scholarly journals Characteristics of Surface Water Quality and Diversity of Zoobenthos in Water Bodies, An Giang Province, Vietnam

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Nguyen T. Giao ◽  
Huynh T.H. Nhien ◽  
Truong H. Dan
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index

The use of zoobenthos to evaluate water quality has gained considerable interest due to its low cost and environmental friendliness. This study analyzed water and zoobenthos samples at 13 sites in the water bodies in An Giang province in the rainy season (on March) and dry season (on September) in 2018. The results showed that the surface water was contaminated by organic matters, suspended solids and coliforms. There was occurrence of 28 species of zoobenthos divided into five classes including Oligochaeta, Polychaeta, Insecta, Gastropoda, and Bivalvia in which Bivalvia was the most diverse class accounting for 75%. The densities of zoobenthos in the dry and wet season were from 30 divided into three clusters for the dry season and six clusters for the rainy season indicating seasonal variation of zoobenthos composition possibly due to variance of water and sediment characteristics. The results of Pearson correlation indicated that the composition of zoobenthos was strongly correlated with temperature, pH, N-NH4+ and N-NO3-. Using water quality index (WQI), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H’) and associated average score per taxon (ASPT) for water quality assessment revealed that water quality ranges from medium (from α to β- mesosaprobe) to heavy pollution (Polysaprobe). There was inconsistency between using physicochemicals and diversity index of zoobenthos for water quality identification leading to the use of zoobenthos for water indication could result in misadjustment of water quality. Further study should investigate the relationship between zoobenthos and water quality in different ecological areas to better indicate role of zoobenthos in quick diagnose water quality.

scholarly journals Aquatic Macro-invertebrates as Bio-indicators: An Approach for Wetland Water Quality Assessment of Rampur Ghol, Chitwan, Nepal

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-64
Author(s):  
Birendra Gautam ◽  
Rejina Maskey ◽  
Ramesh Prasad Sapkota ◽  
Dharma Raj Dangol
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Class Ii ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Quality Class ◽  
Evenness Index ◽  
Index Value

The present research was conducted to study seasonal limnological parameters and record composition pattern of aquatic macro-invertebrates of the Rampur Ghol. GRS-BIOS/ASPT index was used to calculate the water quality class, Shannon Weiner diversity index (H’) and Piélou evenness index (e) were used to determine taxa richness of the macroinvertebrates. Altogether 281 individuals of 14 families and 313 individuals of 18 families were recorded in dry season and rainy season, respectively. Similarly, diversity index and evenness index values were recorded 0.98 and 0.85 in dry season; 1.075 and 0.86 in rainy season. On the basis of different aquatic macro-invertebrates, GRS-BIOS/ASPT Index value of four sampling sites fall in class II (moderately polluted), four sampling sites belong to water quality class IIIII (critically polluted) and remaining two sampling sites belong to water quality class III (heavily polluted). Similarly, in rainy season seven sites fall in water quality class II (moderately polluted) and three sampling sites belong to water quality class II-III (critically polluted).Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 2014, 19(2): 58-64

scholarly journals Hydrogeological, hydrochemical, and natural isotopes evaluation of groundwater and surface water interactions in the alluvial plain, tropical region of southeastern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waldilene Correa ◽  
Sueli Pereira ◽  
Joaquim Ernesto Bernardes ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Groundwater Flow ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Alluvial Plain ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Natural Isotopes ◽  
Abandoned Meanders

Groundwater-Surface water interactions in alluvial plains facing morphological features are the subject of the study. Considered transitions zones, alluvial plains have different morphological features interfering with groundwater flow and hydrochemistry. The alluvial plain of Mogi Guaçu river (southeastern Brazil) presented topography-controlled groundwater flow, nevertheless, natural levees, wet fields, oxbow lakes, and abandoned meanders can control local flow and interfere in discharges points of the main river. Two sampling water campaigns were done in the dry and wet season for physicochemical and natural isotopes analysis, collecting in total 44 groundwaters samples from monitoring wells and eight water samples from the river, creek, and lake. The groundwaters in wet fields and terraces, and surface waters from creek and lake presented low mineralization (EC from 8 to 37 μS.cm), pH acidic (4.98 to 5.8), and essentially Ca and Na-HCO composition. River waters samples presented pH between 5.92 e 7.69 (acidic in the rainy season and basic in the dry season), and EC from 24.2 and 181.1 μS/cm (lower values in the wet season), Na-HCO and Na-HCO-SO (dry season) and Ca-HCO and Na-HCO (rainy season) compositions. In dry season groundwaters composition showed evolution from sodium mixed (SO – HCO) to bicarbonate waters and higher mineralization; in wet season waters varied from Ca to Na-HCO composition and low mineralization, denoting dilution due to rainwater infiltration. Closer to the river margins, in abandoned meanders and oxbows, the groundwaters have increased values of EC and major ions indicating GW-SW mixtures, and effluent-influent changes (descendent and ascendent flux) in wet and dry seasons, respectively. Natural isotopes in groundwaters imply meteoric origin, without evaporation during recharge and high d-excess can be influenced by continental air masses and Amazonia Basin low-level jet. Shallow water table, permeable silty-sand material of vadose zone, flat terrain, and pristine conditions can contribute to direct infiltration of rainwaters, recharging the shallow aquifer.

scholarly journals Using Water Quality Index to evaluate surface water quality in the South of Binh Duong province

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (6) ◽  
pp. 118-127
Author(s):  
Le Ngoc Tuan ◽  
Tao Manh Quan ◽  
Tran Thi Thuy
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Carrying Capacity ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
The South ◽  
Good Level ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Receiving Water

The South of Binh Duong province has undergone various economic activities and significantly contributed to the local budget, but has also posed adverse impacts on environment where the decrease in surface water quality is a vital of concern. To evaluate the change in surface water quality and carrying capacity of receiving water bodies in southern waterways of Binh Duong province (not mentioned in this work), the surface water quality data was recalled from 25 monitoring stations during 2012 – 2016 and sampled at 93 locations in the dry season of 2017. In the period of 2012 – 2016, the SWQ fluctuated from very poor to good level (WQI = 20 – 88). The sites of interest were the Chom Sao canal (RSG5), Bung Cu stream (RĐN2), and Thi Tinh river (RTT1) (WQI <7) with high concentrations of BOD5, COD, and coliform, etc. In the dry season of 2017, the SWQ was ranged from very poor to good level (WQI = 16 – 88). Some monitoring locations should be taken into consideration were STT2 in Thi Tinh River, MC25 in Cau Dinh stream, MC50 in Cat - Bung Biep stream, and MC91 in Cai stream due to high concentrations of SS, turbidity, NH4+-N, BOD5, COD, etc. Accordingly, it is necessary to continue studying and assessing the waste water generation, the carrying capacity of receiving water bodies in relation to the local socio-economic development plans, as a basic for local surface water management and the sustainable development.  

scholarly journals Avian Communities of a Mixed Mopane-Acacia Savanna in the Cuvelai Drainage System, North-Central Namibia, During the Dry and Wet Season

2014 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 333-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Kopij
Keyword(s):  
Rainy Season ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
North Central ◽  
Numida Meleagris ◽  
Dominance Structure ◽  
Shannon’S Diversity Index

Abstract Studies were conducted by means of the Line Transect Method in late rainy season (March), in the middle of dry season (July) and at beginning of rainy season (November).Th e total length of all transects was c. 11 km. In total, 70 resident and 13 nonresidentspecies were recorded. Th e number of species in dry season was significantly lower than in rainy season (x2-test: 14.1; p < 0.01). Th e highly significant seasonal differences in abundance were recorded for the following species: Streptopelia senegalensis, Streptopelia capicola, Uraeginthus angolensis, Cisticola juncidis, Upupa africana, Cynniris mariquensis, and Numida meleagris. In overall, five species have been classified as dominants: Streptopelia senegalensis, Streptopelia capicola, Uraeginthus angolensis, Plocepasser mahali and Cypsiurus parvus. They comprised together 43.9 %. Significant variations in the dominance structure between the wet and dry season have been evidenced. Granivores were much more numerous in the dry than in the wet season, while for the insectivores the reverse was true. Although Sorensen Coefficient was much the same between all three seasons, the Shannon’s Diversity Index was lower in July than in March and November.

scholarly journals The use of zoobenthos for the assessment of water quality in canals influenced by landfilling and agricultural activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 33-42
Author(s):  
Thanh Giao Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Agricultural Activities ◽  
Limnodrilus Hoffmeisteri ◽  
Wiener Diversity Index ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The aquatic environment and zoobenthos are closely related in a water body. In recent years, the use of zoobenthos to evaluate water quality is getting more attention as this approach is less polluting and less costly. This study was conducted to assess the diversity of zoobenthos in the canals affected by leachate and agricultural activities. Five sediment samples were collected in two campaigns, one in April and one in October 2018. Water samples were also collected at the same time for zoobenthos to assess the water quality and serve as a reference for assessing the effectiveness of using zoobenthos as water quality indication. In total, 17 species of zoobenthos belonging to six families and four classes were identified, of which Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Tendipes species being present regularly at sampling sites through the surveys. The calculations of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), rapid bioassessment protocol (RBP III), and associated average score per taxon (ASPT) indices based on species composition indicated that the water environment surrounding the landfill was moderately to severely polluted. However, the water quality index (WQI) calculated based on the physical and chemical properties shows that the level of water pollution in canals was less than that evaluated using zoobenthos. This can be explained by the fact that zoobenthos also affected the properties of sediments which depend on the water column. The findings in this study showed that the aquatic environment around the landfill is heavily contaminated as result of waste disposal and agricultural activities. The use of both zoobenthos combined with physical and chemical indicators could be useful in assessing the canals’ water status. Môi trường nước và động vật đáy có liên quan mật thiết với nhau trong một thủy vực. Trong những năm gần đây, việc sử dụng động vật đáy để đánh giá chất lượng môi trường nước mặt được quan tâm vì phương pháp này ít gây ô nhiễm môi trường và ít tốn kém chi phí. Nghiên cứu được tiến hành để đánh giá sự phân bố của động vật đáy trong hệ thống kênh rạch chịu tác động từ nước rỉ rác và các hoạt động sản xuất nông nghiệp. Năm mẫu động vật đáy được thu hai đợt, đợt 1 vào tháng 4 và đợt 2 vào tháng 10 năm 2018. Mẫu nước cũng được thu để đánh giá chất lượng nước và làm cơ sở đánh giá hiệu quả của việc sử dụng động vật đáy làm chỉ thị chất lượng môi trường nước. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy thành phần động vật đáy phát hiện 17 loài thuộc 6 họ và 4 lớp, trong đó các loài Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri và loài Tendipes hiện diện thường xuyên ở tất cả các điểm thu mẫu qua hai đợt khảo sát. Dựa vào thành phần loài tính toán các chỉ số Shannon-Wiener (H’), chỉ số đánh giá nhanh sinh học (RBP III), và chỉ số tính điểm trung bình bình theo họ (ASPT) cho thấy môi trường ô nhiễm rất nặng trong khi đó chỉ số WQI được tính toán dựa vào các chỉ tiêu lý hóa cho thấy mức độ ô nhiễm nước ở kênh xung quanh bãi rác chỉ ở mức nhẹ hơn. Như vậy, việc sử dụng động vật đáy cho kết quả đánh giá chất lượng nước với mức độ ô nhiễm cao hơn. Điều này có thể giải thích là do động vật đáy chịu ảnh hưởng bởi đặc tính nền đáy và cột nước bên trên nền đáy. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy môi trường nước xung quanh bãi rác bị ô nhiễm nặng do xả thải và hoạt động sản xuất nông nghiệp. Việc sử dụng động vật đáy kết hợp với các chỉ tiêu lý, hóa có thể hữu ích hơn trong việc đánh giá hiện trạng nước kênh.

scholarly journals Application of Assessment Models for Health Risk and Pollution From Surface Water From Okumpi River in Nwangele, Imo State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihenetu chukwuemeka Stanley ◽  
Njoku Obinna ◽  
Ibe Chizoruo
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Dry Seasons ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wet And Dry Seasons

Abstract The study targets at examining the pollution assessment and environmental health effects of surface water from Okumpi River. Ten surface water samples were collected randomly both in wet and dry seasons within the river that was assessed. The models used for assessment include contamination factor (Cf), pollution load index (PLI), water quality index, dermal and absorption exposure dose, hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk (CR). The mean and standard deviation pH value in the present study during the wet and dry seasons varied from 6.21±0.22 - 5.75±0.41. The mean and standard deviation EC in the current study ranges between 219.15±12.20 - 193.30±14.81 μS/cm for wet and dry seasons which are found to be in line with the WHO standard used. The mean and standard deviation of DO for this study during the wet and dry seasons were found to be 10.03±0.58 - 6.47±0.41 (mg/L). TDS for wet and dry seasons ranges from 374.79±5.33 - 121.65±6.33 mg/L. The colour of the water samples at both seasons were lower than the permissible limit 9.60±0.89 - 11.20±3.11 PCU against 15 PCU used as the standard. The nitrate [9.05±1.08 - 8.09±1.57], sulphate [3.91±0.51 - 3.73±0.46] and phosphate [82.78±3.86 - 81.76±3.32] in this present study for wet and dry season were all found to be below the standard of WHO for safe drinking water. Among all the heavy metals studied, Iron [1.28±0.01 - 0.37±0.01 (mg/L)] and Nickel [0.98±0.04 - 1.03±0.04 (mg/L)] were found more in the study in wet and dry seasons while cadmium was not detected in both seasons. Nickel showed high contamination factor of 48.24 – 42.40 in wet and dry season while cupper showed the least contamination factor of 0.012 – 0.008 in wet and dry season. The study has revealed that the surface water is not suitable for drinking purposes as seen by the high water quality index which the calculated value gave 1205.56-1236.26 for wet season and dry season which is > 300. The Hazard quotient via ingestion and Hazard quotient via dermal has a reduction in the order of lead > nickel > iron > manganese > copper > zinc and lead > zinc > nickel > copper > iron > manganese > cadmium, in cooperation in children and adults in wet season, correspondingly. The Hazard quotient via ingestion and Hazard quotient via dermal has a decrease in the following order of nickel > lead > manganese > copper > iron > zinc and lead >zinc > nickel > copper > manganese > iron > for both children and adults in dry season, respectively. Lead possess carcinogenic risk for the inhabitants of this area due to the value of the carcinogenic risk n wet season of 4.05E-4 in adult and 1.55E-3 in children, in dry season of 2.57E-4 in adult and 9.88E-4 in children, against the standard set by the USEPA of 10-6 – 10-4. The water pollution monitoring agency of this area should regularly check the water quality assessment of this river and should suggest treatment through filtration, boiling and the use of additives in order to reduce the risk of water related problems.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals Assessment of Abattoir Effluent on Surface Water Quality of River Katsina-Ala of Benue State, Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 90-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Addy Jose Vershima ◽  
Kabough Jonathan Terkimbi ◽  
Azua Terese ◽  
Aliyu Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Metal Content ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Heavy Metal Content

Water samples of six sampling sites (two downstream, two abattoir sites and two upstream sites) were analyzed using standard methods to determined and assessed heavy metal content of abattoir effluent on surface water quality of River Katsina-Ala, Benue State, Nigeria for rainy and dry seasons. Rainy season heavy metals results were; Cr6+ (0.032+0.06mg/l); Mn2+ (0.16+0.034mg/l); Cu2+ (0.86 +0.46mg/l); Pb2+(0.006+0.002mg/;Cd2+(0.0023+0.004mg/l) and the dry season results were: Cr6+(0.028+0.007mg/l); Mn2+(0.07+0.05mg/l); Cu2+(0.85+0.16mg/l); Pb2+(0.0030+0.014mg/l); Cd2+(0.0021+0.012mg/). Most heavy metals for both seasons were within the maximum permissible limit set by Federal Ministry of Environment, Nigeria (1991). The mean concentrations of Zn2+(1.70+0.29 mg/l) for rainy season and Zn2+(1.33+0.23mg/l) dry season were above the control and standard safe limits of < 1mg/l FMEnv (1991) for surface water quality. There was no significance difference (p<0.05) between the means from upstream and downstream sites for both seasons; though significance difference (p<0.05) existed at the abattoir sites. River Katsina –ala is slightly polluted. Heavy metal content from effluents from abattoir contributed to upset the physicochemical balance of the river. Bioaccumulation and bio-magnification of heavy metals may occur from prolong usage of the river water for drinking. It is suggested that the abattoir effluent be treated before discharge into the river to reduce environmental and health hazards.

scholarly journals Surface Water Quality Assessment Using Phytoplankton and Zoobenthos: A Case Study at Bung Binh Thien, An Giang Province, Vietnam

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Thanh Giao NGUYEN
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Species Diversity Index

The study aimed to evaluate water quality at Bung Binh Thien Lake, An Giang Province, Vietnam using Shannon-Wiener species diversity index (H’) and associated average score per taxon (ASPT) calculated from composition of phytoplankton and zoobenthos. The water quality index (WQI) was used as the reference for the quality of surface water. The samples of surface water quality, phytoplankton, and zoobenthos were simultaneously collected at 11 sites in the dry season. The results showed that WQI (57-88) classified water quality from good to medium, H’ calculated using phytoplankton species (1.12-2.71) presented water quality from medium to bad whereas, (H'z) calculated (0 to 2.07) and ASPT (2-4.21) calculated from zoobenthos species divided water quality from bad to very bad. The findings revealed that assessing water quality should not totally only relied on diversity indices (H’, ASPT) but also carefully consider compositions of phytoplankton and zooplankton. In addition, interpretation of the biodiversity indices for water quality examination should involve the experts in the relevant fields. Nghiên cứu nhằm đánh giá chất lượng nước tại hồ Bung Binh Thiên, tỉnh An Giang, Việt Nam sử dụng chỉ số đa dạng loài Shannon-Wiener (H’) và chỉ số tính điểm trung bình bình theo họ (ASPT) được tính từ thành phần của phiêu sinh thực vật và động vật đáy. Chỉ số chất lượng nước (WQI) được sử dụng tham chiếu cho chất lượng nước mặt. Các mẫu chất lượng nước mặt, phiêu sinh thực vật thực vật và động vật đáy được thu đồng thời tại 11 địa điểm trong mùa khô. Kết quả cho thấy WQI (57-88) phân loại chất lượng nước từ tốt đến trung bình, H’p được tính dựa vào các loài phiêu sinh thực vật (1.12-2.71) thể hiện chất lượng nước từ trung bình đến xấu trong khi, H’z (0- 2.07 ) và ASPT (2-4,21) được tính toán từ các loài động vật đáy phân loại chất lượng nước từ xấu đến rất xấu Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy đánh giá chất lượng nước không chỉ hoàn toàn dựa vào các chỉ số đa dạng (H’, ASPT) mà còn xem xét cẩn thận thành phần loài của phiêu sinh thực vật và động vật đáy. Ngoài ra, việc giải thích các chỉ số đa dạng sinh học nhằm tra chất lượng nước cần có sự tham gia của các chuyên gia trong các lĩnh vực liên quan.

scholarly journals EVALUATING THE POSSIBLE USE OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND ZOOBENTHOS FOR WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT: A CASE STUDY AT BUNG BINH THIEN RESERVOIR, AN GIANG PROVINCE, VIET NAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (36) ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Giao Thanh Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Surface Water Quality ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Species Diversity Index

The study aimed to evaluate water quality at Bung Binh Thien Reservoir, in An Giang Province, Viet Nam using Shannon-Wiener species diversity index (H’) and associated average score per taxon (ASPT) calculated from composition of phytoplankton and zoobenthos. The water quality index (WQI) was used as the reference forthe quality of surface water. The samples of surface water quality, phytoplankton, and zoobenthos were simultaneously collected at 11 sites during the dry season. The results showed that WQI (57-88) classified waterquality from good to medium, H’ calculated using phytoplankton species (1.12-2.71) presented water quality from medium to bad where as, H’z calculated (0 to 2.07) and ASPT (2-4.21) calculated from zoobenthos species divided water quality from bad to very bad. The findings revealed that assessing water quality should not totally rely on diversity indices (H’, ASPT), but compositions of phytoplankton and zooplankton should also be taken into consideration.

scholarly journals Evaluating Water Quality Variation in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta Area Using Cluster and Discriminant Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-27
Author(s):  
Giao Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Huynh Thi Hong Nhien
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Mekong Delta ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Monitoring Cost ◽  
Runoff Water

The study aims to assess spatial and temporal water quality variations in the upper reaches of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. Thirty-one water monitoring samples of the two main rivers (Tien and Hau Rivers) and six canals flowing through An Giang Province were collected in the dry season (March) and the rainy season (September) from 2009 to 2019. Seven physicochemical parameters were analyzed including temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), orthophosphate (P-PO43-), and coliforms. Water quality index (WQI), cluster analysis (CA), and discriminant analysis (DA) were applied to evaluate water quality, spatial and temporal variations, and seasonal discriminant water variables. WQI values (15–71) indicated surface water quality was very bad to medium in which the water quality in larger and in smaller rivers in the dry season was less polluted than that in the rainy season due to erosion and runoff water containing waste materials in the wet season. CA grouped the water quality in the dry and rainy seasons into four clusters mainly due to BOD and coliforms in the dry season; TSS and coliforms in the rainy season. Discriminant analysis revealed that DO, TSS, coliforms, temperature and BOD significantly contributed to seasonal variations in water quality. Therefore, water quality monitoring in the surveyed area could only focus on DO, TSS, coliforms, temperature and BOD to reduce monitoring cost.

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