scholarly journals How do crystals grow? Steno’s approach

Substantia ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
Silvio Menchetti
Keyword(s):  
Earth Sciences ◽  
Solid State ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
New Mineral ◽  
Quartz Crystals ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
External Fluid ◽  
Almost All

Steno (1638-1686) operated in a historical context rich of discoveries and observations done by previous scientists such as Vannoccio Biringucci, Georg Bauer (Agricola), Johannes von Kepler, Robert Hooke, Christiaan Huyghens, Erasmus Bartholin, and others. Steno also had to fight against some irreducible dogmatic and “mythological” beliefs, such as the vis formativa and succus lapidescens, supported by e.g. Michele Mercati and Anselmo Boetius de Boot, respectively. In De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus Steno deals with almost all aspects of Earth Sciences and not just "solid inclusions" as it might seem from the full title of the Prodromus. This contribution deals only with aspects related to crystallography and minerals in general. The most famous is highlighted by the sentence “non mutatis angulis” which is a clear reference to the fact that interfacial angles of quartz crystals do not change regardless of the size and the number of the faces. This observation was then generalized as a law for all minerals by Jean-Baptiste Romé de l’Isle a century later. Less well known but of great importance is Steno’s assertion that the crystals grow thanks to the addition of particles that come from an external fluid and are not “fed” from the inside like in vegetables; moreover, the speed of growth is not the same for all faces. For example, the faces of the “pyramid” in quartz can grow more or less rapidly than those of the prism (giving rise to either squat or elongated crystals). It can therefore be argued that Steno has greatly contributed to the concept of anisotropy in the solid state, typical of all crystals. Stenonite, Sr2Al(CO3)F5, is a new mineral dedicated to his memory about sixty years ago.

scholarly journals Some 'Philosophicall Scribbles' attributed to Robert Hooke

1980 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-32 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Trinity College ◽  
Robert Hooke ◽  
Separate Sheet ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Almost All

Among the Hooke manuscripts held in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, is an undated document of four pages, entitled (on a separate sheet): XVI Philosophicall Scribbles’. We shall offer here an edition of this hitherto unpublished document; its contents will be discussed and compared with Hooke’s published theories of the soul, mind action and memory in his ‘Lectures of light’ (I); and some consideration will be given to the general adequacy of Hooke’s epistemology, as revealed in the ‘Scribbles’ and the ‘Lectures of light’, and its place in history. A transcription of the ‘Philosophicall scribbles’ reads as follows: It has pleased y e al wise contriuer of y e Universe to send man into the world almost/ready tempered,/like a peice of soft wax to receiue those impressions and stamps, which he has though[t] it most conuenient to receiue, though altogether unfit for/some/other perhaps, which his infinite wisdom saw good to w th hold. Those stamps are only of five kinds. And are generally comprisd under one name, to wit The Objects of Sense, /and this ? is calld the common sense,/But this is only that passiue facully [ sic ] w ch this lump or mass of bodys come furnished w th all, w ch is much y e same w th what y e bodys of almost all animalls are as well if not in a better manner endowed.

scholarly journals Selected etching and annealing properties of Brazilian quartz crystals for solid state track recorder applications

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
JamesH. Roberts ◽  
Raymod Gold ◽  
FrankH. Ruddy
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Quartz Crystals

scholarly journals The Book of Psalms in the Church Slavonic Language from Norov´s Book Collection

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-53
Author(s):  
Jelena Celunova
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
State Library ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Church ◽  
Grand Duchy

This article is devoted to the research of the Book of Psalms manuscript from A. S. Norovʼs book collection stored in the Department of manuscripts of the Russian State Library. The manuscript is written in the beginning of the 18th century in Church Slavonic language Polish letters. This manuscript has never been studied before, it is nonetheless of interest primarily as a Latin-graphic text, which is a transliteration of the originals in Church Slavonic. Very few such texts have survived, and almost all of them were created in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The article provides a complete description of the manuscript and analyses of its language peculiarities. The analysis has made it possible to identify Church Slavonic protographs of the manuscript, and also to establish that the manuscript was written by women (most likely nuns) for private use. Since the authors of the transliteration themselves had very good command of Church Slavonic, it can be assumed that the text was written to order. Against the background of the cultural and historical context of the turn of the 17th and 18th centuries it can be assumed that the manuscript was written by the nuns of one of the southwestern Russian Uniate monasteries who had moved to one of the monasteries in Russia at that time.

scholarly journals La métaphore dans le poème Océan de Victor Hugo

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 00009
Author(s):  
Bagas Anugrah Perdana ◽  
Myrna Laksman-Huntley
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Victor Hugo ◽  
Second Empire ◽  
Font Size ◽  
French Society ◽  
Poetic Structure ◽  
The Third ◽  
Romantic Poet ◽  
Napoleon Iii ◽  
Almost All

<p class="Abstract">Victor Hugo is one of the romantic poets who has experience in&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 1rem;">politics. He criticized the Second Empire and Napoleon III almost all&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">his life and his criticism became the cause of his exile. The third series&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">of La Légende des Sièclesis the last book of poetry published before the&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">death of Victor Hugo. Océan is an example of a poem in the third series&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">that presents a contradiction between small and large spaces,&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">restrictions and extensions. This article will link the meaning and&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">function of the metaphor and structure of the poem used by Victor&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">Hugo in the poem Océan with his personal life and historical context.&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">This study uses qualitative methods with techniques for the study of&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">literature. Through the analysis of the metaphorical function of Camp&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">(2003) and the poetic structure of Schmitt and Viala (1982), Océan&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">reflects Hugo as an innovative romantic poet who differs from the&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">rules of classicism and he has placed the ocean and humans in the&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">poem as representatives of Napoleon III specifically and the monarchy&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">in general and French society in those days. The metaphors are used&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 1rem;">to describe the nature of the French government at that time.</span></p>

Structure Property Analysis of the Solution and Solid-State Properties of Bistable Photochromic Hydrazones

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baihao Shao ◽  
Hai Qian ◽  
Quan Li ◽  
ivan aprahamian
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Phenyl Group ◽  
Quantum Yields ◽  
Structure Property ◽  
Pull System ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Fluorescence Quantum Yields ◽  
Property Analysis ◽  
Fluorescence Characteristics ◽  
Almost All

The development of new photochromic compounds, and the optimization of their photophysical and switching properties are prerequisites for accessing new functions and opportunities that are not possible with currently available systems. To this end we recently developed a new bistable hydrazone switch that undergoes efficient photoswitching and emission ON/OFF toggling in both solution and solid-state. Here, we present a systematic structure-property analysis using a family of hydrazones, and show how their properties, including activation wavelengths, photostationary states (PSSs), photoisomerization quantum yields, thermal half-lives (<i>t</i><sub>1/2</sub>), and solution/solid-state fluorescence characteristics vary as a function of electron donating (EDG) and/or withdrawing (EWG) substituents. These studies resulted in the red-shifting of the absorption profiles of the <i>Z</i> and <i>E</i> isomers of the switches, while maintaining excellent PSSs in almost all of the compounds. The introduction of <i>para</i>-NMe<sub>2</sub>, and/or <i>para</i>-NO<sub>2</sub> groups improved the photoisomerization quantum yields, and the extremely long thermal half-lives (tens to thousands of years) were maintained in most cases, even in a push-pull system, which can be activated solely with visible light. Hydrazones bearing EDGs at the stator phenyl group are an exception and show up to 6 orders of magnitude acceleration in<i>t</i><sub>1/2 </sub>(<i>i.e.</i>, days)<sub> </sub>because of a change in the isomerization mechanism. Moreover, we discovered that a <i>para</i>-NMe<sub>2</sub> group is required to have reasonable fluorescence quantum yields in solution, and that rigidification enhances the emission in the solid-state. Finally, X-ray crystallography analysis showed that the switching process is more efficient in the solid-state when the hydrazone is loosely packed.<br>

scholarly journals Effect of supplemental UV-A irradiation in solid-state lighting on the growth and phytochemical content of microgreens

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Brazaitytė ◽  
A. Viršilė ◽  
J. Jankauskienė ◽  
S. Sakalauskienė ◽  
G. Samuolienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Radical Scavenging Activity ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Solid State Lighting ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Photon Flux Density ◽  
Phytochemical Content ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Almost All

Abstract In this study, we sought to find and employ positive effects of UV-A irradiation on cultivation and quality of microgreens. Therefore, the goal of our study was to investigate the influence of 366, 390, and 402 nm UV-A LED wavelengths, supplemental for the basal solid-state lighting system at two UV-A irradiation levels on the growth and phytochemical contents of different microgreen plants. Depending on the species, supplemental UV-A irradiation can improve antioxidant properties of microgreens. In many cases, a significant increase in the investigated phytochemicals was found under 366 and 390 nm UV-A wavelengths at the photon flux density (12.4 μmol m-2 s-1). The most pronounced effect of supplemental UV-A irradiation was detected in pak choi microgreens. Almost all supplemental UV-A irradiation treatments resulted in increased leaf area and fresh weight, in higher 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging activity, total phenols, anthocyanins, ascorbic acid, and α-tocopherol.

scholarly journals Interconection and Local Wisdom of Malay and Arabs Ulamas Works: Study on Malay and Arabic Manuscripts’ Papers

Al-Qalam ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Fakhriati Fakhriati
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Diplomatic Relation ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Western Countries ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Relationship

<p align="justify">Malay and Arabs are two continents, located in different area, Southeast Asia and Middle East. Historically, writers as <em>ulama</em>s<em> </em>(religious prominent figures) tended to use watermarked papers for writing many things both related to religious, historical knowledge, and also their experience. Looking at the manuscripts existing nowadays, almost all Malay and Arabic manuscripts’ papers have unique and similar watermark images and countermark inside. It cannot be denied that historical background and context appeared behind the papers. Historically, the relationship among the countries since the coming of Islam to Malay -- that was in Aceh at the first -- gave the effect of produced and using the papers. Trade and diplomatic relation can be assumed as the biggest factor taken places in this aspect. Besides, Western countries also took important role in exporting their paper to other countries. In addition, they had colonized some Muslims countries both Southeast Asian and Middle East. As the most popular producers of watermark images, Western countries also exported their papers to other countries, including their colonized countries. This paper tries to elaborate ulamas’ paper in these two nations in its similarity and diversity to find local wisdom inside. Thereafter, to analyze the relationship among the countries is another focus of this paper. This paper tries to use Philological, codicological, and socio-historical approach in dealing with the content and physics of the manuscripts, and its historical context.</p>

scholarly journals Lexical Units with Functionalverbs for German Language Development in a Historical Context

enadakultura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salome Shavgulidze
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Analytic Structure ◽  
German Language ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Analytical Structure ◽  
The Face ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Internal Potential

The existance of functionalverbs is confirmed by scientists at different stages of German language development. An event whose origins are recorded in the early stages of language development is not uniwue to the German language. The fact, that the number of words in the German languagr has been increasing over the centuries confirms the tendency of its development from a synchronic to an analytic structure. In the process of diachronic language development, there are certain periods when the tendency of nominalization and use of words is more pronounced than in other sections. The development of functionalverbs into a systemic phenomenon is thought to have taken place in the XVIIIth century. They are recorded in the scientific literature and the language of governance, as well in the fiction.There was a development of the German language’s internal potential and analytical structure in the face of changed living conditions.Many factors contribute to the widespread use of functional expressions in Modern German. They are found is almost all functional styles: mostly in pfficial, scientific and press languages, as well as in fiction.

scholarly journals Social Changes and Language Use in the Families of Banat Swabians Between the Two World Wars

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Krel ◽  
Marija Mandić
Keyword(s):  
Language Use ◽  
Language Ideologies ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Entire Area ◽  
Transnational Mobility ◽  
Vernacular Language ◽  
German Press ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Almost All

The paper investigates language ideology and language use in the families of Banat Swabians between the two world wars. It is argued that the linguistic practices of the Banat Swabians cannot be understood without insight into the historical context and the most important ideological nuclei of the Danube Swabians, as the ethnic group to which they belong. The analysis is therefore based on previous research on the Danube Swabians, primarily carried out by historians, anthropologists and linguists, and on contemporary field research carried out within the German Banat community. The paper shows that the Banat Swabians in the interwar period are characterized by the heterogeneity of language ideologies and practices, which depends on their family and social status, as well as on the changing socio-political circumstances in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and Europe at that time. The language ideologies of the Banat Swabians, as shown in the paper, oscillated between national (standardizing) and local (vernacular). Language use was characterized by standard language culture and diglossia of Swabian (vernacular variety of German) and Hochdeutsch (literary, standardized variety). The social values attributed to local Swabian varieties in the school, in the local German press and within Swabian families also fluctuated between stigmatisation and admiration. As the Swabians inhabited areas where German was not the majority language, they praised and practiced multilingualism, especially in the public sphere. The language repertoire of all social strata included almost all the main languages of the Banat social environment – German, Hungarian, Serbian, Romanian, etc. Furthermore, we argue that the Banat Swabians perceived the entire area of the former Monarchy, and partly Germany, as interconnected cultural and social spaces. Transnational mobility was thus an integral part of their everyday and family life.

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