scholarly journals Gambaran Fungsi Kognitif pada Lanjut Usia di Desa Sendangan Kecamatan Remboken

e-CliniC ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia V. Roring ◽  
Junita M. [email protected] ◽  
Corry N. Mahama
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Impaired Cognitive Function ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Trail Making

Abstract: Increased elderly in Indonesia grows in number and affects the health problems such as impaired cognitive function. Examination carried out by using Indonesian version Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-INA), Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) are used to determine the cognitive function. This study was aimed to obtain the profile of cognitive function among the elderly at nursing home and outside of nursing home at Sendangan, Remboken. This was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design. The results showed that there were 59 people that met inculsion criteria. The Ina-MoCA examination showed that 94.9% of the elderly had a decline in cognitive function. Moreover, the TMT-A and TMT-B found that 100% of the elderly had impaired cognitive function. Meanwhile, the CDT found that 49.2% of the elderly had impaired cognitive function. In conclusion, the Ina-MoCA, TMT-A, TMT-B, and CDT indicated that the majority of the elderly at Sendangan, Remboken had impaired cognitive function.Keywords: elderly, cognitive function, Ina MoCA, TMT-A, TMT-B, CDT Abstrak: Peningkatan lanjut usia di Indonesia semakin bertambah yang berdampak pada masalah kesehatan, salah satunya ialah gangguan fungsi kognitif. Pemeriksaan Montreal Cognitive Assesment versi Indonesia (INA-MoCA), Trail Making Test (TMT), dan Clock Drawing Test (CDT) dapat digunakan untuk medeteksi gangguan fungsi kognitif, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran fungsi kognitif pada lanjut usia di Panti Werdha dan luar Panti Werdha di Desa Sendangan Kecamatan Remboken. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 59 orang yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Pemeriksaan Ina-MoCA menunjukkan 94,9% lanjut usia mengalami penurunan fungsi kognitif. Pada pemeriksaan TMT-A dan TMT-B didapatkan 100% lanjut usia terganggu. Pemeriksaan CDT mendapatkan 49,2% lanjut usia terganggu. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah hasil pemeriksaan Ina-MoCA, TMT-A, TMT-B, dan CDT menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar lansia di Desa Sendangan Kecamatan Remboken memiliki fungsi kognitif yang terganggu.Kata kunci: lanjut usia, fungsi kognitif, Ina MoCA, TMT-A, TMT-B, CDT

scholarly journals Gambaran Fungsi Kognitif pada Lanjut Usia di Desa Sendangan Kecamatan Remboken

e-CliniC ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia V. Roring ◽  
Junita M. [email protected] ◽  
Corry N. Mahama
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Home ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Impaired Cognitive Function ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Trail Making

Abstract: Increased elderly in Indonesia grows in number and affects the health problems such as impaired cognitive function. Examination carried out by using Indonesian version Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA-INA), Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) are used to determine the cognitive function. This study was aimed to obtain the profile of cognitive function among the elderly at nursing home and outside of nursing home at Sendangan, Remboken. This was a descriptive study with a cross sectional design. The results showed that there were 59 people that met inculsion criteria. The Ina-MoCA examination showed that 94.9% of the elderly had a decline in cognitive function. Moreover, the TMT-A and TMT-B found that 100% of the elderly had impaired cognitive function. Meanwhile, the CDT found that 49.2% of the elderly had impaired cognitive function. In conclusion, the Ina-MoCA, TMT-A, TMT-B, and CDT indicated that the majority of the elderly at Sendangan, Remboken had impaired cognitive function.Keywords: elderly, cognitive function, Ina MoCA, TMT-A, TMT-B, CDT Abstrak: Peningkatan lanjut usia di Indonesia semakin bertambah yang berdampak pada masalah kesehatan, salah satunya ialah gangguan fungsi kognitif. Pemeriksaan Montreal Cognitive Assesment versi Indonesia (INA-MoCA), Trail Making Test (TMT), dan Clock Drawing Test (CDT) dapat digunakan untuk medeteksi gangguan fungsi kognitif, Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran fungsi kognitif pada lanjut usia di Panti Werdha dan luar Panti Werdha di Desa Sendangan Kecamatan Remboken. Jenis penelitian ialah deskriptif dengan desain potong lintang. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 59 orang yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian. Pemeriksaan Ina-MoCA menunjukkan 94,9% lanjut usia mengalami penurunan fungsi kognitif. Pada pemeriksaan TMT-A dan TMT-B didapatkan 100% lanjut usia terganggu. Pemeriksaan CDT mendapatkan 49,2% lanjut usia terganggu. Simpulan penelitian ini ialah hasil pemeriksaan Ina-MoCA, TMT-A, TMT-B, dan CDT menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar lansia di Desa Sendangan Kecamatan Remboken memiliki fungsi kognitif yang terganggu.Kata kunci: lanjut usia, fungsi kognitif, Ina MoCA, TMT-A, TMT-B, CDT

scholarly journals GAMBARAN FUNGSI KOGNITIF PADA PASIEN RAWAT JALAN DENGAN RIWAYAT STROKE DI POLIKLINIK SARAF RSUP PROF. DR. R.D. KANDOU MANADO

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tirzha N. Paparang ◽  
Corry N. Mahama ◽  
Denny J. Ngantung
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
State Examination

Abstract: Stroke is a major cause of cognitive dysfunction. The incidences of cognitive dysfunction increase three-fold after strokes, usually involving impairement of abilities in visuo-spacial, memory, orientation, speech, attention, and performance functions. The rapid, practical, and approved examinations used to evaluate and confirm the decline in cognitive functions are the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), and the Trail Making Test (TMT). This study aimed to reveal the cognitive functions of outpatients with stroke histories in the Neurology Polyclinic, Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital Manado by using the above mentioned examinations. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design conducted in November 2012. The results showed that there were 51 respondents who fulfilled the inclusion criteria consisting of 32 males and 19 females. The highest decline of cognitive function by age, the educational level, and employment was 60-79 years, more than 9 years of education, and retired workers, respectively. The results of the MMSE, CDT, and TMT examinations for cognitive impairment evaluation were as follow: MMSE 62.75%, CDT 56.86%, TMT A 96.08%, and TMT B 84.31%. Conclusion: Most of the outpatients with stroke histories in the Neurology Polyclinic, Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital Manado showed cognitive impairments. Keywords: CDT, cognitive function, MMSE, stroke, TMT-A and B.   Abstrak: Stroke merupakan penyebab utama gangguan fungsi kognitif. Insiden gangguan kognitif meningkat tiga kali lipat setelah stroke, dan biasanya melibatkan kemampuan visuospasial, memori, orientasi, bahasa, perhatian dan fungsi eksekutif. Pemeriksaan yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi dan mengonfirmasi penurunan  fungsi kognitif yang cepat dan praktis namun bernilai tinggi ialah Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), dan Trail Making Test (TMT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran fungsi kognitif pada pasien rawat jalan dengan riwayat stroke di Poliklinik Saraf RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan cross-sectional design dan dilaksanakan selama bulan November 2012. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa 51 responden memenuhi kriteria inklusi, terdiri dari 32 laki-laki dan 19 perempuan. Berdasarkan usia, tingkat pendidikan, dan pekerjaan, penurunan fungsi kognitif terbanyak pada usia 60-79 tahun, tingkat pendidikan terakhir >9 tahun, dan pekerjaan pensiunan. Hasil pemeriksaan MMSE, CDT, dan TMT terhadap fungsi kognitif responden ialah: MMSE 62,75%, CDT 56,86%, TMT A 96,08%, dan TMT B 84,31%. Simpulan: Sebagian besar pasien rawat jalan dengan riwayat stroke di Poliklinik Saraf RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado telah memperlihatkan gagguan fungsi kognitif.Kata kunci: stroke, fungsi kognitif, MMSE, CDT, TMT-A dan B.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN SKOR MMSE, CDT, TMT A DAN TMT B PADA LANSIA DI PANTI WERDHA AGAPE TONDANO

e-CliniC ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza B. Susanto ◽  
Rizal Tumewah ◽  
Arthur H. P. Mawuntu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Normal Cognitive Function ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
State Examination

Abstract: Indonesia has the highest growth of elderly population. Health problem that often occurs in the elderly is impaired cognitive function which can be examined by using various examinations. Rapid examinations with practical high values are Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), as well as Trail Making Test A and B (TMT A and B). These are done by giving a series of commands to a person and then his/her accuracy will be assessed. This was a cross-sectional study conducted from December 2014 to January 2015 at the Agape elderly nursing home Tondano. The results showed that there were 12 respondents that met the inclusion criteria consisted of eight females and four males. The results of the four tests showed that MMSE had 67% of respondents with normal cognitive function, CDT had 75% with normal executive function, TMT A had 100% with experienced executive interference, and TMT B had 92% with experienced executive interference. Conclusion: Most respondents showed MMSE with normal cognitive function and CDT with, normal executive function, however, all respondents showed TMT A with experienced executive interference, and nearly all respondents showed TMT B with experienced executive interference. Cognitive dysfunction were more frequent among the elderly of ≥75 years, female, primary school education, and unemployment.Keywords: elderly, cognitive function, executive functionAbstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara tertinggi dalam pertumbuhan penduduk lanjut usia. Peningkatan jumlah penduduk lanjut usia tersebut menimbulkan masalah kesehatan, masalah kesehatan yang sering terjadi pada usia lanjut antara lain gangguan fungsi kognitif. Gangguan fungsi kognitif ini dapat di periksa dengan berbagai pemeriksaan. Pemeriksaan yang cepat dan praktis namun nilainya tinggi adalah pemeriksaan Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Trail Making Test A dan B (TMT A dan B). Pemeriksaan ini dilakukan dengan memberi serangkaian perintah pada seseorang dan ketepatannya dinilai. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang, dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2014 hingga Januari 2015 bertempat di Panti Werdha Agape Tondano. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 12 responden yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian, terdiri dari 8 perempuan dan 4 laki-laki. Hasil pemeriksaan MMSE menunjukkan 67% responden dengan fungsi kognitif normal, CDT menunjukkan 75% dengan fungsi eksekutif normal, TMT A menunjukkan 100% dengan gangguan eksekutif, dan TMT B menunjukkan 92% mengalami gangguan eksekutif. Simpulan: Sebagian besar responden menunjukkan hasil pemeriksaan MMSE dengan fungsi kognitifnya normal, CDT dengan fungsi eksekutif normal, sedangkan untuk TMT A seluruh responden mengalami gangguan eksekutif, dan TMT B hampir seluruh responden mengalami gangguan eksekutif. Secara keseluruhan, gangguan fungsi kognitif lebih banyak pada lansia perempuan usia ≥ 75 tahun, pendidikan SD, dan tidak bekerja.Kata kunci: lansia, fungsi kognitif, fungsi eksekutif

scholarly journals GAMBARAN FUNGSI EKSEKUTIF PADA PASIEN POST STROKE MENGGUNAKAN PEMERIKSAAN CLOCK DRAWING TEST (CDT) DI POLI NEUROLOGI RSUP PROF. DR. R. D KANDOU PERIODE NOVEMBER-DESEMBER 2014

e-CliniC ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afrilya N. Solang ◽  
Maja P. S. ◽  
Danny J. Ngantung
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Normal Person ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Impaired Cognitive Function ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test

Abstract: Approximately 50-75% of stroke patients is estimated to have impaired cognitive function. One of the components of cognitive function impaired is executive function. Clock drawing test (CDT) is one of the screening tools that are used to determine the executive functions of the brain. This study aimed to obtain the description of executive function in post-stroke patients in Neurology Clinic of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital. This was a descriptive study using cross-sectional design. This study was carried out within a certain period between November to December 2014. The CDT showed 2 people were normal and 28 people were abnormal. Both male and female groups showed one person normal and 14 people abnormal. Based on the age group, 51-65 years old was the most vulnerable age with one normal person and 16 people were abnormal. Based on the education, most of them were in senior high school or equivalent with one person normal and 12 people were abnormal. Based on the jobs, retirees were the most vulnerable with 9 abnormal people. Based on the location of brain lesions, 17 people had lesions in the right hemisphere and 13 people had lesions in the left hemisphere. Based on the type of stroke, 29 people had ischemic stroke and 1 person had hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusion: Based on the CDT, the majority of respondents experienced impaired cognitive function, especially the executive function .Keywords: stroke, cognitive function, executive function, clock drawing testAbstrak: Sekitar 50-75% pasien dengan riwayat stroke diperkirakan mengalami gangguan fungsi kognitif; salah satunya ialah fungsi eksekutif. Tes menggambar jam adalah salah satu pemeriksaan yang digunakan untuk mengetahui fungsi eksekutif otak yang mengalami kemunduran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran fungsi eksekutif pada pasien post stroke di Poli Neurologi BLU RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan desain potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan di antara bulan November dan Desember 2014. Sampel yang memenuhi kriteria yang berjumlah 30 orang (15 laki-laki dan 15 perempuan). Dari hasil pemeriksaan tes menggambar jam didapatkan 2 orang normal dan 28 orang abnormal. Dari jenis kelamin baik laki-laki maupun perempuoan diperoleh 1 orang normal dan 14 lainnya abnormal. Dari golongan usia, terbanyak pada usia 51-65 tahun yaitu 1 orang normal dan 16 orang abnormal. Dari tingkat pendidikan, terbanyak pada tingkat SMA/Sederajat dengan 1 orang normal dan 12 orang abnormal. Dari pekerjaan, pensiunan merupakan yang terbanyak yaitu 9 orang abnormal. Dari letak lesi otak, 17 orang dengan letak lesi pada hemisfer kanan dan 13 orang yang mengalami lesi di daerah hemisfer kiri. Dari jenis stroke, lebih banyak yang mengalami stroke iskemik yaitu 29 orang dibandingkan yang mengalami stroke hemoragik yaitu 1 orang. Simpulan: Dari hasil pemeriksaan CDT, sebagian besar responden (93,3 %) mengalami gangguan kognitif lebih khusus gangguan eksekutif.Kata kunci: stroke, fungsi kognitif, fungsi eksekutif dan tes gambar jam.

scholarly journals Cognitive Consequences of Cataract Surgery: A Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Surgery Patient ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean

Background and Objective: The age-related cataract is a leading cause of vision loss, and cataract surgery is the most common intraocular surgery. Patients with cataracts may develop mild cognitive impairment due to blurred vision and vision problems. In this regard, the improvement of vision after cataract surgery may affect their cognitive function. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 32 patients aged 40-60 years who were referred to the ophthalmology clinic of Farshchian Hospital in Hamadan with a diagnosis of bilateral cataracts within 2019-2020. Cognitive function was assessed in patients with Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE) test and clock-drawing test before and after ocular cataract surgery. Patient data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16) using paired t-test at a 95% confidence level. Results: The mean age of patients was 53.91±4.51 years, and the majority of them (62.5%)were male. Before and after cataract surgery, the mean scores of the MMSE test were 25.09±3.25 and 26.19±2.69, and the mean scores of the clock-drawing test were reported as 3.34±1.49 and 3.72±1.32 (P=0.001). Based on the MMSE and clock-drawing test, 54.4% and 65.6% of patients, respectively, had improved cognitive function, as compared to before the surgery. Conclusions: Cognitive function in patients with cataracts was significantly improved by cataract surgery.

Comparison of Mini-Mental State Examination and Clock Drawing Test with Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test in the Elderly with Cognitive Function Impairment in Jetis Sub-District, Yogyakarta

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Darren Eduardo William ◽  
◽  
Mitra Andini Sigilipoe ◽  
Widya Christine Manus ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Concentration Test ◽  
State Examination

ABSTRACT Background: Dementia is a collective term for several diseases that affect memory, other cognitive abilities, and behavior. These diseases can seriously interfere with people’s ability of daily living. This is not a normal phenomenon of aging. With the increasing prevalence of dementia in the elderly, the importance of dementia as a comorbidity of hypertension is increasing. However, several questions regarding the link between hypertension and dementia remain unresolved. This study aimed to determine Orientation-Memory-Concentration-Test (OMCT) can be used to assess cognitive function in the elderly as an early step in the early detection of dementia. Subjects and Method: This was a comparative study using a case-control design. The study was conducted in Jetis Sub-District, Yogyakarta from September 2019 to June 2020. A total sample of 110 of elderly was divided into two groups 42 elderly (case), and 68 elderly (control) selected by consecutive sampling using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock-Drawing Test (CDT) and Orientation-Memory-Concentration Test (OMCT). The dependent variables were the sensitivity and specificity level of the OMCT instrument while the scores of the MMSE. The independent variable was CDT instruments. The collected data will then be processed by diagnostic analysis followed by analysis of ROC and Youden’s index to determine the optimal cut off. Respondents are categorized as having impaired cognitive function if the MMSE (cut off ≤ 24) or CDT (cut off <18) shows a positive result. Results: 110 elderlies were involved. A total of 42 elderlies were included in the case population, and 68 elderlies were included in the control population. In the total OMCT population (cut off> 11) it has a sensitivity (29%) and specificity (97%) to the combination of MMSE and CDT. In populations with hypertension OMCT (cut off> 2.5) has sensitivity (68%) with specificity (46%). In a population without hypertension OMCT (cut off> 7) has a sensitivity (55%) and specificity (90%) to the combination of MMSE and CDT. Conclusion: OMCT can be used as a screening tool for cognitive dysfunction in older people with hypertension because of its short duration, ease of use, and can be used in patients with visual impairments. Keywords: Dementia, cognitive dysfunction, OMCT, 6-CIT. Correspondence: Darren Eduardo William. School of medicine Universitas Kristen Duta Wacana, Yogyakarta. Jl. Dr. Wahidin Sudirohusodo 5-25 Yogyakarta 55224, Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 0813-4136-9999 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.17

The accuracy of the Clock Drawing Test compared to that of standard screening tests for Alzheimer's disease: results from a study of Brazilian elderly with heterogeneous educational backgrounds

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Aprahamian ◽  
José Eduardo Martinelli ◽  
Anita Liberalesso Neri ◽  
Mônica Sanches Yassuda
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test

ABSTRACTBackground: Although the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) is the second most used test in the world for the screening of dementia, there is still debate over its sensitivity, specificity, application and interpretation in dementia diagnosis. This study has three main aims: to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the CDT in a sample composed of older adults with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and normal controls; to compare CDT accuracy to the that of the Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Cambridge Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG); and to test whether the association of the MMSE with the CDT leads to higher or comparable accuracy as that reported for the CAMCOG.Methods: Cross-sectional assessment was carried out for 121 AD and 99 elderly controls with heterogeneous educational levels from a geriatric outpatient clinic who completed the Cambridge Examination for Mental Disorder of the Elderly (CAMDEX). The CDT was evaluated according to the Shulman, Mendez and Sunderland scales.Results: The CDT showed high sensitivity and specificity. There were significant correlations between the CDT and the MMSE (0.700–0.730; p < 0.001) and between the CDT and the CAMCOG (0.753–0.779; p < 0.001). The combination of the CDT with the MMSE improved sensitivity and specificity (SE = 89.2–90%; SP = 71.7–79.8%). Subgroup analysis indicated that for elderly people with lower education, sensitivity and specificity were both adequate and high.Conclusions: The CDT is a robust screening test when compared with the MMSE or the CAMCOG, independent of the scale used for its interpretation. The combination with the MMSE improves its performance significantly, becoming equivalent to the CAMCOG.

scholarly journals Normative data for middle-aged Brazilians in Verbal Fluency (animals and FAS), Trail Making Test (TMT) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT)

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guilherme Almeida Carvalho ◽  
Paulo Caramelli
Keyword(s):  
Sex Education ◽  
Normative Data ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Years Of Schooling

ABSTRACT Normative studies of neuropsychological tests were performed in Brazil in recent years. However, additional data are needed because of the heterogeneity of education of the Brazilian population. Objective: The present study provides normative data of executive function tests for middle-aged Brazilians and investigates the influence of age, sex, education and intelligence quotient (IQ) on performance in these tests. Methods: A total of 120 healthy staff and caregivers from a hospital were randomly selected and submitted to Fluency – animals and FAS, Trail Making Test (TMT) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT). They were divided into six groups of 20: two groups for age (45-54 and 55-64 years) and three groups for years of schooling (4-7; 8-11; 12+ years). Results: Normative data are presented in mean values and percentiles. Education influenced differences in the tests, except the CDT. Post hoc analyses revealed differences between the three educational levels on the TMT and FAS. Age differences emerged on the TMT and fluency letter F. Moderate correlation was found between schooling and results on TMT and Fluency. The correlations for IQ were similar. Conclusion: This study provides normative data for middle-aged Brazilians with four or more years of schooling in frequently used cognitive tests to assess executive functions. The results confirm the strong influence of education, even in the comparison between middle and higher levels.

scholarly journals Association of the Qualitative Clock Drawing Test with Progression to Dementia in Non-Demented Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2850
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Umegaki ◽  
Yusuke Suzuki ◽  
Yosuke Yamada ◽  
Hitoshi Komiya ◽  
Kazuhisa Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test

To evaluate the predictability of progression of cognitive impairment to dementia using qualitative clock drawing test (CDT) scores, we administered both the CDT using Cahn et al.’s qualitative scoring system and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to assess cognitive function in non-demented older individuals attending a memory clinic at a university hospital. Patients visiting the clinic for assessment of cognitive function between January 2015 and December 2019 were enrolled, and only those who were diagnosed as not having dementia at the time of initial assessment completed a follow-up assessment at 1 y (n = 163). To examine any association of qualitative CDT score with progression to dementia, multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted with the change in diagnosis from non-dementia to dementia at 1 y as the dependent variable. A total of 26 participants (16.0%) were diagnosed as having converted to dementia. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that both the qualitative CDT score using Cahn et al.’s scoring system and the existence of conceptual deficits were significantly associated with progression to dementia at 1 y after initial assessment of cognitive function, irrespective of the MMSE score, among non-demented older individuals. The CDT may be a useful predictor of progression to dementia in primary care settings.

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