Influence of Decay Fungi on Selected Anatomical Properties of Aningeria Robusta A. Chev. Wood

Due to population explosion, the forest of Nigeria like most tropical forest is over exploited for choice traditional species. Therefore, need to investigate species that can substitute the species arise. Five trees of Aningeria robusta were harvested from Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria. Bolts of 50cm length were obtained at the base, middle and the top; radial strips also obtained for innerwood, middlewood and outerwood. Ten test specimens of dimension 12mm x 15mm x 25mm were obtained per zone. N-hexane heartwood extracts of a 30 year old Gliricidia sepium diluted with kerosene using volume by volume method into 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% was used. Quantitative characterizations of fungi inoculated and uninoculated wood blocks were determined. The wood blocks were immersed in the extract for 48 hours prior subjection to Lentinus sajor-caju and Trichoderma viride for sixteen. Samples were laid in split plot and factorial experimental designs for the uninoculated and inoculated respectively. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and descriptive statistics. Mean proportion of vessel, fibre and ray before inoculation are 16.89%, 59.08% and 23.74% respectively. Sources of variance had significant effect on the properties at 5% probability level. There was a general reduction in all the anatomical properties after inoculation with the fungi strains. The fungi used, concentration levels adopted, sampling heights involved and radial position had significant effect on the anatomical properties after inoculation with the fungi. Conclusively, the bio-preservative could not prevent fungal growth on the anatomical properties; it could only reduce it.

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In Situ Formation of Ag Nanoparticles in Mesoporous TiO2 Films Decorated on Bamboo via Self-Sacrificing Reduction to Synthesize Nanocomposites with Efficient Antifungal Activity

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms20215497 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (21) ◽

pp. 5497 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jingpeng Li ◽

Minglei Su ◽

Anke Wang ◽

Zaixing Wu ◽

Yuhe Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Mesoporous Tio2 ◽

Tio2 Films ◽

Ag Nps ◽

Protection Method ◽

Mesoporous Tio2 Films ◽

Dark Conditions

We developed a novel green approach for the in situ fabrication of Ag NPs in mesoporous TiO2 films via the bamboo self-sacrificing reduction of Ag(NH3)2+ ions, which can inhibit fungal growth on the bamboo surface. Mesoporous anatase TiO2 (MT) films were first synthesized on bamboo via a hydrothermal method. Then, Ag NPs with a 5.3 nm mean diameter were incorporated into the pore channels of optimal MT/bamboo (MTB) samples at room temperature without the addition of reducing agents, such that the Ag NPs were almost entirely embedded into the MT films. Our analysis indicated that the solubilized lignin from bamboo, which is rich in oxygen-containing functional groups, serves as a green reductant for reducing the Ag(NH3)2+ ions to Ag NPs. Antifungal experiments with Trichoderma viride under dark conditions highlighted that the antifungal activity of the Ag/MT/bamboo samples were greater than those of naked bamboo, MTB, and Ag/bamboo, suggesting that these hybrid nanomaterials produce a synergistic antifungal effect that is unrelated to photoactivity. The inhibition of Penicillium citrinum effectively followed a similar trend. This newly developed bamboo protection method may provide a sustainable, eco-friendly, and efficient method for enhancing the antifungal characteristics of traditional bamboo, having the potential to prolong the service life of bamboo materials, particularly under dark conditions.

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Evaluation of fungicidal properties of post-cultured liquid medium from the culture of Kombucha microorganisms against selected mold fungi

Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0013.7637 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 107 ◽

pp. 54-59 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

IZABELA BETLEJ ◽

BOGUSŁAW ANDRES

Keyword(s):

Liquid Medium ◽

Alternaria Alternata ◽

Fungicidal Activity ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Total Absence

Evaluation of fungicidal properties of post-cultured liqiud medium from the culture of Kombucha microorganisms against selected mold fungi. The paper presents the results of the evaluation of fungicidal activity of post-cultured liquid medium from Kombucha microrganism on molds Alternaria alternata and Trichoderma viride. The obtained results confirmed that the medium on which Kombucha microorganisms grew, have fungicidal activity against mold fungi. The lowest concentration of post-cultured liqiud medium, inhibiting the growth of A. alternata and T. viride, on the 4th day of culture, was respectively: 5% and 15%. The total absence of fungal growth was observed on medium containing 20% medium from Kombucha culture

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The ecology of fungi infecting untreated sapwood of Pinus radiata

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b68-219 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 46 (12) ◽

pp. 1577-1589 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

John A. Butcher

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Pinus Radiata ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Soft Rot ◽

Airborne Fungi ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Source Of Infection ◽

Blue Stain Fungi ◽

Blue Stain

The succession of fungi colonizing untreated stakes of Pinus radiata sapwood was followed in aboveground, groundline, and belowground zones. The course and speed of the succession in these zones was influenced both by the source of infection and the moisture content of the wood. Aboveground moisture content of the stakes limited development, and colonization by airborne fungi (blue-stain fungi to molds) did not proceed to the stage where decay fungi became established. At groundline and below where the succession of organisms (primary molds to soft-rot fungi to secondary molds and basidiomycetes) was complete, moisture content was more favorable for fungal growth. The succession proceeded more slowly belowground than at groundline because of (1) higher moisture content of the wood and (2) colonization being restricted to soil-borne fungi. Relative frequencies of fungi in each zone are tabulated and discussed. Decay capability tests were made to aid in establishing the role of soft rot and basidiomycetous fungi. The basidiomycetes encountered were not those usually isolated from posts of P. radiata in an advanced state of decay. Comparative studies of the effect of temperature and pH on the growth rate of the various fungi isolated were of little value in explaining the broad bases for the successional trends. Some basic problems remaining in ecological studies of wood-inhabiting fungi are discussed.

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Evaluation of Heartwood Extracts Combined with Linseed Oil as Wood Preservatives in Field Tests in Southern Mississippi, USA

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12090803 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 803

Author(s):

Babar Hassan ◽

Mark E. Mankowski ◽

Grant T. Kirker

Keyword(s):

Wood Species ◽

Linseed Oil ◽

Ground Contact ◽

Wood Preservatives ◽

Southern Pine ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Contact Test ◽

The Individual ◽

Heartwood Extracts

Heartwood extracts of naturally durable wood species are often evaluated as alternatives to chemical wood preservatives, but field data from long-term performance testing are lacking. The current study evaluated the long-term (five-year) performance of two non-durable wood species treated with heartwood extracts of either Tectona grandis, Dalbergia sissoo, Cedrus deodara, or Pinus roxburghii alone or combined with linseed oil. Stakes (45.7 × 1.9 × 1.9 cm) and blocks (12.5 × 3.75 × 2.5 cm) cut from the sapwood of cottonwood and southern pine were vacuum-pressure impregnated with the individual heartwood species extract, linseed oil, or a mixture of each individual wood extract and linseed oil. For comparison, solid heartwood stakes and blocks of the wood species used to obtain extracts were also included in the tests. All samples were exposed for five years to decay and termites at a test site in southern Mississippi using ground contact (AWPA E7) and ground proximity (AWPA E26) tests. Results showed that extract-oil mixtures imparted higher termite and decay resistance in cottonwood and southern pine than linseed oil only or the individual heartwood species extract in both tests. However, these treatments were as not effective as to commercially used wood preservatives, copper naphthenate (CuN) or disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) in either test. Moreover, solid heartwood P. roxburghii stakes were completely decayed and attacked by termites after five years in the ground contact test. In contrast, C. deodara stakes were slightly attacked by termites and moderately attacked by decay fungi. However, T. grandis and D. sissoo stakes showed slight to superficial attack by termites and decay fungi in ground contact test. In contrast, T. grandis and D. sissoo blocks showed slight decay fungi attack in above-ground tests. However, termites did not attack T. grandis, D. sissoo, and C. deodara blocks. However, decay fungi moderately attacked C. deodara blocks, and P. roxburghii blocks were severely attacked by decay fungi and termites in the above-ground test.

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Effectiveness of micronizing zinc borate to improve its fungicidal properties

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.14.3.6231-6246 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (3) ◽

pp. 6231-6246

Author(s):

Claudia M. Ibáñez ◽

Alvaro Camargo ◽

Carlos Mantero ◽

Ricardo Faccio ◽

Antonio Malanga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

White Rot Fungi ◽

Nano Particles ◽

White Rot ◽

Zinc Borate ◽

Malt Extract ◽

Electron Microscopic ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Fungicidal Action

The effectiveness was evaluated for an established wood preservative, zinc borate, prepared in an agitating bead mill to extensively reduce its particle size. The generated micro- or nano-particles of zinc borate were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, and the particle size distribution was determined to evaluate the effect of milling. Then the fungicidal effectiveness of the zinc borate of both milled and unmilled samples were assayed against brown- and white-rot fungi, on culture medium and on conifer and hardwood as substrates. Treated wood samples were subjected to leaching tests. Scanning electron microscopic images of wood samples were examined to analyze the distribution of zinc borate within the wood. The micronized zinc product kept its crystal structure intact, and it increased the proportion of particles with diameters below 100 nm by 25% when compared to the unmilled product. Malt extract-agar medium supplemented with 2.5% of w/w milled and unmilled zinc borate inhibited fungal growth tested. Both milled and unmilled zinc borate protected the wood when not subjected to leaching. The milled sample of zinc borate improved resistance to leaching, which would allow its application in environments of high moisture content; however, it did not improve the fungicidal action against decay fungi.

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Activity of Mikania micrantha leaf extract against subterranian termite and wood decay

Journal of Biological Researches ◽

10.23869/bphjbr.26.2.20211 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (2) ◽

pp. 53-59

Author(s):

Yuliati Indrayani ◽

Alkhadi Alkhadi

Keyword(s):

Leaf Extract ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Wood Decay ◽

Sample Weight ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Mikania Micrantha ◽

Extract Concentration ◽

Wood Decay Fungi ◽

Sample Weight Loss ◽

Tropical Areas

Mikania micrantha is a wild weed that thrives in tropical areas, grows rapidly in areas with high humidity and light intensity as well as in fertile soil. Meanwhile, Indonesia s tropical climate is also a suitable habitat for the breeding of termites and wood decay fungi. This study aims to determine the bioactivity of M. micrantha leaf extract against subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus (Holmgren) and wood decaying fungus, Schizopyllum commune and its optimal extract concentration to prevent termite attack and inhibit fungal growth. The extracts were obtained by drying and mashing of M. micrantha leaves. The leaf powder was sieved with a 40-60 mesh filter and macerated with methanol for 3x24 h. The maceration results were filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using a rotary evaporator. Furthermore, identification of the secondary metabolites of the extract was carried out by phytochemistry. The bioactivity test included anti-subterranean termite and wood decay fungus using Potatos Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium. The results showed that M. micrantha leaf extract affected sample weight loss, termite mortality rates and the growth of wood decay fungi. Furthermore, the concentration of M. micrantha extract was inversely proportional to the sample weight loss and directly proportional to the termite mortality rate. In addition, the concentration of M. micrantha leaf extract had a negative correlation with the growth of the decaying fungus of S. commune therefore, the concentration of the extract was directly proportional to the growth inhibition of fungus. Meanwhile, the 4 percent extract concentration led to the increase in termite mortality rate above 80 percent and inhibited fungal growth by 100 percent. The results suggest that the bio-efficacy data from this study may be used to develop wood protecting systems based on wild weeds which are found in tropical areas.

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Advances in understanding the mode of action of MBT fungicide used in wood protection

New Zealand Plant Protection ◽

10.30843/nzpp.2002.55.3920 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 55 ◽

pp. 63-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. Singh ◽

R. Wakeling ◽

B. Kreber ◽

M.V. Jaspers ◽

A. Stewart

Keyword(s):

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Pinus Radiata ◽

Liquid Culture ◽

Inhibitory Concentration ◽

Trichoderma Viride ◽

Fungal Growth ◽

Radiata Pine ◽

Test Fungus ◽

Wood Protection ◽

Vapour Action

Interactions between methylene bisthiocyanate (MBT) and common wood degrading fungi of Pinus radiata were investigated The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MBT was determined in yeastmalt liquid medium and on radiata pine Higher treatment concentrations of MBT were required to control fungal growth on wood than in liquid culture irrespective of the test fungus used There were significant differences between the test fungi for MIC levels of MBT on diptreated wood with the highest degree of tolerance observed for Trichoderma viride (MIC le; 064 w/v) Further experiments suggested that vapour action and diffusibility both contributed to the fungitoxicity of MBT

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Identification of MVOCs Produced by Coniophora puteana and Poria placenta Growing on WPC Boards by Using Subtraction Mass Spectra

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16142499 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (14) ◽

pp. 2499 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mateusz Kozicki ◽

Anna Wiejak ◽

Michał Piasecki ◽

Alicja Abram

Keyword(s):

Fungal Growth ◽

White Rot Fungi ◽

Wood Decay ◽

White Rot ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Active Growth ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Coniophora Puteana ◽

Wood Polymer ◽

Poria Placenta

Volatile fungal metabolites are responsible for various odors and may contribute to a “sick building syndrome” (SBS) with a negative effect on the heath of building. The authors have attempted to fill the research gaps by analyzing microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) originating from representatives of the Basidiomycetes class that grow on wood-polymer composite (WPC) boards. WPCs have been analyzed as a material exposed to biodeterioration. Indoor air quality (IAQ) is affected by the increased use of WPCs inside buildings, and is becoming a highly relevant research issue. The emission profiles of MVOCs at various stages of WPC decay have been demonstrated in detail for Coniophora puteana and Poria placenta, and used to set the European industrial standards for wood-decay fungi. Differences in the production of MVOCs among these species of fungi have been detected using the thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) method. This study identifies the production of alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and other compounds during one month of fungal growth. The identified level of metabolites indicates a relation between the level of air pollution and condition of the WPC material, which may become part of IAQ quantification in the future. The study points to the species-specific compounds for representatives of brown and white-rot fungi and the compounds responsible for their odor. In this study, 1-Octen-3-ol was indicated as a marker for their active growth, which is also associated with SBS. The proposed experimental set-up and data analysis are a simple and convenient way to obtain emission profiles of MVOCs from microbes growing on different materials.

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Effect of Agricultural Sector Expenditure on Nigeria’s Economic Growth

Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension Economics & Sociology ◽

10.9734/ajaees/2019/v32i330157 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

O. O. Akanbi ◽

E. G. Onuk ◽

H. S. Umar

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Error Correction ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

Series Data ◽

National Bureau ◽

Probability Level ◽

Long Run ◽

Integration Test ◽

Short Run

The study examined the Effect of Government Agricultural Expenditure on Nigeria’s Economic Growth. Time series data (1981–2015) were generated from the Central Bank of Nigeria and the National Bureau of Statistics. Descriptive Statistics and Vector Error Correction Model were used for data analysis. A unit root test was carried out to ascertain the stationarity of the series. Johansen co-integration test was also carried out to establish co-integration status of the variables in the model. For valid inference, estimated coefficients were subjected to normality, autocorrelation, heteroskedasticity and dynamic stability tests. The null hypotheses in relation to the respective tests statistic could not be rejected at 5% level of significance. The negative sign and statistical significant of Error Correction term of the VEC model, further confirmed the existence of co-integrating relationship among the variables in the model. The descriptive statistics result shows that, for almost a decade, public spending on agriculture consistently decline and was below the 10% benchmark of the Maputo declaration. The estimated VECM results showed that on the long-run, only the coefficient of Government Agricultural Expenditure variable influenced the economic growth, which was proxy by National GDP. This influence was positive and statistically significant at 5% probability level. However, on the short run, the result showed that both coefficients of Government Agricultural Expenditure variable and that of agricultural output were both positive and statistically significant in influencing the economic growth (GDP) at 5% probability level. Hence, since government expenditure has positive and significant effect on economic growth both on the short run and long run, it is recommended that government should review upward agricultural expenditure to stimulate growth in Nigerian economy, which could trigger more employment opportunity, increase per capita income, improved agricultural sector infrastructural deficit and reduce poverty.

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ASSESSMENT OF PROFITABILITY OF WATER MELON (CITRILLUS LANATUS) IN SELECTED MARKETS IN PARTS OF KADUNA NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNAH OF NIGERIA

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i5.2020.78 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 121-125

Author(s):

A.I Sodimu ◽

M.B Usman ◽

N.O Oladele ◽

L.G. Lapkat ◽

T.A Awobona ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Secondary Education ◽

Primary Education ◽

Descriptive Statistics ◽

Net Income ◽

Probability Level ◽

Gross Margin ◽

Northern Guinea Savanna ◽

Guinea Savanna ◽

Margin Analysis ◽

Water Melon

The study examines the assessment of profitability of watermelon (Citrillus lanatus) in selected markets in parts of Kaduna Northern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria. One hundred questionnaires were randomly administered (100) and 51 were recovered from the respondents. Descriptive statistics gross margin analysis and Z- test were used to analyze the data collected. The results revealed that 74.51% of the respondents are male and 25.29% are female. Majority of the respondents are aged between 35 – 45 years (43.14%) and 12.55% are married. 35.29% of the respondent had secondary education and 39.21% had primary education. The gross margin analysis shows a significant level of profitability at (P>0.05) with estimated net income of #10,851.20 per annum. The Z- test further shows that the calculated value was statistically significant at (P>0.05) probability level. However, recommendation for improvement and marketing of the species were highlighted.

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