146
Author(s):  
Sulayman S. Nyang
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
The United States ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Muslim Immigrants ◽  
To Come

The arrival of Islam in the United States ofAmerica has been dated backto the coming of slaves fromAfrica. During this unfortunate trade in humancargo from the African mainland, many Muslim men and women came tothese shores. Some of these men and women were more visible than others;some were more literate in Arabic than the others; and some were betterremembered by their generations than the others. Despite these multiple differencesbetween the Muslim slaves and their brethren from various parts oftheAfrican continent, the fact still remains that their Islam and their self-confidencedid not save them from the oppressive chains of slave masters. Thereligion of Islam survived only during the lifetime of individual believerswho tried desperately to maintain their Islamic way of life. Among theMuslims who came in ante bellum times intoAmerica one can include YorroMahmud (erroneously anglicized as Yarrow Mamout), Ayub Ibn SulaymanDiallo (known to Anglo-Saxons as Job ben Solomon), Abdul Rahman(known as Abdul Rahahman in the Western sources) and countless otherswhose Islamic ritual practices were prevented from surfacing in public.1Besides these Muslim slaves of ante bellumAmerica, there were otherswho came to these shores without the handicap of slavery. They came fromSouthern Europe, the Middle East and the Indian Subcontinent. TheseMuslimswere immigrants to America at the end of the Nineteenth Century andthe beginning of the Twentieth Century. Motivated by the desire to come toa land of opportunity and strike it rich, many of these men and women laterfound out that the United States ofAmerica was destined to be their permanenthomeland. In the search for identity and cultural security in their newenvironment, these Muslim immigrants began to consolidate their culturalresources by building mosques and organizing national and local groups forthe purpose of social welfare and solidarity. These developments among theMuslims contributed to the emergence of various cultural and religious ...

scholarly journals EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION

1984 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. v-ix
Author(s):  
Sayyid M. Syeed
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
To Come

The arrival of Islam in the United States of America has been datedback to the coming of slaves from Africa. During this unfortunate tradein human cargo from the African mainland many Muslim men andwomen came to these shores. Some of these men and women were morevisible than others; some were more literate in Arabic than the others:and some were better remembered by their generations than the others.Despite these multiple differences between the Muslim slaves andtheir brethren from various parts of the African continent, the fact stillremains that their Islam and their self-confidence did not save them fromthe oppressive chains of slave masters. The religion of Islam survivedonly during the lifetime of individual believers who tried desperately tomaintain their Islamic way of life. Among the Muslims who came in antebellum times in America one can include Yorro Mahmud (erroneouslyanglicised as Yarrow Mamout), Ayub Ibn Sulayman Diallo (known toAnglo-Saxons as Job ben Solomon), Abdul Rahman (known as AbdulRahahman in the Western sources) and countless others whose Islamicritual practices were prevented from surfacing in public.Besides these Muslim slaves of the ante bellum America, there wereothers who came to these shores without the handicap of slavery. Theycame from Southern Europe, the Middle East and the IndianSubcontinent. These Muslims were immigrants to America at the end ofthe Nineteenth Century and the beginning of the Twentieth Century.Motivated by the desire to come to a land of opportunity and strike it rich,many of these men and women later found out that the United States ofAmerica was destined to be their permanent homeland. In the search foridentity and cultural security in their new environment, these Muslimimmigrants began to consolidate their cultural resources by, buildingmosques and organising national and local groups for the purpose ofsocial welfare and solidarity. These developments among the Muslimscontributed to the emergence of various cultural and religious bodiesamong the American Muslims. In the drive for self-preservation and ...

scholarly journals O papel das estratégias norte-americanas para as rupturas paradigmáticas na orientação da Política Externa jordaniana na segunda metade do século XX/The role of U.S. strategies for the paradigmatic changes in Jordanian foreign policy

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 186-216
Author(s):  
Leonardo Luiz Silveira Da Silva
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Middle East ◽  
World Order ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
War Of Independence

Resumo: A descolonização do Oriente Médio que originou novos Estados na região da Bacia do rio Jordão, coincide temporalmente com um novo arranjo da ordem mundial que se reorganizava no período pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial. A trajetória da política externa da Jordânia na segunda metade do século XX é extremamente didática para entendermos os efeitos das relações de poder entre as nações em âmbito regional e global para a mudança de comportamento dos Estados que praticavam políticas anti-hegemônicas. Nesta trajetória destaca-se a intensa disputa pelos escassos recursos hídricos regionais, à medida que o recurso é fundamental para o desenvolvimento das atividades econômicas e para a própria soberania do Estado. Na já distante década de 1950, poucos anos após o conflito da Guerra de Independência que opôs Israel e os Estados árabes vizinhos, a Jordânia passou a adotar uma postura intransigente em relação à aproximação com Israel, apesar dos esforços dos Estados Unidos para promover a estabilidade regional. Com o acordo de paz entre Egito e Israel, mediado pelos Estados Unidos e costurado na virada das décadas de 1970 e 1980, o tabu da oposição sistemática a Israel foi rompido. Desta forma, este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as mudanças na política externa da Jordânia na segunda metade do século XX, associando estas mudanças às novas estratégias norte-americanas para região, permitindo a compreensão das novas formas de imperialismo que dominam o cenário do Oriente Médio desde a década de 1970.Palavras-Chave: Jordânia, Estados Unidos, Israel, políticas anti-hegemônicas. Abstract: The decolonization of the Middle East that originated in the new states of the Jordan Basin region coincides temporally with a new arrangement of the world order, which is rearranged in the post - World War II period. The trajectory of the Jordanian foreign policy in the second half of the twentieth century is extremely didactic to understand the effects of power relations between nations on a regional and global level to the changing behavior of States which practiced anti - hegemonic politics. On this path there is the intense competition for scarce regional water resources, as the feature is essential for the development of economic activities and the very sovereignty of the state. In the distant 1950s, a few years after the conflict of the War of Independence which opposed Israel and neighboring Arab states, Jordan adopted an uncompromising stance towards rapprochement with Israel, despite U.S. efforts to promote peace in the region. With the peace agreement between Egypt and Israel, brokered by the United States and sewn at the turn of the 1970s and 1980s, the pattern of systematic opposition to Israel was broken. This paper aims to present the changes in Jordan's foreign policy in the second half of the twentieth century, linking these changes to the new US strategy for the region, allowing the understanding of new forms of imperialism which dominate the Middle East scenario since the decade 1970.Keywords: Jordan, United States, Israel, anti - hegemonic politics.

Epilogue

2019 ◽  
pp. 171-176
Author(s):  
Tyler Carrington
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Online Dating ◽  
The United States ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Contemporary World

The epilogue, which opens by tracing the legacy of Frieda Kliem’s Berlin throughout the rest of the twentieth century, insists that we cannot understand this famous twilight of “old” Germany and its transition into “new” Germany unless we take seriously the tensions surrounding love, intimacy, and dating that play out in Love at Last Sight. It further contends that the modern world—epitomized by the modern metropolis—not only exacerbated some of the long-standing and inherent risks of love, but also created a whole new set of dilemmas with which men and women throughout Germany, Europe, and the United States continue to grapple as they pursue love using similarly radical methods and technologies (most notably, online dating). The story of the Berliners who negotiated these same tensions at the turn of the century, the epilogue concludes, is thus eminently relevant to and instructive for our own contemporary world.

Thinking with Catholicism, Empire, and History

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Katherine D. Moran
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Roman Catholic ◽  
The United States ◽  
Upper Midwest ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Origin Stories ◽  
Global Power ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
The U.S

This chapter begins with an overview of George Everett Adams's and Helen Taft's speeches, which they delivered as Protestants in a country that was increasingly home to a large and growing Catholic minority. It argues that Adams's and Taft's speeches were part of a much larger religious pattern in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the ongoing currents of anti-Catholicism in U.S. culture, many late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Protestants joined their Catholic compatriots in speaking with nostalgia and admiration about the figures and institutions of Roman Catholic exploration and evangelization. The chapter also describes how men and women celebrated idealized versions of Catholic imperial pasts as the United States grew into a global power. It traces Catholic origin stories that emerged in three different sites and circumstances: the upper Midwest, Southern California, and the U.S. colonial Philippines.

“A verry poor place for our doctrine”: Religion and Race in the 1853 Mormon Mission to Jamaica

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Christopher Cannon Jones
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Black Men ◽  
African Diaspora ◽  
The United States ◽  
Latter Day Saints ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Local Newspaper ◽  
The Temple

ABSTRACT This article examines the first Mormon mission to Jamaica in January 1853. The missionaries, facing opposition from both black and white Jamaicans, returned to the United States after only a month on the island, having made only four converts. Latter-day Saints did not return to Jamaica for another 125 years. Drawing on the missionaries’ personal papers, church archives, local newspaper reports, and governmental records, I argue that the 1853 mission played a crucial role in shaping nineteenth-century Mormonism's racial theology, including the “temple and priesthood ban” that restricted priesthood ordination and temple worship for black men and women. While historians have rightly noted the role twentieth-century missions to regions of the African Diaspora played in ending the ban, studies of the racial restriction's early scope have been discussed in almost exclusively American contexts. The mission to Jamaica, precisely because of its failure, helped shape the ban's implementation and theological justifications. Failing to make any inroads, the elders concluded that both Jamaica and its inhabitants were cursed and not worthy of the missionaries’ time, which anticipated later decisions to prioritize preaching to whites and to scale back and ultimately abandon efforts to proselytize people of African descent.

Water, Blood, and the Nuclear Club

2021 ◽  
pp. 165-188
Author(s):  
Jacob Darwin Hamblin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
The United States ◽  
The 1960S

China’s Bomb set into a motion a series of events that resulted in the late 1960s in the signing of a non-proliferation treaty—an agreement that, by century’s end, would bind together nearly 200 participating governments. In their zeal to attract other countries into agreements about non-proliferation and safeguards, nuclear states—led by the United States—recommitted to the multiple promises of the peaceful atom. Two of the most politically volatile regions on earth, the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East, would see bloody conflict in the 1960s and beyond, at the same time that politicians promoted nuclear programs there under the banner of the peaceful atom. If non-nuclear nations agreed to forgo weapons development in exchange for access to the atom’s civilian applications, those applications needed to be perceived as valuable, even if based on a mirage.

Phantom Peace

2020 ◽  
pp. 55-80
Author(s):  
Kenneth Kolander
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
National Security ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
Democratic Party ◽  
Strategic Alliance ◽  
Domestic Politics ◽  
The United States ◽  
To Come

The themes of national security and domestic politics intersect in the second chapter. Based on the papers of Henry “Scoop” Jackson and J. William Fulbright, the chapter uses the conflict between the two Democratic senators to show how the growing Soviet presence in the Middle East, combined with the deteriorating situation in Southeast Asia in the late 1960s and early 1970s, brought about a major upheaval within the Democratic Party as well as a rise in conservative support for Israel from the halls of Congress. Jackson, who ran for president in 1972 and 1976, and Fulbright, the longest-tenured chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, staked out very different positions for the proper relationship between the United States and Israel. A discussion about the Jackson-Fulbright conflict encourages broader thinking about congressional participation in U.S. foreign policy in the Middle East and also exposes significant political fault lines that would complicate the making of U.S. policy toward Israel for years to come. The United States and Israel developed a strategic alliance during this period, in addition to the special relationship, which involved an enormous increase in weapons sales from the United States to Israel.

Judicial Review of Legislation

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Tushnet
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
The United States ◽  
Welfare Rights ◽  
Actual Operation ◽  
To Come ◽  
Theoretical Issues ◽  
Made In

This article discusses the judicial review of legislation. Judicial review of legislation is now a well-established practice in most constitutional democracies. Many of the theoretical issues have been fully explored, primarily in the literature emerging from the United States, where the practice has been in place the longest. New forms of judicial review, and new constitutional commitments to social welfare rights, raise important empirical questions about the performance of courts and legislatures. The largest gains in scholarly understanding to be made in the next decade are likely to come not from further theoretical explorations but from empirical inquiries into the actual operation of various systems of judicial review, with respect to a range of constitutional issues.

scholarly journals Rituals of Memory in Contemporary Arab Women’s Writing

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-127
Author(s):  
Naama Ben-Ami
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Women Writers ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Women's Writing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Select Group ◽  
Personal Experiences ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Scholarly Attention

Gender, an issue that has been in the headlines for decades now, has naturallyalso attracted the scholarly attention of both men and women. In thebook under review, Brinda Mehta, professor of French and FrancophoneStudies at Mills College, inquires into the subject of gender from the perspectiveof a select group of leading contemporary women writers in theArab world whose compositions express the complexities of life for Arabwomen in the Middle East (Lebanon, Syria, and Iraq), NorthAfrica (Egypt,Algeria, andMorocco), and the United States (LosAngeles). The authors areallArabs on both sides, except forDianaAbu-Jaber, daughter of a JordanianbornArab Muslim father and an American Christian mother. The novelschosen for analysis have widely varying plots, but all reflect the place ofwomen inArab society and how they cope with difficult circumstances.The book is divided into six chapters, each devoted to one ormore compositions(novels) by a writer or two, whose stimulation to write was derivedat least in part from their own personal experiences ...

Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Richard Breen ◽  
Walter Müller
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Social Mobility ◽  
Educational System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Relative Mobility ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Men And Women

This chapter sets out the main goal of the volume: to examine the role of education in shaping rates and patterns of intergenerational social mobility among men and women during the twentieth century. This is a particularly timely question given the concerns of politicians and policy makers with intergenerational mobility and their belief that the solution lies in education. The chapter explains what we mean by social mobility and the distinction between absolute and relative mobility, and it sets out the reasons why we expect changes to the educational system to lead to changes in both absolute and relative mobility. The chapter discusses the reasons for choosing the eight countries on which we focus: the United States, Sweden, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland. The operationalization of our main variables is explained and the questions to be addressed in each of the subsequent country chapters are set out.

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