scholarly journals Isolasi bakteri resisten merkuri dalam urin pasien dengan tumpatan amalgam di Puskesmas Bahu Manado

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Debora F. Kambey ◽  
. Fatimawali ◽  
Aaltje E. Manampiring
Keyword(s):  
Mercury Vapor ◽  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
The Body ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Genus Bacillus ◽  
Mercuric Ion ◽  
Physiology And Biochemistry ◽  
Dental Restorative ◽  
Mercury Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Amalgam Fillings

Abstract: Tooth damage is the main health problem in most of countries. Amalgam is an excellent dental restorative material which has been used in dentistry for 150 years. It consists of liquid mercury and other metal element. The toxic mercury vapor can be released from dental amalgam and then be absorbed and accumulated in tissues and organs. Bacteria in the body of patients with amalgam fillings are exposed by mercury continuously and become resistant. Bacteria detoxify mercury through mer gene (mercuric ion reductase) reduces the toxic mercury ion (Hg2+) into mercury element (Hg0). This study was aimed to know the present of mercury-resistant bacteria and its types in the urine of patients with amalgam fillings at Puskesmas Bahu Manado. Samples were 2 urine samples from patients with amalgam fillings of ≥ 6 months at the Dental Clinic of Puskesmas Bahu Manado. This was a descriptive exploratory study. The result showed that bacteria colonies grew in the medium with 3 different concentrations of mercury as follows: 10 ppm, 20 ppm and 40 ppm of HgCl2. There were 4 genus of bacteria identified through morphology, physiology and biochemistry tests: Bacillus, Escherichia, Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Conclusion: There were mercury-resistant bacteria of genus Bacillus, Escherechia, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus in the urine of patients with amalgam fillings at Puskesmas Bahu Manado.Keywords: Mercury-resistant bacteria, amalgam, urine. Abstrak: Kerusakan gigi merupakan masalah kesehatan utama pada sebagian besar Negara. Amalgam merupakan bahan restoratif gigi yang unggul dan telah digunakan dalam kedokteran gigi selama 150 tahun. Amalgam terdiri dari cairan merkuri dan logam lain. Merkuri yang toksik melalui uap merkuri bisa terlepas dari amalgam gigi kemudian diabsorbsi dan diakumulasi dalam jaringan dan organ. Bakteri pada tubuh pasien tumpatan amalgam yang mengalami paparan merkuri bisa menjadi resisten terhadap merkuri. Bakteri mendetoksifikasi merkuri melalui gen mer (mercuric ion reductase) dengan mereduksi ion merkuri beracun (Hg2+) menjadi unsur merkuri (Hgo). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya bakteri resisten merkuri pada urin pasien dengan tumpatan amalgam dan jenisnya di Puskesmas Bahu Manado. Sampel ialah 2 sampel urin dari pasien tumpatan amalgam di Poli Gigi Puskesmas Bahu Manado yang telah menggunakan tumpatan amalgam selama 6 bulan atau lebih. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif eksploratif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pertumbuhan koloni bakteri pada media dengan konsentrasi HgCl2 10 ppm, 20 ppm dan 40 ppm. Terdapat 4 genus bakteri yang diidentifikasi melalui uji morfologi, fisiologi, dan biokimia yaitu: Bacillus, Escherichia, Streptococcus, dan Staphylococcus. Simpulan: Terdapat bakteri resisten merkuri dari genus Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Escherichia, dan Streptococcus dalam urin pasien dengan tumpatan amalgam di Puskesmas Bahu Manado. Kata Kunci: Bakteri resisten merkuri, amalgam, urin

scholarly journals Isolasi bakteri resisten merkuri pada urin pasien dengan tumpatan amalgam di puskesmas paniki bawah

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Intan P.R. Sompie ◽  
Billy J. Kepel ◽  
Fona Budiarso
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
The Body ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Toxic Heavy Metals ◽  
Primary Health ◽  
Physiology And Biochemistry ◽  
Dental Amalgam Fillings ◽  
Mercury Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Amalgam Fillings

Abstract: Mercury is one of the most toxic heavy metals. Although it can be harmful for human health, the use of mercury in daily life virtually covers all aspects of human life, including its use as the material for dental amalgam fillings. The mercury in amalgam may enter the body, be absorbed by the digestive tract, and then be excreted through the urine. There are bacteria known to be resistant to mercury. This stduy was aimed to obtain and identify the mercury-resistant bacteria in the urine of patients with amalgam fillings. This was a descriptive-explorative study using urine samples of 2 patients who had used amalgam fillings for at least 6 months at Puskesmas (primary health care) Paniki Bawah. The samples underwent morphology, physiology, and biochemistry tests at the Microbiology Laboratory of Pharmacy FMIPA Sam Ratulangi University. The results showd that there were 3 genus of mercury resistant bacteria that survived in 10 ppm, 20 ppm, and 40 ppm concentrations of mercury, as follows: Bacillus, Klebsiella, and Staphylococcus. Conclusion: There are 3 genus of mercury resistant bacteria in the urine of patients with amalgam dental fillings.Keywords: mercury, amalgam, urine, bacteria, resistant Abstrak: Merkuri merupakan salah satu jenis logam berat berbahaya. Walaupun diketahui memiliki dampak buruk bagi kesehatan manusia, namun pemanfaatan merkuri dalam kehidupan sehari-hari hampir meliputi semua aspek kehidupan manusia, termasuk dalam penggunaannya sebagai bahan tumpatan gigi amalgam. Merkuri dalam amalgam akan masuk ke dalam tubuh, diabsorbsi melalui saluran pencernaan, dan dieskresikan melalui urin. Diketahui bahwa terdapat bakteri yang resisten terhadap merkuri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mengidentifikasi bakteri resisten merkuri yang terdapat pada urin pasien dengan tumpatan amalgam. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif eksploratif dengan mengambil sampel urin pada 2 pasien yang menggunakan tumpatan amalgam minimal 6 bulan di Puskesmas Paniki Bawah. Sampel diuji secara morfologi, fisiologi, dan biokimia di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Farmasi FMIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan dari berbagai uji yang dilakukan ditemukan 3 genus bakteri resisten merkuri yang bertahan pada konsentrasi merkuri 10 ppm, 20 ppm, dan 40 ppm, yaitu Bacillus, Klebsiella, dan Staphylococcus. Simpulan: Terdapat 3 genus bakteri resisten merkuri pada urin pasien dengan tumpatan amalgam di Puskesmas Paniki Bawah. Kata kunci: merkuri, amalgam, urin, bakteri, resisten

Dental Amalgam and Antibiotic- and/or Mercury-resistant Bacteria

2008 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 475-479 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Roberts ◽  
B.G. Leroux ◽  
J. Sampson ◽  
H.S. Luis ◽  
M. Bernardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Posterior Teeth ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Bacterial Diseases ◽  
Dental Amalgams ◽  
Mercury Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Amalgam Fillings

Mercury emitted from dental amalgam may select for increased numbers of antibiotic- or mercury-resistant commensal bacteria in patients and increase their risk for bacterial diseases that are resistant to common therapies. We hypothesized that the presence of dental amalgams would increase the level of mercury-, tetracycline-, ampicillin-, erythromycin-, or chloramphenicol-resistant oral and urinary bacteria as compared with levels in children receiving composite fillings. Samples were collected at baseline, 3–6 months after the initial dental treatment, and annually for 7 years of follow-up. There were no statistically significant differences between treatment groups in the numbers of bacteria growing on antibiotic- or mercury-supplemented plates. This study provided no evidence that amalgam fillings on posterior teeth influenced the level of antibiotic- or mercury-resistant oral or urinary bacteria as detected by culture.

scholarly journals Isolasi bakteri resisten merkuri pada urin pasien dengan tumpatan amalgam di Puskesmas Tikala Baru

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Regina E.M. Kepel ◽  
. Fatimawali ◽  
Fona Budiarso
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Continuous Exposure ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Mer Operon ◽  
Dental Amalgam Fillings ◽  
Mercury Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Amalgam Fillings

Abstract: Mercury, a heavy metal, can be toxic to human body if it is exposed in high concentration. This metal has been used as dental amalgam fillings in dentistry since 150 years ago to reconstruct decayed teeth. Due to continuous exposure of mercury, bacteria inside human body have evolved mechanism of resistance toward higher form of mercury, due to the mer operon that has been charactherized in the plasmid. This study was aimed to find out whether there were mercury-resistant bacteria isolated from the urine of patients with dental amalgam fillings at Puskesmas (Primary health care) Tikala Baru, and identify the mercury-resistant bacteria. This was a descriptive exploratory study. Samples were mercury-resistant bacterial strains in the urine of patients with dental amalgam fillings who visited Puskesmas Tikala Baru. The results of mercury-resistant test showed that there were mercury-resistant bacteria in every concentrations. The morphological, physiological, and biochemical tests obtained 7 mercury-resistant bacterial genus, as follows: Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, and Bacillus. Conclusion: There were 7 genus of mercury-resistant bacteria which identified from urine of patient with dental amalgam fillings. Keywords: amalgam, mercury resistant bacteria. Abstrak: Merkuri merupakan suatu logam berat yang dapat bersifat toksik bila terpapar dengan tubuh manusia dalam konsentrasi tinggi. Penggunaan merkuri dalam amalgam telah digunakan dalam bidang kedokteran gigi selama hampir 150 tahun untuk merekonstruksi gigi berlubang. Akibat adanya paparan merkuri secara terus menerus, bakteri dalam tubuh manusia telah mengevolusi mekanisme resisten terhadap bentuk merkuri yang lebih tinggi di lingkungan, disebabkan oleh mer operon yang terkandung dalam plasmid. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat bakteri resisten merkuri yang diisolasi dari urin pasien dengan tambalan merkuri di Puskesmas Tikala Baru, serta mengidentifikasi jenis dari bakteri resisten merkuri tersebut. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif eksploratif. Sampel yang digunakan ialah koloni bakteri yang resisten terhadap merkuri, yang terdapat dalam urin pasien dengan amalgam yang berkunjung ke Puskesmas Tikala Baru. Dari hasil uji resistensi merkuri, terdapat bakteri resisten merkuri pada setiap konsentrasi. Setelah dilakukan uji morfologi, fisiologi, dan biokimia didapatkan 7 genus bakteri yang resisten terhadap merkuri, yaitu Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Hafnia, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Escherichia, dan Bacillus. Simpulan: Terdapat 7 genus bakteri resisten merkuri yang teridentifikasi dalam urin pasien dengan tumpatan amalgam di Puskesmas Tikala Baru. Kata kunci: amalgam, bakteri resisten merkuri

scholarly journals Rethinking the Dental Amalgam Dilemma: An Integrated Toxicological Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1036 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Jirau-Colón ◽  
Leonardo González-Parrilla ◽  
Jorge Martinez-Jiménez ◽  
Waldemar Adam ◽  
Braulio Jiménez-Velez
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Mercury Vapor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Toxic Pollutant ◽  
Dental Amalgams ◽  
Dental Amalgam Fillings ◽  
Amalgam Fillings

Mercury (Hg) has been identified as one of the most toxic nonradioactive materials known to man. Although mercury is a naturally occurring element, anthropogenic mercury is now a major worldwide concern and is an international priority toxic pollutant. It also comprises one of the primary constituents of dental amalgam fillings. Even though dental mercury amalgams have been used for almost two centuries, its safety has never been tested or proven in the United States by any regulatory agency. There has been an ongoing debate regarding the safety of its use since 1845, and many studies conclude that its use exposes patients to troublesome toxicity. In this review, we present in an objective way the danger of dental amalgam to human health based on current knowledge. This dilemma is addressed in terms of an integrated toxicological approach by focusing on four mayor issues to show how these interrelate to create the whole picture: (1) the irrefutable constant release of mercury vapor from dental amalgams which is responsible for individual chronic exposure, (2) the evidence of organic mercury formation from dental amalgam in the oral cavity, (3) the effect of mercury exposure on gene regulation in human cells which supports the intrinsic genetic susceptibility to toxicant and, finally, (4) the availability of recent epidemiological data supporting the link of dental amalgams to diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson.

The Science and Politics of Dental Amalgam

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hellen Gelband
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Mercury ◽  
Mercury Vapor ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
Mercury Exposure ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Filling Material ◽  
Science And Politics ◽  
Dental Amalgam Fillings ◽  
Amalgam Fillings

AbstractDental amalgam—a mixture of elemental mercury and a silver-dominated metal alloy—has been the most widely used dental filling material for well over a century. Alternative materials exist but are not well suited for some important applications, and all are more expensive than amalgam. The toxic effects of occupational mercury exposure have long been known, but it was not until about 1980 that serious consideration was given to the possibility that mercury vapor escaping from amalgam fillings might be affecting health, specifically producing subtle effects on the central nervous system. Such effects have been reported among dentists and other dental personnel, whose exposures are well below industrial levels but above those from fillings alone. No large studies have been completed that examine the effects of mercury exposure from dental amalgam fillings. In the face of inadequate evidence on the possible risks of dental amalgam, countries have reacted disparately. Sweden is phasing out amalgam entirely, possibly by the end of 1997. Germany has produced guidelines for limiting its use, other countries have signaled their intention to reduce it, and others—the United States and Canada—have studied the matter but taken no action. Policy differences within Europe have made dental amalgam a test case for the European Community's new medical device regulations. Relatively little epidemiologic research has been initiated to try to answer the question of dental amalgam's possible health effects. An international effort to define and carry out a research agenda to guide public policy is called for.

Estimation by a 24-hour Study of the Daily Dose of Intra-oral Mercury Vapor Inhaled after Release from Dental Amalgam

1990 ◽  
Vol 69 (10) ◽  
pp. 1646-1651 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Berglund
Keyword(s):  
Mercury Vapor ◽  
Dental Amalgam ◽  
Measuring System ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
Threshold Limit ◽  
Airborne Concentration ◽  
Occlusal Surfaces ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Amalgam Restorations ◽  
Amalgam Fillings

The difficulties associated with estimations of daily doses of inhaled mercury vapor released from dental amalgam are considerable. Existing data are often unreliable, especially if they are based on a single or a small series of samples of intra-oral concentrations of mercury vapor before, during, and after chewing stimulation. In the present paper, the aim was to obtain a more representative estimation of the daily dose of mercury vapor inhaled from amalgam fillings by measurement of amounts of mercury vapor released in the oral cavity during 24 h, under conditions that were as normal as possible. A series of measurements was carried out on each of 15 subjects, with at least nine occlusal surfaces restored with dental amalgam, and on five subjects without any amalgam restorations. The subjects had to follow a standardized schedule for 24 h, whereby they ate, drank, and brushed their teeth at pre-determined time periods. The amount of mercury vapor released per time unit was measured at intervals of 30-45 min by means of a measuring system based on atomic absorption spectrophotometry. None of the subjects was professionally exposed to mercury, and all of their amalgam fillings were more than one year old. Study casts were made for each subject, and the area of the amalgam surfaces was measured. Samples of urine and saliva were analyzed so that values for the mercury concentrations and the rate of release of mercury into saliva could be obtained. The average frequency of fish meals per month was noted. The daily release of elemental mercury from dental amalgam was corrected for retention of inspired mercury vapor and for oral-to-nasal breathing ratio. The estimated average daily dose of mercury vapor inhaled from the amalgam restorations was 1.7 μg, i.e., about 1% of the dose obtained from a TLV exposure of 50 μg Hg/m3 air. The threshold limit value (TLV) of a substance is the airborne concentration to which nearly all workers can be exposed eight hours a day, five days a week for prolonged periods without suffering adverse health effects (American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists: Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices for 1985-86, Cincinnati, 1985).

scholarly journals Identifikasi Bakteri Resisten Merkuri Menggunakan Metode 16SrRNA terhadap Plak Gigi pada Pasien Pengguna Tumpatan Amalgam

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christofel A.N. Tanumihardja ◽  
Billy Kepel ◽  
Widhi Bodhi
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Dental Plaque ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Dental Fillings ◽  
Dental Filling ◽  
Mercury Reductase ◽  
Dental Plaques ◽  
Mercury Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Mathematics And Science ◽  
Amalgam Fillings

Abstract: Amalgam is a popular dental filling due to its cheaper price than other dental fillings. Basically, amalgam is an alloy, consists of two or more metals; one of them is mercury. The unfavorable thing about this alloy is that its vapor in the oral cavity can trigger the development of mercury-resistant bacteria. This type of bacteria has an enzyme called mercury reductase that can reduce Hg2+ to Hg0. 16SsRNA is a gene that contains important information to describe the prokaryotic type. This study was aimed to identify the type of mercury-resistant bacteria from dental plaque of patients with amalgam fillings. Samples were taken from the dental plaques. Isolation of DNA, sequensing of 16SsRNA gene by using PCR, and online BLAST through GenBank NCBI, and finally looking for the closest relative using a phylogenetic tree were performed in the Pharmacy Laboratory, Faculty of Mathematics and Science. The result of BLAST showed 4 types of bacteria, and the closest relative is B. thuringiensis. Conclusion: The type of mercury-resistant bacteria found in dental plaques was Bacillus thuringiensis.Keyword: amalgam, mercury resistant bacteria, dental plaques, 16SsRNA, PCR Abstrak: Amalgam adalah suatu logam campuran yang terdiri dari dua atau beberapa logam yang salah satunya adalah merkuri atau air raksa. Amalgam sebagai bahan tumpatan sampai saat ini masih banyak digunakan oleh dokter gigi karena harganya yang relatif murah. Namun penggunaan amalgam ini dapat melepaskan uap merkuri selama berada di dalam rongga mulut. Penggunaan amalgam ini memicu munculnya bakteri yang resisten terhadap merkuri dimana bakteri dapat mereduksi Hg2+ menjadi Hg0 melalui enzim yang menginduksi merkuri reduktase. 16SsRNA adalah gen yang menampung informasi-informasi penting agar mendeskripsikan jenis-jenis prokariotik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi bakteri resisten merkuri pada plak gigi pasien pengguna tumpatan amalgam menggunakan metode PCR. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif observatif. Sampel diambil dari plak gigi pasien pengguna tumpatan amalgam di Laboratorium Farmasi Fakultas MIPA. Dilakukan langkah-langkah untuk isolasi DNA, sekuensing gen 16SsRNA menggunakan PCR, kemudian dilakukan BLAST secara online melalui GenBank NCBI lalu dicari kekerabatannya menggunakan pohon filogenetik. Hasil BLAST mendapatkan 4 jenis bakteri, dan kekerabatan terdekatnya ialah Bacillus thuringiensis. Simpulan: Jenis bakteri resisten terhadap merkuri pada plak gigi ialah Bacillus thuringiensis.Kata kunci: amalgam, bakteri resisten merkuri, plak gigi, 16SsRNA, PCR

scholarly journals Bakteri Resisten Merkuri Pada Urine Pasien Tumpatan Amalgam Poli Gigi Puskesmas Bahu

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald Gagola
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Dental Restoration ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Dental Clinic ◽  
Amalgam Restoration ◽  
Physiology And Biochemistry ◽  
Mercury Resistant Bacteria

ABSTRAK Latar belakang: Berbagai penumpatan yang ada, amalgam merupakan salah satu yang sering dipakai. Merkuri yang merupakan kandungan utama amalgam, merupakan logam berat alamiah yang bisa berdampak buruk bagi kesehatan manusia. Merkuri pada amalgam bisa terlepas ke cavum oral, diabsorpsi ke dalam saluran pencernaan, lalu diekskresi melalui urine. Diketahui ada bakteri yang resisten terhadap merkuri. Oleh karena itu peneliti tertarik untuk mengetahui adakah bakteri yang resisten terhadap merkuri dalam urine. Metode Penelitian: Deskriptif eksploratif dengan mengambil sampel urin pada 5 pasien tumpatan amalgam poli gigi Puskesmas Bahu yang telah menggunakan tumpatan amalgam minimal 5 tahun. Kemudian diuji secara morfologi, fisiologi, dan biokimia di laboratorium bioteknologi FMIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi. Hasil: Dari berbagai uji yang dilakukan ditemukan 6 genus bakteri resisten merkuri yang bertahan sampai 40 ppm, yaitu Alcaligenes, Neisseria, Planococcus, Marinococcus, Streptococcus, dan Morococcus. Kata Kunci: merkuri, amalgam, bakteri, urineABSTRACTBackground: Amalgam is one of the most frequently used material in various existing dental restoration. The main composition of amalgam, mercury, is a heavy metal that can naturally be harmed for human health. Amalgam-mercury may expose to oral cavity, absorped in digestive tract, then excreted through urine. There are bacteria known as resistant to mercury. Therefore, researcher are interested to know is there any bacteria that are resistant to mercury in the human body through the urine. Research Methods: Descriptive explorative by taking urine samples from 5 patients amalgam restoration in dental clinic Puskesmas Bahu. The patients have used amalgam restoration at least for 5 years. Tests morphology, physiology, and biochemistry at the FMIPA Universitas Sam Ratulangi biotechnology lab. Results: The various tests show 6 genera of mercury resistant bacteria which survive up to 40 ppm, namely Alcaligenes, Neisseria, Planococcus, Marinococcus, Streptococcus, and Morococcus.Keywords: mercury, amalgam, bacteria, urine

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