scholarly journals Routing Protocols for the Aircraft AD HOC Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 11177-11183
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Propagation Models ◽  
Dynamic Topology ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Very High

The communication between the aircraft-to-aircraft and aircraft-to-ground can be established with the support of Aircraft Ad hoc Networks (AANET). Routing in the aircraft ad hoc networks is a challenging task due to its unique attributes such as very high mobility of the aircraft nodes and dynamic topology. Few research works had developed routing environment and protocols for the dynamic topology based AANET. This paper analyses the developments of the routing protocols for the aircraft ad hoc networks. This paper extensively discusses the routing protocols and comparative analyses of the performance metrics namely throughput, packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, routing overhead, and number of handoffs. Further, this work deliberates the aircraft ad hoc networks simulation environment, aircraft’s velocity, different radio propagation models of aircraft simulation model. Various challenges and issues of routing protocols are extensively analyzed and compared with existing methodologies in this paper.

scholarly journals Effect of Different Propagation Models in Routing Protocols

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3975-3980
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Radio Waves ◽  
Propagation Models ◽  
Dynamic Topology ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) are wireless networks where communication of nodes takes placevia radio waves. Due to dynamic topology and mobility of nodes frequent path failure takes place which in return affects the Quality of Service (QoS) in MANET. This paper mainly focuses on the experimental analysis on different propagation models namely Two-ray ground reflection, Free Space and Shadowing models on AODV and DSDV. We have done rigorous experiments to verify the effects of various propagation models and try to find its environment suitability. The QoS parameters we have used for the observation of the performance are throughput, delay and Packet-Delivery-Ratio (PDR). Simulation is done using NS-2.Free Space model gives better performance in both the protocols in contrast to other models. This paper will be helpful for researchers, students who are newly involved in research for better understanding and utilization of propagation models in corresponding environment.

ANALYSIS OF THE PERFORMANCE OF REACTIVE ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN VANET BASED ON NS3

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 90-97
Author(s):  
AMANI AHMAD SABBAGH ◽  
◽  
SHCHERBAKOV MAXIM V. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Network Topology ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
The Impact

Since importance of improving of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) always follow modern trends by using new wireless communication technologies, the trend of latest research topics is focusing on Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET). VANET networks play a vital role in ITS due to their increasing importance for the building of ITS. VANET is a subclass of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). VANET depends on wireless technologies to establish communication between moving vehicles (nodes). An appropriate and efficient routing protocol helps to successful exchange data between mobility nodes in vehicular ad-hoc networks. VANET has a lot of similar features to MANETs such as finite bandwidth, self-arrangement, self-administration, and unstable network topology. Except it has some important features of its characteristic such as very high node mobility, delay restrictions, and frequent network outages. For this reason, routing in VANET networks is much more complex than routing in MANET networks. The purpose of this study - to evaluate the performance of protocols AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) and their impact on the performance of networks VANET. This paper differs in that it analyses the impact of network size at a large number of nodes, and different vehicle speeds on network performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, throughput, average delay, overhead and packet loss ratio and assessing the level of network performance at realistic mobility scenarios for the movement of vehicles in the street generated by Bonnmotion tool. Also, the simulation is carried out in NS-3 simulator to create VANET network topology and routing protocols.

Performance Analysis of TCP Variants using AODV and DSDV Routing Protocols in MANETs

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajnesh Singh ◽  
Neeta Singh ◽  
Aarti Gautam Dinker
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Packet Delivery Ratio ◽  
Transport Layer ◽  
Destination Node ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Two Measures ◽  
Hoc Networks

TCP is the most reliable transport layer protocol that provides reliable data delivery from source to destination node. TCP works well in wired networks but it is assumed that TCP is less preferred for ad-hoc networks. However, for application in ad-hoc networks, TCP can be modified to improve its performance. Various researchers have proposed improvised variants of TCP by only one or two measures. These one or two measures do not seem to be sufficient for proper analysis of improvised version of TCP. So, in this paper, the performance of different TCP versions is investigated with DSDV and AODV routing Protocols. We analyzed various performance measures such as throughput, delay, packet drop, packet delivery ratio and number of acknowledgements. The simulation results are carried out by varying number of nodes in network simulator tool NS2. It is observed that TCP Newreno achieved higher throughput and packet delivery ratio with both AODV and DSDV routing protocols.Whereas TCP Vegas achieved minimum delay and packet loss with both DSDV and AODV protocol. However TCP sack achieved minimum acknowledgment with both AODV and DSDV routing protocols. In this paper the comparison of all these TCP variants shows that TCP Newreno provides better performance with both AODV and DSDV protocols.

Artificial Intelligence Based Intrusion Detection System to Detect Flooding Attack in VANETs

2018 ◽  
pp. 87-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mannat Jot Singh Aneja ◽  
Tarunpreet Bhatia ◽  
Gaurav Sharma ◽  
Gulshan Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Intrusion Detection ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Intrusion Detection System ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Metrics ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Flooding Attack ◽  
Hoc Networks

This chapter describes how Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) are classes of ad hoc networks that provides communication among various vehicles and roadside units. VANETs being decentralized are susceptible to many security attacks. A flooding attack is one of the major security threats to the VANET environment. This chapter proposes a hybrid Intrusion Detection System which improves accuracy and other performance metrics using Artificial Neural Networks as a classification engine and a genetic algorithm as an optimization engine for feature subset selection. These performance metrics have been calculated in two scenarios, namely misuse and anomaly. Various performance metrics are calculated and compared with other researchers' work. The results obtained indicate a high accuracy and precision and negligible false alarm rate. These performance metrics are used to evaluate the intrusion system and compare with other existing algorithms. The classifier works well for multiple malicious nodes. Apart from machine learning techniques, the effect of the network parameters like throughput and packet delivery ratio is observed.

scholarly journals IMPLEMENTATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS EVALUATION OF A NEW MANET ROUTING PROTOCOL IN NS-2

2013 ◽  
pp. 241-244
Author(s):  
MONALI SAHOO ◽  
ASHISH CHAURASIA
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Manet Routing ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) can be defined as a collection of large number of mobile nodes that form temporary network without aid of any existing network infrastructure or central access point. The Efficient routing protocols can provide significant benefits to mobile ad hoc networks, in terms of both performance and reliability. Many routing protocols for such networks have been proposed so far. The main method for evaluating the performance of MANETs is simulation. The Network Simulator is a discrete event driven simulator. The goal of ns-2 is to support networking ,research, and education. In this paper we create a new Routing Protocol called My Router step by step in Ns-2.Then we evaluate its performance based on several parameters such as Packet Delivery Ratio , End to End Delay etc and compare it with MANET routing protocol OLSR .

scholarly journals Efficient RSU Selection Approaches for Load Balancing in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-63
Author(s):  
Chi-Fu Huang ◽  
Jyun-Hao Jhang
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Load Balancing ◽  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
Hoc Networks

Due to advances in wireless communication technologies, wireless transmissions gradually replace traditional wired data transmissions. In recent years, vehicles on the move can also enjoy the convenience of wireless communication technologies by assisting each other in message exchange and form an interconnecting network, namely Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). In a VANET, each vehicle is capable of communicating with nearby vehicles and accessing information provided by the network. There are two basic communication models in VANETs, V2V and V2I. Vehicles equipped with wireless transceiver can communicate with other vehicles (V2V) or roadside units (RSUs) (V2I). RSUs acting as gateways are entry points to the Internet for vehicles. Naturally, vehicles tend to choose nearby RSUs as serving gateways. However, due to uneven density distribution and high mobility nature of vehicles, load imbalance of RSUs can happen. In this paper, we study the RSU load-balancing problem and propose two solutions. In the first solution, the whole network is divided into sub-regions based on RSUs’ locations. A RSU provides Internet access for vehicles in its sub-region and the boundaries between sub-regions change dynamically to adopt to load migration. In the second solution, vehicles choose their serving RSUs distributedly by taking their future trajectories and RSUs’ loading information into considerations. From simulation results, the proposed methods can improve packet delivery ratio, packet delay, and load balance among RSUs.

scholarly journals Applicability of Overlay Non-Delay Tolerant Position-Based Protocols in Highways and Urban Environments for VANET

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Ali Al Shugran
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Wireless Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
On The Road ◽  
Hoc Networks ◽  
Delay Tolerant

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) is new sort in wireless ad-hoc networks. Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication is one of the main communication paradigms that provide a level of safety and convenience to drivers and passengers on the road. In such environment, routing data packet is challenging due to frequently changed of network topology because of highly dynamic nature of vehicles. Thus, routing in VANETs in require for efficient protocols that guarantee message transmission among vehicles. Numerous routing protocols and algorithms have been proposed or enhanced to solve the aforementioned problems. Many position based routing protocols have been developed for routing messages that have been identified to be appropriate for VANETs. This work explores the performances of selected unicast non-delay tolerant overlay position-based routing protocols. The evaluation has been conducted in highway and urban environment in two different scenarios. The evaluation metrics that are used are Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Void Problem Occurrence (VPO), and Average Hop Count (AHC).

scholarly journals A Novel Greedy Forwarding Mechanism Based on Density, Speed and Direction Parameters for Vanets

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (08) ◽  
pp. 196
Author(s):  
Amina Bengag ◽  
Asmae Bengag ◽  
Mohamed Elboukhari
Keyword(s):  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Control Overhead ◽  
Greedy Forwarding ◽  
Dynamic Topology ◽  
High Dynamic ◽  
Hoc Networks

In the recent years, the study and developments of networks that do not depend on any pre-existing infrastructure have been very popular. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) belong to the class of these networks, in which each vehicle participates in routing by transmitting data for other nodes (vehicles). Due to the characteristics of VANET (e.g. high dynamic topology, different communication environment, frequently link breakage…), the routing process still one of the most challenging aspects. Hence, many routing protocols have been suggested to overcome these challenges. Moreover, routing protocols based on the position of vehicles are the most popular and preferred class, thanks to its many advantages like the less control overhead and the scalability. However, this class suffer from some problems such as frequent link breakages caused by the high-mobility of vehicles, which cause a low PDR and throughput. In this investigation, we introduce a novel greedy forwarding strategy used to create a new routing protocol based on the position of vehicles, to reduce the link breakages and get a stable route that improves the PDR and throughput. The proposed Density and Velocity (Speed, Direction) Aware Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing protocol (DVA-GPSR) is based on the suggested greedy forwarding technique that utilizes the density, the speed and the direction for selecting the most convenient relaying node candidate. The results of simulation prove that DVA-GPSR protocol outperforms the classical GPSR in all studied metrics like PDR, throughput, and the ratio of routing overhead by changing the quantity of vehicles in urban and highway scenarios.

scholarly journals Performance Comparison of IACO,AODV Networking Routing Protocols

2011 ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Miss Shweta Mod ◽  
Mr. Jitendra Prithvira
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks ◽  
Routing Protocols ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
End To End Delay ◽  
Distance Vector ◽  
Mobile Ad Hoc ◽  
Hoc Networks

There are several standard protocols for Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) that have been developed for devices with higher computing features. The Efficient routing protocols can provide significant benefits to mobile ad hoc networks, in terms of both performance and reliability. Many routing protocols for such networks have been proposed so far. Amongst the most popular ones are Ad hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV), Improved Ant Colony Optimization (IACO). In this paper we present our observations regarding the performance comparison of the above protocols in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). We perform extensive simulations, using NS-2 simulator. The Average end-to-end delay and the Packet Delivery Ratio have been considered as the two performance parameters

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