scholarly journals Piccole zone di simmetria

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mimma (Vincenza) Bresciani Califano
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
External World ◽  
Scientific Models ◽  
Scientific Result ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Cultural Maturity ◽  
Over Time

If it intends to enhance awareness and to stimulate intellectual and cultural maturity, literature cannot ignore – and when it survives over time does not ignore – the great conquests of philosophical thought and the fundamental stages marked by the progress of scientific knowledge. A scientific result and a poetic result both represent an internally-ordered fragment of reality which moves and stirs us by the intrinsic beauty of the image that it evokes and its significance at the level of meaning. Both scientific and literary languages, each in its own way, tend to the decodification and representation of the external world. Imagination, intuition and rationality come together in creativity, in the construction of scientific models and of literary styles.

The influence of scientific knowledge on mollusk and arthropod illustration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Consuelo Sendino
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Original Form ◽  
General Shape ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
History Of ◽  
Over Time ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACT Our attraction to fossils is almost as old as humans themselves, and the way fossils are represented has changed and evolved with technology and with our knowledge of these organisms. Invertebrates were the first fossils to be represented in books and illustrated according to their original form. The first worldwide illustrations of paleoinvertebrates by recognized authors, such as Christophorus Encelius and Conrad Gessner, considered only their general shape. Over time, paleoillustrations became more accurate and showed the position of organisms when they were alive and as they had appeared when found. Encyclopedic works such as those of the Sowerbys or Joachim Barrande have left an important legacy on fossil invertebrates, summarizing the knowledge of their time. Currently, new discoveries, techniques, and comparison with extant specimens are changing the way in which the same organisms are shown in life position, with previously overlooked taxonomically important elements being displayed using modern techniques. This chapter will cover the history of illustrations, unpublished nineteenth-century author illustrations, examples showing fossil reconstructions, new techniques and their influence on taxonomical work with regard to illustration, and the evolution of paleoinvertebrate illustration.

scholarly journals Scientific Knowledge of the Moon, 1609 to 1969

Geosciences ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Charles Wood
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Critical Questions ◽  
Lunar Evolution ◽  
Lunar Craters ◽  
Over Time

Discoveries stemming from the Apollo 11 mission solved many problems that had vexed scientists for hundreds of years. Research and discoveries over the preceding 360 years identified many critical questions and led to a variety of answers: How did the Moon form, how old is its surface, what is the origin of lunar craters, does the Moon have an atmosphere, how did the Moon change over time, is the Moon geologically active today, and did life play any role in lunar evolution? In general, scientists could not convincingly answer most of these questions because they had too little data and too little understanding of astronomy and geology, and were forced to rely on reasoning and speculation, in some cases wasting hundreds of years of effort. Surprisingly, by 1969, most of the questions had been correctly answered, but a paucity of data made it uncertain which answers were correct.

Shaping a Transnational Systems Community (2)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eglė Rindzevičiūtė
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Internal Representation ◽  
External World ◽  
External Representation ◽  
Control Center ◽  
Metaphoric Language ◽  
Neutral Space ◽  
Informal Practices ◽  
Policy Communities ◽  
East West

This chapter examines the use of informal practices and new metaphoric language, created to counteract precisely the “war room” mentality, thus helping to form East-West scientific and policy communities—a phenomenon that questions the thesis of the closed, Cold War period. A symbol of the diplomacy underscoring links rather than confrontation between East and West, IIASA could not be simply reduced to a control center, closed and isolated from the external world. The external representation of IIASA drew heavily on the existing universalist vocabulary widely used to describe the new population of international organizations. This vocabulary emphasized IIASA's role in establishing links across national borders and as a politically neutral space for the advancement of universal, scientific knowledge. Meanwhile, the internal representation of IIASA was more peculiar and was carried mainly by oral discourse, the narratives circulated inside the institute.

Construcción de modelos teóricos escolares en la contextualización del conocimiento químico en la enseñanza remota

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 25-35
Author(s):  
Diana Carolina Martínez Rodríguez ◽  
Fredy Ramón Garay Garay
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Science Classroom ◽  
Social Bonds ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Scientific Models ◽  
Real Situation ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Social ◽  
Education Science

In the current situation, education, science and technology have been the support that society has had to face the difficulties of all kinds unleashed as a result of the crisis. For this reason, the curricula have been rethought seeking to be “flexible” to accommodate the real situation of the students, an example of this is the implementation of natural science classroom projects supported from the contextualization of knowledge, since remote teaching It has broken the social bonds that are built in the classroom and that are essential when generating meaningful learning. An effective way of achieving this contextualization is to recognize the elements that the student has at home and that, due to their familiarity, allow them to permeate the process of building theoretical school models. Thus, in this document an educational experience is outlined, which from the context of scientific knowledge, allowed the construction of school scientific models.

The New Great Debate: Traditionalism vs. Science in International Relations

1966 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morton A. Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Scientific Method ◽  
Physical Science ◽  
International Politics ◽  
Scientific Models ◽  
The Past ◽  
Great Debate ◽  
Scientific Approach ◽  
Human Purpose

Over the past decade traditionalists have launched a series of attacks on scientific approaches to international politics. Most of the arguments employed against the scientific approach stem from those used earlier by E. H. Carr in The Twenty Years’ Crisis. The general arguments that have been employed include these among others: that politics involves purpose in a way that physical science does not; that scientific knowledge is applicable to facts, but understanding, wisdom, or intuition are required for areas where human purpose is involved; that those pursuing scientific models tend to mistake their models for reality; that scientific method requires high precision and measurement and therefore is incapable of coping with the most important elements of international politics; and that the practitioners of scientific method can never be sure that they have not left something out of their model.

scholarly journals Creencias de los estudiantes de educación secundaria sobre la naturaleza de la ciencia y los modelos científicos: un estudio transversal

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (3 Noviembr) ◽  
pp. 465-484
Author(s):  
Olga Pardo Marín ◽  
Joan Josep Solaz-Portolés ◽  
Vicente Sanjosé López
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Knowledge Construction ◽  
Secondary School Students ◽  
Scientific Models ◽  
School Students ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Better Than

En este trabajo se lleva a cabo un estudio exploratorio de las creencias de los estudiantes de secundaria de distintos niveles académicos sobre la construcción y naturaleza de la ciencia y de los modelos científicos. Se cumplimentó un cuestionario cuyos ítems están vinculados tanto a la naturaleza, elaboración y validación del conocimiento científico, como a la naturaleza, función, formulación y validación de los modelos científicos. Participaron 216 estudiantes de ESO y Bachillerato (entre 12 y 18 años). De las puntuaciones medias obtenidas por los estudiantes y del ANOVA efectuado puede concluirse que: a) los conocimientos sobre la construcción y naturaleza de la ciencia y de los modelos científicos no son los más adecuados epistemológicamente y no se alteran con la formación académica; b) las ideas sobre modelos científicos son significativamente mejores que en el caso de la construcción del conocimiento científico, independientemente del curso que se trate; y c) sobrevaloran la observación y la experimentación en los procesos de construcción del conocimiento científico. This exploratory study examines the beliefs of secondary school students at different academic levels regarding the construction and nature of scientific knowledge and scientific models. To this end, a questionnaire was administered to 151 secondary school students in grades 8-12 (ages 12-18). Items included in the questionnaire relate both to nature, elaboration and validation of scientific knowledge and to nature, role, formulation and validation of scientific models. Based on the scores obtained by students and the analyses of variance undertaken, it can be concluded that: a) students' knowledge about the nature of science and scientific models is not epistemologically appropriate and does not improve the higher academic level is; b) students' ideas about scientific models are significantly better than ideas about the construction of scientific knowledge, regardless of academic level; and c) students tend to overvalue the role of observation and experimentation in the processes of scientific knowledge construction.

scholarly journals Mapping the physics research space: a machine learning approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Chinazzi ◽  
Bruno Gonçalves ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Alessandro Vespignani
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Research Capacity ◽  
Scientific Production ◽  
Learning Approach ◽  
Research Topics ◽  
Machine Learning Approach ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Scientific discoveries do not occur in vacuum but rather by connecting existing pieces of knowledge in new and creative ways. Mapping the relation and structure of scientific knowledge is therefore central to our understanding of the dynamics of scientific production. Here we introduce a new approach to generate scientific knowledge maps based on a machine learning approach that, starting from the observed publication patterns of authors, generates an N-dimensional space where it is possible to measure the similarity or distance between different research topics and knowledge domains. We provide an implementation of the proposed approach that considers the American Physical Society publications database and generates a map of the research space in Physics that characterizes the relation among research topics over time. We use this map to measure two indicators, the research capacity fingerprint and the knowledge density, to profile the research activity in physical sciences of more than 400 urban areas across the world. We show that these indicators can be used to analyze and predict the evolution over time of the research capacity and specialization of specific geographical areas. Furthermore we provide an extensive analysis of the relation between socio-economic development indicators and the ability to produce new knowledge for 67 countries, as measured by our approach, highlighting some key correlates of scientific production capacity. The proposed approach is scalable to very large datasets and can be extended to study other disciplines and research areas without having to rely on ad-hoc science classification schemes.

External World Skepticism and Inference to the Best Explanation

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Rinard
Keyword(s):  
External World ◽  
Central Problem ◽  
The Past ◽  
Principle Of Indifference ◽  
External World Skepticism ◽  
Physical Objects ◽  
Past Experiences ◽  
Over Time

The chapter presents three problems for IBE responses to skepticism. First, that the external world skeptic should also be a skeptic about the past. IBE responses that appeal to features of our experiences over time—such as their continuity or regularity—will be dialectically ineffective against such a skeptic, since they suspend judgment on propositions about their past experiences. Second, the chapter raises doubts about the claim that postulating external, mind-independent physical objects is the best way to explain our experiences. It is suggested that an idealist alternative may constitute an even better explanation. Finally, the chapter outlines what is, in the author’s view, the central problem for IBE responses to skepticism by formulating a principle in the spirit of the principle of indifference, and using it to make a case for the claim that explanatory goodness is not a guide to the truth.

scholarly journals The idea of human dignity in western philisophy and culture

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 01011
Author(s):  
Timophei Balabanov
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Philosophical Thought ◽  
Single Level ◽  
Over Time

This article is an analysis of the change in attitude to the concept of human dignity in historical retrospective. The author traces the content of the term "dignity" in different periods of Western philosophical thought. It is shown how in the course of historical development the power dignity understanding was replaced by an essential one, became universal, although it had different connotations in the culture of different eras, and over time it acquired the significance of social status. Considering the transformation of attitudes towards people, the author comes to the conclusion that only religious culture is able to maintain an understanding of dignity for all participants in society at a single level.

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