scholarly journals Headgear for Weakening Impact from Concussion in Rugby Games: Design and Development

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 2020-2023
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Selection Method ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Protective Device ◽  
House Of Quality ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Morphological Chart ◽  
Rugby Players

Rugby headgear is one of the important protective tool for protecting rugby players from head injury. However, there are still some professional or amateur rugby players who are not concerned about the use of headgear as a protective device. Rugby headgear has been created to protect the heads of rugby players in particular to avoid minor injuries such as wounds because rugby is a sport that requires strong physical movements and abusive techniques. At the same time, the ability of rugby headgear to protect against the occurrence of brain injury is questionable. Therefore, the objective of this project is to propose a conceptual design of rugby headgear by taking into account factors to prevent or reduce the potential of brain injury. The methodology used was a survey of professional and amateur rugby players to determine the need for the design of the headgear, conceptual map for the idea of development, House of Quality (HoQ) in assessing the needs of rugby players, Morphological Chart in determining the concept, Pugh's Selection Method in finding the most appropriate design. Headgear that is round and cover most of the heads has been selected as a conceptual design with sorbothane as core material. Valco strap was used as fastener and sponge in the head for the comfort to the player’s head

scholarly journals Prospective Analysis of Coagulopathy Associated with Isolated Traumatic Brain Injury and Clinical Outcome

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gopal Krishna ◽  
Varun Aggarwal ◽  
Ishwar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Coagulation Abnormalities ◽  
The Mean ◽  
D Dimer

Abstract Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects the coagulation pathway in a distinct way than does extracranial trauma. The extent of coagulation abnormalities varies from bleeding diathesis to disseminated thrombosis. Design Prospective study. Methods The study included 50 patients of isolated TBI with cohorts of moderate (MHI) and severe head injury (SHI). Coagulopathy was graded according to the values of parameters in single laboratory. The incidence of coagulopathy according to the severity of TBI and correlation with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) score, platelets, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), D-dimer, and fibrinogen was observed. The comparison was also made between expired and discharged patients within each group. It also compared coagulation derailments with clinical presentation (Glasgow Coma Scale [GCS]) and outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale [GOS]). Results Road traffic accident was the primary (72%) mode of injury. Fifty-two percent had MHI and rest had SHI. Eighty-four percent of cases were managed conservatively. The mean GCS was 12.23 and 5.75 in MHI and SHI, respectively. Sixty-two percent of MHI and 96% of the patients with SHI had coagulation abnormalities. On statistical analysis, DIC score (p < 0.001) strongly correlated with the severity of head injury and GOS. PT and APTT were also significantly associated with the severity of TBI. In patients with moderate TBI, D-dimer and platelet counts showed association with clinical outcome. Fibrinogen levels did not show any statistical significance. The mean platelet counts remained normal in both the groups of TBI. The mean GOS was 1.54 and 4.62 in SHI and MHI, respectively. Conclusion Coagulopathy is common in isolated TBI. The basic laboratory parameters are reliable predictors of coagulation abnormalities in TBI. Coagulopathy is directly associated with the severity of TBI, GCS, and poor outcome.

scholarly journals Differential Leukocyte and Platelet Profiles in Distinct Models of Traumatic Brain Injury

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 500
Author(s):  
William Brad Hubbard ◽  
Meenakshi Banerjee ◽  
Hemendra Vekaria ◽  
Kanakanagavalli Shravani Prakhya ◽  
Smita Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Diffuse Brain Injury ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Neutrophil Aggregation ◽  
Blood Leukocyte

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects over 3 million individuals every year in the U.S. There is growing appreciation that TBI can produce systemic modifications, which are in part propagated through blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and blood–brain cell interactions. As such, platelets and leukocytes contribute to mechanisms of thromboinflammation after TBI. While these mechanisms have been investigated in experimental models of contusion brain injury, less is known regarding acute alterations following mild closed head injury. To investigate the role of platelet dynamics and bioenergetics after TBI, we employed two distinct, well-established models of TBI in mice: the controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of contusion brain injury and the closed head injury (CHI) model of mild diffuse brain injury. Hematology parameters, platelet-neutrophil aggregation, and platelet respirometry were assessed acutely after injury. CCI resulted in an early drop in blood leukocyte counts, while CHI increased blood leukocyte counts early after injury. Platelet-neutrophil aggregation was altered acutely after CCI compared to sham. Furthermore, platelet bioenergetic coupling efficiency was transiently reduced at 6 h and increased at 24 h post-CCI. After CHI, oxidative phosphorylation in intact platelets was reduced at 6 h and increased at 24 h compared to sham. Taken together, these data demonstrate that brain trauma initiates alterations in platelet-leukocyte dynamics and platelet metabolism, which may be time- and injury-dependent, providing evidence that platelets carry a peripheral signature of brain injury. The unique trend of platelet bioenergetics after two distinct types of TBI suggests the potential for utilization in prognosis.

scholarly journals Outcome Prediction in Patients of Traumatic Brain Injury Based on Midline Shift on CT Scan of Brain

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shrikant Govindrao Palekar ◽  
Manish Jaiswal ◽  
Mandar Patil ◽  
Vijay Malpathak
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Emergency Setting ◽  
Midline Shift ◽  
Ct Head ◽  
Clinical Tools ◽  
Gcs Score

Abstract Background Clinicians treating patients with head injury often take decisions based on their assessment of prognosis. Assessment of prognosis could help communication with a patient and the family. One of the most widely used clinical tools for such prediction is the Glasgow coma scale (GCS); however, the tool has a limitation with regard to its use in patients who are under sedation, are intubated, or under the influence of alcohol or psychoactive drugs. CT scan findings such as status of basal cistern, midline shift, associated traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and intraventricular hemorrhage are useful indicators in predicting outcome and also considered as valid options for prognostication of the patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially in emergency setting. Materials and Methods 108 patients of head injury were assessed at admission with clinical examination, history, and CT scan of brain. CT findings were classified according to type of lesion and midline shift correlated to GCS score at admission. All the subjects in this study were managed with an identical treatment protocol. Outcome of these patients were assessed on GCS score at discharge. Result Among patients with severe GCS, 51% had midline shift. The degree of midline shift in CT head was a statistically significant determinant of outcome (p = 0.023). Seventeen out of 48 patients (35.4%) with midline shift had poor outcome as compared with 8 out of 60 patients (13.3%) with no midline shift. Conclusion In patients with TBI, the degree of midline shift on CT scan was significantly related to the severity of head injury and resulted in poor clinical outcome.

scholarly journals The role of salivary vesicles as a potential inflammatory biomarker to detect traumatic brain injury in mixed martial artists

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rani Matuk ◽  
Mandy Pereira ◽  
Janette Baird ◽  
Mark Dooner ◽  
Yan Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Impact Mechanism ◽  
Inflammatory Biomarker ◽  
Potential Biomarker

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) is of significant concern in the realm of high impact contact sports, including mixed martial arts (MMA). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) travel between the brain and oral cavity and may be isolated from salivary samples as a noninvasive biomarker of TBI. Salivary EVs may highlight acute neurocognitive or neuropathological changes, which may be particularly useful as a biomarker in high impact sports. Pre and post-fight samples of saliva were isolated from 8 MMA fighters and 7 from controls. Real-time PCR of salivary EVs was done using the TaqMan Human Inflammatory array. Gene expression profiles were compared pre-fight to post-fight as well as pre-fight to controls. Largest signals were noted for fighters sustaining a loss by technical knockout (higher impact mechanism of injury) or a full match culminating in referee decision (longer length of fight), while smaller signals were noted for fighters winning by joint or choke submission (lower impact mechanism as well as less time). A correlation was observed between absolute gene information signals and fight related markers of head injury severity. Gene expression was also significantly different in MMA fighters pre-fight compared to controls. Our findings suggest that salivary EVs as a potential biomarker in the acute period following head injury to identify injury severity and can help elucidate pathophysiological processes involved in TBI.

scholarly journals Study of Traumatic Brain Injury Due To Recent Earthquake in Manipal Teaching Hospital

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-66
Author(s):  
Bal G Karmacharya ◽  
Brijesh Sathian
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mild Head Injury ◽  
Associated Injuries

The objective of this study was to review the demographics, causes injury, severity, treatment and outcome of traumatic brain injuries in victims of the April 2015 earthquake who were admitted in Manipal Teaching Hospital, Pokhara. A total of 37 patients was admitted under Neurosurgery Services. Collapse of buildings was the commonest cause of head injury. The majority of them had mild head injury. Associated injuries to other parts of the body were present in 40.54% patients.Nepal Journal of Neuroscience 12:63-66, 2015

Return of Memory and Sleep Efficiency Following Moderate to Severe Closed Head Injury

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 320-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Makley ◽  
Lisa Johnson-Greene ◽  
Patrick M. Tarwater ◽  
Andrew J. Kreuz ◽  
J. Spiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Accident ◽  
Closed Head Injury ◽  
Recovery Phase ◽  
Sleep Efficiency ◽  
Rehabilitation Unit ◽  
Closed Head ◽  
Unit Increase

Objective. Sleep disturbance is common in the subacute recovery phase following brain injury. A previous study from the authors' group found 68% of patients with closed head injury (CHI) had disrupted sleep on a rehabilitation unit. In the present study, the authors investigated whether improvement in sleep efficiency correlates with duration of posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) after CHI. Methods. Fourteen CHI patients were enrolled and followed prospectively. Mechanism of injury included motor vehicle accident, fall, and blunt assault. An actigraph was placed on each subject's wrist within 72 hours of admission to the rehabilitation unit and recorded data for the duration of their stay. A minimum of 7 days of continuous actigraphy data was obtained on all subjects. PTA was measured daily using the Orientation Log (O-LOG). Results. Seventy-eight percent of subjects had mean week-1 sleep efficiency scores of ≤63%. Patients admitted having already cleared PTA had significantly better week-1 sleep efficiency scores than those with ongoing amnesia ( P = .032). For those patients admitted with ongoing PTA, each 10-unit increase in sleep efficiency score correlated with 1 unit increase in O-LOG score ( P = .056). Conclusions. Disrupted sleep is common in the postacute stage following CHI. Improved sleep efficiency correlates with resolution of PTA. Decreased sleep efficiency may negatively affect memory return after traumatic brain injury. Actigraphy is uniquely suited to study the sleep patterns of these patients.

scholarly journals Spinal cord and brain injury protection: testing concept for a protective device

Spinal Cord ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (8) ◽  
pp. 634-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
J R Engsberg ◽  
J W Standeven ◽  
T L Shurtleff ◽  
J M Tricamo ◽  
W M Landau
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Protective Device ◽  
Injury Protection

scholarly journals Spillway-Induced Salmon Head Injury Triggers the Generation of Brain αII-Spectrin Breakdown Product Biomarkers Similar to Mammalian Traumatic Brain Injury

PLoS ONE ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. e4491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Miracle ◽  
Nancy D. Denslow ◽  
Kevin J. Kroll ◽  
Ming Cheng Liu ◽  
Kevin K. W. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Breakdown Product

#3104 Is dipsogenic diabetes insipidus the same condition as psychogenic polydipsia?

2021 ◽  
Vol 92 (8) ◽  
pp. A11.2-A11
Author(s):  
Ewelina de Leon ◽  
Graeme Yorston
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Head Injury ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Diabetes Insipidus ◽  
Endocrine Disruption ◽  
Psychiatric Disease ◽  
List Type ◽  
Psychogenic Polydipsia

Objectives/AimsTraumatic brain injury is a common cause of permanent or long-term disability,1 and up to 80% of people with moderate to severe brain injury have some degree of pituitary insufficiency. Endocrine disruption has been documented in medical literature since the 1940s,2-4 where central diabetes insipidus has been described as a common transient complication which causes polydipsia (insatiable thirst). However, polydipsia can be caused by other conditions. It is classified into dipsogenic, in a syndrome of disordered thirst-regulating mechanism in patients without psychiatric disease called dipsogenic diabetes insipidus, psychogenic, as a compulsive water drinking in patients with psychiatric conditions referred to as psychogenic polydipsia or psychogenic diabetes insipidus and iatrogenic where large quantities of water are consumed for health benefits. All of which are referred to as primary polydipsia if these conditions cannot be distinguished. Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus and psychogenic polydipsia can be easily mixed up, misdiagnosed or even unrecognised, mainly because their pathophysiology is still unclear. Are these conditions different, or is there anything that can relate them to each other? With this literature review, we are aiming to find the link between subsets of polydipsia after brain trauma, to compare proposed differential diagnosis and their functionality in clinical settings.MethodA literature review was conducted following a search of MEDLINE, CINAHL Plus, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycBooks, APA PsycInfo databases from 1858 onwards.ResultsWe will present our findings from the literature review.ConclusionPolydipsia is a common clinical problem and requires careful evaluation and management to prevent long term neurological sequelae, and there are no evidence-based treatment guidelines.References National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2019). Head Injury. CG176. Retrieved from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg176 Escamilla RF, Lisser H. Simmonds disease: A clinical study with revie of the literature; Differentiation from anorexia nervosa by statistical analysis of 595 cases, 101 of which were provided pathologically. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1942;2(2):6596. Porter RJ, Miller RA. Diabetes insipidus following closed head injury. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry 1946;11:528562. Webb NE, Little B, Loupee-Wilson S, Power EM. Traumatic brain injury and neuro-endocrine disruption: medical and psychosocial rehabilitation. NeuroRehabilitation (Reading, Mass.) 2014;34(4):625636.

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