GAMBARAN FUNGSI KOGNITIF PADA PASIEN RAWAT JALAN DENGAN RIWAYAT STROKE DI POLIKLINIK SARAF  RSUP PROF. DR. R.D. KANDOU MANADO

Abstract: Stroke is a major cause of cognitive dysfunction. The incidences of cognitive dysfunction increase three-fold after strokes, usually involving impairement of abilities in visuo-spacial, memory, orientation, speech, attention, and performance functions. The rapid, practical, and approved examinations used to evaluate and confirm the decline in cognitive functions are the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), and the Trail Making Test (TMT). This study aimed to reveal the cognitive functions of outpatients with stroke histories in the Neurology Polyclinic, Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital Manado by using the above mentioned examinations. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design conducted in November 2012. The results showed that there were 51 respondents who fulfilled the inclusion criteria consisting of 32 males and 19 females. The highest decline of cognitive function by age, the educational level, and employment was 60-79 years, more than 9 years of education, and retired workers, respectively. The results of the MMSE, CDT, and TMT examinations for cognitive impairment evaluation were as follow: MMSE 62.75%, CDT 56.86%, TMT A 96.08%, and TMT B 84.31%. Conclusion: Most of the outpatients with stroke histories in the Neurology Polyclinic, Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital Manado showed cognitive impairments. Keywords: CDT, cognitive function, MMSE, stroke, TMT-A and B. Abstrak: Stroke merupakan penyebab utama gangguan fungsi kognitif. Insiden gangguan kognitif meningkat tiga kali lipat setelah stroke, dan biasanya melibatkan kemampuan visuospasial, memori, orientasi, bahasa, perhatian dan fungsi eksekutif. Pemeriksaan yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi dan mengonfirmasi penurunan fungsi kognitif yang cepat dan praktis namun bernilai tinggi ialah Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), dan Trail Making Test (TMT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran fungsi kognitif pada pasien rawat jalan dengan riwayat stroke di Poliklinik Saraf RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan cross-sectional design dan dilaksanakan selama bulan November 2012. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa 51 responden memenuhi kriteria inklusi, terdiri dari 32 laki-laki dan 19 perempuan. Berdasarkan usia, tingkat pendidikan, dan pekerjaan, penurunan fungsi kognitif terbanyak pada usia 60-79 tahun, tingkat pendidikan terakhir >9 tahun, dan pekerjaan pensiunan. Hasil pemeriksaan MMSE, CDT, dan TMT terhadap fungsi kognitif responden ialah: MMSE 62,75%, CDT 56,86%, TMT A 96,08%, dan TMT B 84,31%. Simpulan: Sebagian besar pasien rawat jalan dengan riwayat stroke di Poliklinik Saraf RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado telah memperlihatkan gagguan fungsi kognitif.Kata kunci: stroke, fungsi kognitif, MMSE, CDT, TMT-A dan B.

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GAMBARAN SKOR MMSE, CDT, TMT A DAN TMT B PADA LANSIA DI PANTI WERDHA AGAPE TONDANO

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.3.1.2015.7128 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Reza B. Susanto ◽

Rizal Tumewah ◽

Arthur H. P. Mawuntu

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

The Elderly ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Normal Cognitive Function ◽

Trail Making ◽

State Examination

Abstract: Indonesia has the highest growth of elderly population. Health problem that often occurs in the elderly is impaired cognitive function which can be examined by using various examinations. Rapid examinations with practical high values are Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), as well as Trail Making Test A and B (TMT A and B). These are done by giving a series of commands to a person and then his/her accuracy will be assessed. This was a cross-sectional study conducted from December 2014 to January 2015 at the Agape elderly nursing home Tondano. The results showed that there were 12 respondents that met the inclusion criteria consisted of eight females and four males. The results of the four tests showed that MMSE had 67% of respondents with normal cognitive function, CDT had 75% with normal executive function, TMT A had 100% with experienced executive interference, and TMT B had 92% with experienced executive interference. Conclusion: Most respondents showed MMSE with normal cognitive function and CDT with, normal executive function, however, all respondents showed TMT A with experienced executive interference, and nearly all respondents showed TMT B with experienced executive interference. Cognitive dysfunction were more frequent among the elderly of ≥75 years, female, primary school education, and unemployment.Keywords: elderly, cognitive function, executive functionAbstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara tertinggi dalam pertumbuhan penduduk lanjut usia. Peningkatan jumlah penduduk lanjut usia tersebut menimbulkan masalah kesehatan, masalah kesehatan yang sering terjadi pada usia lanjut antara lain gangguan fungsi kognitif. Gangguan fungsi kognitif ini dapat di periksa dengan berbagai pemeriksaan. Pemeriksaan yang cepat dan praktis namun nilainya tinggi adalah pemeriksaan Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Trail Making Test A dan B (TMT A dan B). Pemeriksaan ini dilakukan dengan memberi serangkaian perintah pada seseorang dan ketepatannya dinilai. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang, dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2014 hingga Januari 2015 bertempat di Panti Werdha Agape Tondano. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 12 responden yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian, terdiri dari 8 perempuan dan 4 laki-laki. Hasil pemeriksaan MMSE menunjukkan 67% responden dengan fungsi kognitif normal, CDT menunjukkan 75% dengan fungsi eksekutif normal, TMT A menunjukkan 100% dengan gangguan eksekutif, dan TMT B menunjukkan 92% mengalami gangguan eksekutif. Simpulan: Sebagian besar responden menunjukkan hasil pemeriksaan MMSE dengan fungsi kognitifnya normal, CDT dengan fungsi eksekutif normal, sedangkan untuk TMT A seluruh responden mengalami gangguan eksekutif, dan TMT B hampir seluruh responden mengalami gangguan eksekutif. Secara keseluruhan, gangguan fungsi kognitif lebih banyak pada lansia perempuan usia ≥ 75 tahun, pendidikan SD, dan tidak bekerja.Kata kunci: lansia, fungsi kognitif, fungsi eksekutif

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Gambaran Fungsi Kognitif pada Lanjut Usia di Desa Sendangan Kecamatan Remboken

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.8.1.2020.27138 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nadia V. Roring ◽

Junita M. [email protected] ◽

Corry N. Mahama

Keyword(s):

Nursing Home ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

The Elderly ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Impaired Cognitive Function ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Trail Making

Abstract: Increased elderly in Indonesia grows in number and affects the health problems such as impaired cognitive function. Examination carried out by using Indonesian version Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-INA), Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) are used to determine the cognitive function. This study was aimed to obtain the profile of cognitive function among the elderly at nursing home and outside of nursing home at Sendangan, Remboken. This was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design. The results showed that there were 59 people that met inculsion criteria. The Ina-MoCA examination showed that 94.9% of the elderly had a decline in cognitive function. Moreover, the TMT-A and TMT-B found that 100% of the elderly had impaired cognitive function. Meanwhile, the CDT found that 49.2% of the elderly had impaired cognitive function. In conclusion, the Ina-MoCA, TMT-A, TMT-B, and CDT indicated that the majority of the elderly at Sendangan, Remboken had impaired cognitive function.Keywords: elderly, cognitive function, Ina MoCA, TMT-A, TMT-B, CDT Abstrak: Peningkatan lanjut usia di Indonesia semakin bertambah yang berdampak pada masalah kesehatan, salah satunya ialah gangguan fungsi kognitif. Pemeriksaan Montreal Cognitive Assesment versi Indonesia (INA-MoCA), Trail Making Test (TMT), dan Clock Drawing Test (CDT) dapat digunakan untuk medeteksi gangguan fungsi kognitif, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran fungsi kognitif pada lanjut usia di Panti Werdha dan luar Panti Werdha di Desa Sendangan Kecamatan Remboken. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 59 orang yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Pemeriksaan Ina-MoCA menunjukkan 94,9% lanjut usia mengalami penurunan fungsi kognitif. Pada pemeriksaan TMT-A dan TMT-B didapatkan 100% lanjut usia terganggu. Pemeriksaan CDT mendapatkan 49,2% lanjut usia terganggu. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah hasil pemeriksaan Ina-MoCA, TMT-A, TMT-B, dan CDT menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar lansia di Desa Sendangan Kecamatan Remboken memiliki fungsi kognitif yang terganggu.Kata kunci: lanjut usia, fungsi kognitif, Ina MoCA, TMT-A, TMT-B, CDT

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Gambaran Fungsi Kognitif pada Lanjut Usia di Desa Sendangan Kecamatan Remboken

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.v8i1.27138 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Nadia V. Roring ◽

Junita M. [email protected] ◽

Corry N. Mahama

Keyword(s):

Nursing Home ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

The Elderly ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Impaired Cognitive Function ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Trail Making

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Comparison of Mini-Mental State Examination and Clock Drawing Test with Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test in the Elderly with Cognitive Function Impairment in Jetis Sub-District, Yogyakarta

Childhood Stunting, Wasting, and Obesity, as the Critical Global Health Issues: Forging Cross-Sectoral Solutions ◽

10.26911/the7thicph.05.17 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Darren Eduardo William ◽

◽

Mitra Andini Sigilipoe ◽

Widya Christine Manus ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Cognitive Dysfunction ◽

Mental State ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

The Elderly ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Concentration Test ◽

State Examination

ABSTRACT Background: Dementia is a collective term for several diseases that affect memory, other cognitive abilities, and behavior. These diseases can seriously interfere with people’s ability of daily living. This is not a normal phenomenon of aging. With the increasing prevalence of dementia in the elderly, the importance of dementia as a comorbidity of hypertension is increasing. However, several questions regarding the link between hypertension and dementia remain unresolved. This study aimed to determine Orientation-Memory-Concentration-Test (OMCT) can be used to assess cognitive function in the elderly as an early step in the early detection of dementia. Subjects and Method: This was a comparative study using a case-control design. The study was conducted in Jetis Sub-District, Yogyakarta from September 2019 to June 2020. A total sample of 110 of elderly was divided into two groups 42 elderly (case), and 68 elderly (control) selected by consecutive sampling using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock-Drawing Test (CDT) and Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test (OMCT). The dependent variables were the sensitivity and specificity level of the OMCT instrument while the scores of the MMSE. The independent variable was CDT instruments. The collected data will then be processed by diagnostic analysis followed by analysis of ROC and Youden’s index to determine the optimal cut off. Respondents are categorized as having impaired cognitive function if the MMSE (cut off ≤ 24) or CDT (cut off <18) shows a positive result. Results: 110 elderlies were involved. A total of 42 elderlies were included in the case population, and 68 elderlies were included in the control population. In the total OMCT population (cut off> 11) it has a sensitivity (29%) and specificity (97%) to the combination of MMSE and CDT. In populations with hypertension OMCT (cut off> 2.5) has sensitivity (68%) with specificity (46%). In a population without hypertension OMCT (cut off> 7) has a sensitivity (55%) and specificity (90%) to the combination of MMSE and CDT. Conclusion: OMCT can be used as a screening tool for cognitive dysfunction in older people with hypertension because of its short duration, ease of use, and can be used in patients with visual impairments. Keywords: Dementia, cognitive dysfunction, OMCT, 6-CIT. Correspondence: Darren Eduardo William. School of medicine Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana, Yogyakarta. Jl. Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo 5-25 Yogyakarta 55224, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 0813-4136-9999 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.17

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Turkish Version of the Test Your Memory (TYM-TR) as a Screening Tool in Memory Clinics

American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® ◽

10.1177/1533317520982208 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 ◽

pp. 153331752098220

Author(s):

Reza Naghdi Sadeh ◽

Sara Farhang ◽

Serhat Özkan ◽

Hossein Jabbari Khamnei ◽

Çınar Yenilmez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Deficits ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Neurocognitive Disorder ◽

Turkish Version ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Memory Clinics ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

State Examination

Introduction: This study compared the Turkish version of Test Your Memory (TYM) MMSE (Mini-Mental State Examination) and CDT (Clock Drawing Test) in patients with neurocognitive disorder. Methods: After a thorough medical workup, patients with a diagnosis of neurocognitive disorder were enrolled. A cross-sectional design was used to compare the TYM results with those of MMSE and CDT. Results: This study was conducted on 100 patients, including 46 males and 54 females, aged 52 to 86. The majority of patients were diagnosed with vascular neurocognitive disorder. The z-score of TYM-TR was significantly lower in the domains of registration, recall, visuospatial, and total score. The same results were achieved when CDT was added to MMSE. The same pattern was observed separately for those who were diagnosed with a mild or major neurocognitive disorder. Conclusion: Patients’ cognitive deficits might be more evident when measured by the TYM-TR compared to the MMSE.

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COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS CONDITION OF POST-STROKE PATIENTS

PRECARPATHIAN BULLETIN OF THE SHEVCHENKO SCIENTIFIC SOCIETY Pulse ◽

10.21802/2304-7437-2019-5(57)-16-21 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 16-21

Author(s):

V. R. Gerasymchuk ◽

I. F. Uwa-Agbonikhena ◽

L. T. Maksymchuk ◽

M. Yu. Kupnovytska-Sabadosh ◽

T. I. Nehrych ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Executive Functions ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Cognitive Status ◽

Control Group ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Drawing Test ◽

Status Assessment ◽

Trail Making ◽

State Examination ◽

Moca Score

60 patients after a hemispheric ischemic stroke (IS) were examined. Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB), Trail Making Test A and B (TMT), and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) were used for the cognitive status assessment. A decrease in the MMSE, FAB and MoCA score compared to the control group (CG) (p<0.05) was observed, with probable differences mainly in the domains of attention (p<0.05) and executive functions (p<0.05). An increase in the time of task execution by 45.5% was detected for TMT A (p <0.05) and 61.9% for TMT B (p <0.01), and violation of CDT performance compared to the CG (p<0.05). Thus, the study of cognitive status using TMT and CDT may be recommended for timely detection of the initial executive functions impairment.

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Is the Mini-Mental State Examination the best cognitive screening test for less educated people?

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/0004-282x20190043 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 77 (5) ◽

pp. 330-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luis Felipe Scarabelot ◽

Mariane de Moraes Monteiro ◽

Mauren Carneiro da Silva Rubert ◽

Viviane de Hiroki Flumignan Zetola

Keyword(s):

Verbal Fluency ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Recall Test ◽

Cognitive Screening ◽

Delayed Recall ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

State Examination ◽

Fluency Test

ABSTRACT Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) results are strongly influenced by educational level. The Brief Cognitive Screening Battery (BCSB) is an alternative assessment tool that provides more accurate results in individuals with less education. Objective: Our aim was to compare the MMSE and BCSB as screening tests. Methods: The MMSE and BCSB were assessed in 112 participants by two evaluators blind to the other test's result. Participants were classified according to their level of education. The influence of education level was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and multiple comparison tests. Results: Scores of the MMSE (p < 0.0001) and the clock-drawing test (p < 0.0001) were influenced by education level but the delayed recall test score was not (p = 0.0804). The verbal fluency test (p = 0.00035) was influenced only by higher educational levels. It took three minutes less to apply the MMSE than to apply the BCSB (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that the delayed recall test and the verbal fluency test of the BCSB are better than the MMSE and clock-drawing test as tools for evaluating cognition in people with limited education.

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The Use of the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Clock-Drawing Test for Dementia in a Tertiary Hospital

JOURNAL FOR CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH ◽

10.7860/jcdr/2013/4203.2803 ◽

2013 ◽

Author(s):

Khaled Sallam

Keyword(s):

Mental State ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Tertiary Hospital ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Clock Drawing ◽

Drawing Test ◽

State Examination

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Cognitive Functions and Cognitive Reserve in Relation to Blood Pressure Components in a Population-Based Cohort Aged 53 to 94 Years

International Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1155/2012/274851 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Nunzia Giordano ◽

Valérie Tikhonoff ◽

Paolo Palatini ◽

Anna Bascelli ◽

Giovanni Boschetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Neuropsychological Tests ◽

Cognitive Reserve ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Population Based ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Clock Drawing Test ◽

Drawing Test ◽

State Examination

In 288 men and women from general population in a cross-sectional survey, all neuropsychological tests were negatively associated with age; memory and executive function were also positively related with education. The hypertensives (HT) were less efficient than the normotensives (NT) in the test of memory with interference at 10 sec (MI-10) (−33%,P=0.03), clock drawing test (CLOX) (−28%,P<0.01), and mini-mental state examination (MMSE) (−6%,P=0.02). Lower MMSE, MI-10, and CLOX were predicted by higher systolic (odds ratio, OR, 0.97,P=0.02; OR 0.98,P<0.005; OR 0.95,P<0.001) and higher pulse blood pressure (BP) (OR 0.97,P=0.02; OR 0.97,P<0.01; and 0.95,P<0.0001). The cognitive reserve index (CRI) was 6% lower in the HT (P=0.03) and was predicted by higher pulse BP (OR 0.82,P<0.001). The BP vectors of lower MMSE, MI-10, and CLOX were directed towards higher values of systolic and diastolic BP, that of low CRI towards higher systolic and lower diastolic. The label of hypertension and higher values of systolic or pulse BP are associated to worse memory and executive functions. Higher diastolic BP, although insufficient to impair cognition, strengthens this association. CRI is predicted by higher systolic BP associated to lower diastolic BP.

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Endogenous Sex Hormones and Cognitive Function in Older Men*

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jcem.84.10.6086 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 84 (10) ◽

pp. 3681-3685 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elizabeth Barrett-Connor ◽

Deborah Goodman-Gruen ◽

Brad Patay

Keyword(s):

Cognitive Function ◽

Mini Mental State Examination ◽

Older Men ◽

Trail Making Test ◽

Bioavailable Testosterone ◽

Selective Reminding ◽

The World ◽

Trail Making ◽

Selective Reminding Test ◽

State Examination

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether endogenous sex hormone levels predict cognitive function in older men. Our study design was an exploratory analysis in a population-based cohort in Rancho Bernardo, California. The study participants were 547 community-dwelling men 59–89 yr of age at baseline who were not using testosterone or estrogen therapy. Between 1984 and 1987, sera were collected for measurement of endogenous total and bioavailable testosterone and estradiol levels. Between 1988 and 1991, 12 standard neuropsychological instruments were administered, including two items from the Blessed Information-Memory-Concentration (BIMC) Test, three measures of retrieval from the Buschke-Fuld Selective Reminding Test, a category fluency test, immediate and delayed recall from the Visual Reproduction Test, the Mini-Mental State Examination with individual analysis of the Serial Sevens and the “World” Backwards components, and the Trail-Making Test Part B. In age- and education-adjusted analyses, men with higher levels of total and bioavailable estradiol had poorer scores on the BIMC Test and Mini-Mental State Examination. Men with higher levels of bioavailable testosterone had better scores on the BIMC Test and the Selective Reminding Test (long-term storage). Five associations were U-shaped: total testosterone and total and bioavailable estradiol with the BIMC Test; bioavailable testosterone with the “World” test; and total estradiol with the Trail-Making Test. All associations were relatively weak but independent of age, education, body mass index, alcohol use, cigarette smoking and depression. In these older men, low estradiol and high testosterone levels predicted better performance on several tests of cognitive function. Linear and nonlinear associations were also found, suggesting that an optimal level of sex hormones may exist for some cognitive functions.

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