Аэрациядлябиологическойочисткисточныхвод:актуализациязарубежныхтерминовиаббревиатур

2019 ◽  
pp. 46-56
Author(s):  
V. Bazhenov ◽  
A. Ustiuzhanin ◽  
E. Koroleva
Keyword(s):  
Biological Process ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Economical Design ◽  
Air Supply ◽  
Oxidation Of Organic Compounds ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
The Difference

Представлен анализ отечественных и зарубежных методик расчета аэротенков и руководств по их проектированию. Анализ современных подходов к расчету очистных сооружений свидетельствует о том, что расчетный расход воздуха определяют в соответствии с потребностью биологического процесса в кислороде на окисление органических соединений, нитрификацию и денитрификацию. Адаптированы международные термины и аббревиатуры к российским аналогам во взаимосвязи с теорией массопереноса кислорода, а также зарубежные руководства по проектированию сооружений для аэрации сточных вод. Поясняется различие между натурными (измеряемыми экспериментально) и расчетными (определяемыми для проекта) параметрами OUR и AOR, SOTR и SOR. Балансовое равенство между OTR и AOR является оптимальным и экономичным проектным решением. Отмечено, что использование актуализированных международных терминов и аббревиатур в тендерных и конкурсных процедурах (при проектировании и поставке) упростит их проведение и обеспечит взаимопонимание сторон. Потребность в регулировании подачи воздуха в аэротенки обоснована балансом кислорода потребление растворение . В динамических условиях для регулируемых систем OTR OUR. При автоматизированном поддержании заданной уставки по концентрации растворенного кислорода это условие приводит к экономии потребляемой электроэнергии.The study of domestic and foreign methods for aeration tanks evaluation and their guidelines is presented. The analysis of modern approaches to the calculation of treatment facilities indicates that the calculated air flow rate is determined in accordance with the oxygen demand of the biological process for the oxidation of organic compounds, nitrification and denitrification. International terms and abbreviations have been adapted to Russian analogues taken in conjunction with the theory of oxygen mass transfer, as well as the international guidelines for the design of wastewater treatment facilities. The difference between the field (experimentally measured) and calculated (determined for the design) parameters OUR and AOR, SOTR and SOR is explained. Balance equality between OTR and AOR is an optimal and economical design solution. It is noted that the use of updated international terms and abbreviations in tender and competitive procedures (during design and delivery) will simplify their implementation and ensure mutual understanding between the parties. The need for regulation of the air supply to aeration tanks is justified by the balance of oxygen consumption transfer . In dynamic conditions for regulated systems OTR OUR. With the automated maintenance of the set point for the concentration of dissolved oxygen this condition provides for the savings in energy consumption.

The New Texas U-Beam Bridges: An Aesthetic and Economical Design Solution

PCI Journal ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Lou Ralls ◽  
Luis Ybanez ◽  
John J. Panak
Keyword(s):  
Design Solution ◽  
Economical Design

Non-steady variations of SOD and phosphate release rate due to changes in the quality of the overlying water

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 265-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Inoue ◽  
Y. Nakamura ◽  
Y. Adachi
Keyword(s):  
Release Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Phosphate Concentration ◽  
Sediment Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biochemical Reactions ◽  
Overlying Water ◽  
Phosphate Release ◽  
Do Concentration ◽  
The Difference

A dynamic model, which predicts non-steady variations in the sediment oxygen demand (SOD) and phosphate release rate, has been designed. This theoretical model consists of three diffusion equations with biochemical reactions for dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphate and ferrous iron. According to this model, step changes in the DO concentration and flow velocity produce drastic changes in the SOD and phosphate release rate within 10 minutes. The vigorous response of the SOD and phosphate release rate is caused by the difference in the time scale of diffusion in the water boundary layer and that of the biochemical reactions in the sediment. Secondly, a negative phosphate transfer from water to sediment can even occur under aerobic conditions. This is caused by the decrease in phosphate concentration in the aerobic layer due to adsorption.

scholarly journals Oxidative degradation of gentamicin present in water by an electro-Fenton process and biodegradability improvement

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1017-1025
Author(s):  
Mohamed Réda Arhoutane ◽  
Muna Shueai Yahya ◽  
Miloud El Karbane ◽  
Kacem El Kacemi
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Oxygen Demand ◽  
Biological Process ◽  
Oxidative Degradation ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Polluted Water ◽  
Applied Current ◽  
Pseudo First Order Reaction ◽  
First Order ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
By Products

AbstractIn the context of environmental protection, where there is a need to develop effective operations for carrying out appropriate treatment of polluted water by pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the present study aims at evaluating the degradation for gentamicin through electro-Fenton (EF) operation, through taking into consideration the effect of several parameters of experimental in the process, namely, the concentration of initial gentamicin, the applied current and the Fe+2 (II) quantities. The (EF) operation employed involves a carbon-felt as cathode and platinum as anode at pH 3. Studies for the gentamicin kinetics is monitored by HPLC giving a pseudo-first order reaction following by a chemical oxygen demand, with a reached degree of mineralization 96% after of four hours of treatment through current 100 mA/cm2 with 0.1 mM of Fe+2. We find that the degradation for molecule of gentamicin is accompanied by an augmentation of the biodegradability, assesse through the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5) on chemical oxygen demand (COD) ratio, that augmentation from 0 to 0.41 before treatment after 30 min for EF treatment, showing that there is potential for conjugation of the EF process and the biological process. Furthermore, the by-products have been identified on the basis of HPLC-MS/MS results.

Workspace, dexterity and dimensional optimization of microhexapod

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Rouhani ◽  
M. J. Nategh
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Screw Theory ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Dimensional Synthesis ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Workspace Analysis ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Flexure Joints ◽  
6 Degrees Of Freedom

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the workspace and dexterity of a microhexapod which is a 6-degrees of freedom (DOF) parallel compliant manipulator, and also to investigate its dimensional synthesis to maximize the workspace and the global dexterity index at the same time. Microassembly is so essential in the current industry for manufacturing complicated structures. Most of the micromanipulators suffer from their restricted workspace because of using flexure joints compared to the conventional ones. In addition, the controllability of micromanipulators inside the whole workspace is very vital. Thus, it is very important to select the design parameters in a way that not only maximize the workspace but also its global dexterity index. Design/methodology/approach – Microassembly is so essential in the current industry for manufacturing complicated structures. Most of the micromanipulators suffer from their restricted workspace because of using flexure joints compared to the conventional ones. In addition, the controllability of micromanipulators inside the whole workspace is very vital. Thus, it is very important to select the design parameters in a way that not only maximize the workspace but also its global dexterity index. Findings – It has been shown that the proposed procedure for the workspace calculation can considerably speed the required calculations. The optimization results show that a converged-diverged configuration of pods and an increase in the difference between the moving and the stationary platforms’ radii cause the global dexterity index to increase and the workspace to decrease. Originality/value – The proposed algorithm for the workspace analysis is very important, especially when it is an objective function of an optimization problem based on the search method. In addition, using screw theory can simply construct the homogeneous Jacobian matrix. The proposed methodology can be used for any other micromanipulator.

Closed-Form Correlation of Buildings Energy Use With Key Design Parameters Calibrated Using a Genetic Algorithm

2011 ◽  
Vol 133 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raed I. Bourisli ◽  
Adnan A. AlAnzi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Closed Form ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Variable Function ◽  
Real Coded Genetic Algorithm ◽  
The Difference

This work aims at developing a closed-form correlation between key building design variables and its energy use. The results can be utilized during the initial design stages to assess the different building shapes and designs according to their expected energy use. Prototypical, 20-floor office buildings were used. The relative compactness, footprint area, projection factor, and window-to-wall ratio were changed and the resulting buildings performances were simulated. In total, 729 different office buildings were developed and simulated in order to provide the training cases for optimizing the correlation’s coefficients. Simulations were done using the VisualDOE TM software with a Typical Meteorological Year data file, Kuwait City, Kuwait. A real-coded genetic algorithm (GA) was used to optimize the coefficients of a proposed function that relates the energy use of a building to its four key parameters. The figure of merit was the difference in the ratio of the annual energy use of a building normalized by that of a reference building. The objective was to minimize the difference between the simulated results and the four-variable function trying to predict them. Results show that the real-coded GA was able to come up with a function that estimates the thermal performance of a proposed design with an accuracy of around 96%, based on the number of buildings tested. The goodness of fit, roughly represented by R2, ranged from 0.950 to 0.994. In terms of the effects of the various parameters, the area was found to have the smallest role among the design parameters. It was also found that the accuracy of the function suffers the most when high window-to-wall ratios are combined with low projection factors. In such cases, the energy use develops a potential optimum compactness. The proposed function (and methodology) will be a great tool for designers to inexpensively explore a wide range of alternatives and assess them in terms of their energy use efficiency. It will also be of great use to municipality officials and building codes authors.

Perceptual Difference on HVAC Sound Quality between Electric and Conventional Vehicles

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (2) ◽  
pp. 4189-4198
Author(s):  
Katsuya Yamauchi ◽  
Minori Dan ◽  
Federico Cioffi ◽  
Luigi Maffei ◽  
Massimiliano Masullo
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Background Noise ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Subjective Evaluation ◽  
Sound Quality ◽  
Hvac System ◽  
Air Flow Rate ◽  
Vehicle Noise ◽  
The Difference

The heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system is one of the most critical sources in in-vehicle noise environment, especially when cars are moving at low speed or at lower engine rotation. With the transition to electric vehicles (EV) from internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV), the contribution of powertrain becomes lower on the background noise inside car cabins. The authors have been conducting a collaborative research on HVAC sound quality inside car cabins. In this paper the results of a subjective evaluation of HVAC sound quality were presented, that attempted to compare the perceptual differences among the two groups, i.e. EVs and ICEVs. The result revealed the difference in the noise perception among the two types of vehicles especially softer air flow rate conditions.

scholarly journals Influence of manure concentration as inoculum in anaerobic digestion of vinasse

2017 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo de Farias Silva ◽  
Ana Karla de Souza Abud
Keyword(s):  
Biological Process ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Total Solids ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Nitrogen Contents ◽  
Subsequent Stabilization ◽  
Microbial Action ◽  
Sugarcane Industry

Vinasse, main residue of the sugarcane industry, has high pollutant content, being subjected to the use in biogas production due to the high content of organic matter non-toxic to microbial action. For a consolidated process, it is necessary to study parameters that influence the process, in which the amount of inoculum is one of the major factors in the biological process of biogas production. This study investigated the influence of the amount of manure as inoculum (0.5 to 5.5%) during the biodigestion process, evaluating variables such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, biogas production, methane concentration, total solids and total phosphorus and nitrogen contents, as well as microbiological analysis in the sludge remaining in the digester. Biodigestion occurred normally, with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 20 days, with an acidogenic phase, subsequent stabilization of pH and biogas production. The vinasse had COD and total solids reduced during biodigestion by around 67 and 40%, respectively. Biogas production was increased after the fifth day. Among the three studied conditions, there was no significant increase in efficiency of inoculum use and it can be used the lowest amount, 0.5 % (m v-1). 

scholarly journals TWO-POND FEEDING NURSERY FISH BREEDING COMPLEX

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vl. N. Shkura ◽  
◽  
A. V. Shevchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Discharge ◽  
Water Levels ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Fish Ponds ◽  
Pipe System ◽  
Fish Trap ◽  
Fish Breeding ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Search Design

Purpose: development and description of the layout and design solution for a two-pond feeding nursery fish-breeding complex, which characterizes by compact placement of its constituent structures and their adaptation to the topographic conditions of the territory. Materials and methods. The theoretical and empirical basis for the development was made up of well-known recommendations on design and construction of pond complexes and survey data of operating fish-breeding facilities and their structures. During the development, the technologies of search design of engineering projects in compliance with fish breeding requirements and restrictions were used. Results. The fish-breeding complex includes: two fish-breeding ponds with a common dividing dam and a water supply system including a pumping station; water supply pipe system; a system of devices and structures that ensure the release of fish grown in ponds into a fish trap; spillway devices for discharging water from ponds and a fish trap with a set of regulating elements. Fish ponds are located on the floodplain lands of the river Don and are formed by protecting dikes. The bed of the reservoirs is planned with sections with longitudinal and transverse slopes to the water-fish collecting and-transporting ditches arranged in their bottom, allowing them to be emptied and the fish grown in the ponds to be directed to the outlet structures. The release of fish from the ponds is carried out by two tower water outlets. The design of the fish trap provides for the accumulation and seine fishing, it is equipped with means for regulating water discharge and maintaining conditions for fish. Conclusions. The developed layout and design solution for a two-pond fish-breeding complex with one fish trap is adapted to the local relief and the difference in water levels in ponds and in water intake. The implemented layout and design solutions can be used in the development of similar objects

Oxygen transport during exercise in large mammals. I. Adaptive variation in oxygen demand

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 862-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Jones ◽  
K. E. Longworth ◽  
A. Lindholm ◽  
K. E. Conley ◽  
R. H. Karas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Output ◽  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Tissue Resistance ◽  
Capillary Bed ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Hb Concentration ◽  
O2 Delivery ◽  
Arterial Po2

This study investigated mechanisms used by horses and steers to increase O2 uptake and delivery (VO2) from resting to maximal rates and identified the mechanisms that enable horses to achieve higher maximal rates of O2 consumption (VO2max) than steers. VO2 and circulatory variables were measured while Standardbred trotting horses and steers (450-kg body mass) stood quietly and ran on a treadmill at speeds up to those eliciting VO2max. As VO2 increased in both species, heart rate and circulating hemoglobin (Hb) concentration increased, thereby increasing O2 delivery by the circulation, while cardiac stroke volume remained unchanged. At VO2max arterial PCO2 increased from its resting value in horses but was unchanged in steers, and arterial PO2 decreased in both species. Although the horses hypoventilated and were hypoxemic at VO2max, no significant decrease in arterial Hb saturation occurred. VO2max of the horses was 2.6 times higher than that of the steers and was associated with a 100% larger cardiac output, 100% larger stroke volume, and 40% higher Hb concentration, whereas heart rates at VO2max were identical in the two species. The higher cardiac output of the horses at VO2max resulted from a 1.2-fold higher mean arterial pressure and 1.6-fold lower peripheral tissue resistance (associated with a larger skeletal muscle capillary bed). Both the magnitude of the difference in VO2max between horses and steers and the mechanisms used to achieve it are the same as observed in smaller pairs of mammalian species with large variation in aerobic capacity.

SBR treatment of olive mill wastewaters: dilution or pre-treatment?

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (9) ◽  
pp. 1684-1691 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Farabegoli ◽  
A. Chiavola ◽  
E. Rolle
Keyword(s):  
Biological Process ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Olive Mill Wastewaters ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Olive Mill ◽  
Gac Adsorption

The olive-oil extraction industry is an economically important activity for many countries of the Mediterranean Sea area, with Spain, Greece and Italy being the major producers. This activity, however, may represent a serious environmental problem due to the discharge of highly polluted effluents, usually referred to as ‘olive mill wastewaters’ (OMWs). They are characterized by high values of chemical oxygen demand (COD) (80–300 g/L), lipids, total polyphenols (TPP), tannins and other substances difficult to degrade. An adequate treatment before discharging is therefore required to reduce the pollutant load. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate performances of a biological process in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) fed with pre-treated OMWs. Pre-treatment consisted of a combined acid cracking (AC) and granular activated carbon (GAC) adsorption process. The efficiency of the system was compared with that of an identical SBR fed with the raw wastewater only diluted. Combined AC and GAC adsorption was chosen to be used prior to the following biological process due to its capability of providing high removal efficiencies of COD and TPP and also appreciable improvement of biodegradability. Comparing results obtained with different influents showed that best performances of the SBR were obtained by feeding it with raw diluted OMWs (dOMWs) and at the lowest dilution ratio (1:25): in this case, the removal efficiencies were 90 and 76%, as average, for COD and TPP, respectively. Feeding the SBR with either the pre-treated or the raw dOMWs at 1:50 gave very similar values of COD reduction (74%); however, an improvement of the TPP removal was observed in the former case.

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