Activities of The Caucasian Islamic Army to save Baku

In 1917, after the October and February revolutions in Russia, peoples were given "Self-determination." After this law, all peoples who were captured by tsarist rule began to fight for independence. Azerbaijan has also joined this struggle. Azerbaijan, which gained independence on May 28, 1918, needed power to maintain independence. This power was allowed by the Batumi Treaty, which was associated with the Ottoman state. Because of that, the Ottoman state undertook to send military assistance to Azerbaijan. With this section As a result, the Caucasian Islamic Army would come to Azerbaijan, clear region of foreign troops, help Azerbaijan maintain independence, and help establish an army. Since the need for oil increased in World War I, the state that occupied Baku would have great superiority. For this reason, Great Britain had an army in Azerbaijan. The Baku victory of the Caucasian Islamic Army is one of three victories won during the First World War. It further strengthened the brotherhood between the two states. For this reason, the Islamic Army of the Caucasus is one of the glorious pages of the history of Azerbaijan and Turkey. The article will assess the activities of the Caucasian Islamic Army to liberate Baku. Key words: Caucasian Islamic Army, Dniesterforce, Russian Revolution, Azerbaijan Democratıc Republic, Ottoman State [1] Makale Eciyez Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsüde yürütülen “İngilizlerin Kafkasya Politikası ve Kafkas İslam Ordusuna Münasebeti (1918-1920)” tezinden yararlanarak hazırlanmıştır

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Life conditions of Turkish prisoners on nargin island during the first world war

SCIENTIFIC WORK ◽

10.36719/2663-4619/69/7-14 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 69 (08) ◽

pp. 7-14

Author(s):

Джамиля Яшар гызы Рустамова ◽

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Caspian Sea ◽

First World War ◽

Prisoners Of War ◽

World War ◽

The Caspian Sea ◽

The Caucasus ◽

The First World War ◽

The Right ◽

First World

The article is dedicated to the matter of Turkish prisoners on the Nargin Island in the Caspian Sea during the First World War. According to approximate computations, there were about 50-60 thousand people of Turkish captives in Russia. Some of them were sent to Baku because of the close location to the Caucasus Front and from there they were sent to the Nargin Island in the Caspian Sea. As time showed it was not the right choise. The Island had no decent conditions for living and turned the life of prisoners into the hell camp. Hastily built barracks contravene meet elementary standards, were poorly heated and by the end of the war they were not heated at all, water supply was unsatisfactory, sometimes water was not brought to the prisoner's several days. Bread was given in 100 grams per person per day, and then this rate redused by half. Knowing the plight of the prisoners, many citizens of Baku as well as the Baku Muslim Charitable Society and other charitable societies provided moral and material support to prisoners, they often went to the camp, brought food, clothes, medicines Key words: World War I, prisoners of war, Nargin Island, refugees, incarceration conditions, starvation, charity

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Spanish Flu and the End of World War I in Southern Iranfrom 1917–1920

Archives of Iranian Medicine ◽

10.34172/aim.2021.11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 78-83

Author(s):

Seyyed Alireza Golshani ◽

Mohammad Ebrahim Zohalinezhad ◽

Mohammad Hossein Taghrir ◽

Sedigheh Ghasempoor ◽

Alireza Salehi

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Southern Iran ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Spanish Flu ◽

First World

The Spanish Flu was one of the disasters in the history of Iran, especially Southern Iran, which led to the death of a significant number of people in Iran. It started on October 29, 1917, and lasted till 1920 – a disaster that we can claim changed the history. In one of the First World War battlefields in southern Iran in 1918, there was nothing left until the end of World War I and when the battle between Iranian warriors (especially people of Dashtestan and Tangestan in Bushehr, Arabs, and people of Bakhtiari in Khuzestan and people of Kazerun and Qashqai in Fars) and British forces had reached its peak. As each second encouraged the triumph for the Iranians, a flu outbreak among Iranian warriors led to many deaths and, as a result, military withdrawal. The flu outbreak in Kazerun, Firoozabad, Farshband, Abadeh, and even in Shiraz changed the end of the war. In this article, we attempt to discuss the role of the Spanish flu outbreak at the end of one of the forefronts of World War I.

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“Most of Them are Honourable”. Luigi Villari and the Armenians during the 1905-1906 Armenian-Tatar War

Studi Slavistici ◽

10.36253/studi_slavis-10406 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 257-273

Author(s):

Aldo Ferrari

Keyword(s):

Russian Empire ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Negative Stereotypes ◽

The Caucasus ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Popular Language ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

First World

Luigi Villari’s book Fire and Sword in the Caucasus, published in London in 1906, is widely quoted by scholars working on the history of Transcaucasia, in particular in respect to the Armenian-Tatar war. Yet neither this text nor its author have been so far studied in detail. The Italian Luigi Villari (1876-1959) is a figure of considerable interest; he was a diplomat, traveler, and journalist. His father, Pasquale Villari (1827-1917), was an accomplished historian and politician who played an important role in nineteenth-century Italy; Villari’s mother was the British writer Linda White (1836-1915). It is remarkable that the author wrote a book an English at a time when this was not a popular language in Italy. He wrote extensively both in English and Italian about different topics, mainly related to history and international politics. It has been shown that, after the First World War, Villari joined Fascism and contributed actively to the regime’s propaganda in Great Britain. The present paper examines Luigi Villari’s book on the Caucasus, especially the author’s attitude towards the Armenians. I shall demonstrate that in his work, he handles negative stereotypes of the Armenians (“one of the most unpopular races of the East”), which were common in the Russian empire at the beginning of the twentieth century, in a rather interesting way.

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RESPONDING TO DOSTOYEVSKY? JULIO JURENITO BY ILYA EHRENBURG

RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. "Literary Theory. Linguistics. Cultural Studies" Series ◽

10.28995/2686-7249-2021-8-30-42 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 30-42

Author(s):

George S. Prokhorov ◽

Keyword(s):

First World War ◽

Russian Revolution ◽

The Novel ◽

World War ◽

The Brothers Karamazov ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Moral Damage ◽

Brothers Karamazov ◽

First World

Julio Jurenito – a 1924 Modernist novel by Ilya Ehrenburg, written hot on the heels of the 1917 Revolution and is distinguished by both a wide intertextual spectrum and an acute satirical orientation in relation to all ideological trends and factions. The article focuses on references of the novel by Ilya Ehrenburg to the legacy of Dostoevsky – primarily – The Brothers Karamazov. Ilya Ehrenburg resets Dostoevsky’s features – his protagonists and some elements of plot – into the reality of European history of the First World War, Russian Revolution and Civil War. But also, Ehrenburg goes beyond Dostoevsky’s semantic continuum, replacing the author’s sense of History as a process striving for its endpoint with a History in which an end is fundamentally impossible, and there is always at least the potential to put the flow of event on pause and rewrite their mistakes. As well, the idea important for Dostoevsky that of the moral damage of the modern atheist-minded person is transformed into a demonstration of the people’s inclination to create idols and devoutly worship the latter. Ilya Ehrenburg’s novel is grounded on an interpretation of Dostoevsky, perfected through the prism of the traditions of the Jewish Enlightenment.

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1916–1918

10.1093/oso/9780192895769.003.0010 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 100-108

Author(s):

Daniel-Joseph MacArthur-Seal

Keyword(s):

Ottoman Empire ◽

Eastern Mediterranean ◽

Russian Revolution ◽

World War ◽

The Caucasus ◽

The First World War ◽

Gallipoli Peninsula ◽

The Impact ◽

The City ◽

First World

The sub-chapter outlines the development of the First World War in the eastern Mediterranean from the evacuation of the Gallipoli peninsula to the signing of the Armistice of Moudros that took the Ottoman Empire out of the war. It examines how the growing Allied presence at Salonica instigated an uprising in the city that later took power at the Greek capital with British and French support. It assesses the impact of the Russian revolution on the Caucasus front, which led the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and local groups into a scramble for control of key towns and infrastructure. It then summarises how progress on the Palestine front, in conjunction with support for an uprising in the Hejaz, and a breakthrough in Macedonia forced the Ottoman Empire to sue for peace.

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The centenary of World War I in Serbia: A war of monuments

Slavic Almanac ◽

10.31168/2073-5731.2020.3-4.1.07 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 127-149

Author(s):

Alexey Y. Timofeev

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

First World War ◽

World War ◽

Wide Range ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

Republika Srpska ◽

Memorial Sites ◽

The Military ◽

First World

The anniversary of the First World War in Serbia has become an oc-casion for exacerbating public discussion and drawing attention to the rise of revisionism in NATO countries. Fear of a revision of the history of World War I infl uenced Serbian society and elites on the eve of the centenary. The concerned Serb elites responded with a wide range of events organized in Serbia and Republika Srpska. Within the framework of the commemorative events dedicated to the anniversary, monuments, installed and restored by the Serbian authorities and their foreign part-ners, have received special signifi cance. These were monuments to the Serbian patriot G. Princip, to the famous Iron Regiment, to the woman volunteer-soldier Milunka Savic. They are traditional fi gures of the Ser-bian memory of the First World War. At the same time, Serbian authori-ties did not succeed in their attempt to perpetuate in monumental forms the head of the Serbian military intelligence D. Dimitrievic-Apis, the leader of the Serbian nationalist organization Black Hand, which patron-ized the Mlada Bosna organization that prepared the assassination on Franz Ferdinand. The Russian-Serbian monuments of the First World War in Serbia presenting Nicholas II and the military brotherhood of the two peoples were of special signifi cance. All new monuments have become memorial sites and at the same time attractive points for vari-ous political forces expressing their sympathies and antipathies through symbolic gestures towards them.

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Islam in Global History

American Journal of Islam and Society ◽

10.35632/ajis.v19i2.1951 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 132-134

Author(s):

Niaz Erfan

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Philosophy Of History ◽

Global History ◽

World War ◽

Islamic History ◽

Ibn Khaldun ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

The Last Two Millennia ◽

First World

Islam in Global History, written in two volumes covering the period fromthe death of the Holy Prophet to the First World War, has the distinction ofbeing a book on history and the philosophy of history. This is because, as thereader discovers, it is not merely a chronicle of events of the Muslim worldfrom the advent of Islam to the end of the World War I; it is a book whichprovides insights into the causes of the victories and defeats of dynasties aswell as successes and failures of movements in Islamic history, and laysdown the laws for the rise and fall of civilizations.Certainly, he is not the first in the field of the philosophy of history. Thetwo stalwarts who made original and remarkable contributions in this fieldduring the last two millennia are Ibn Khaldun and Arnold Toynbee. Thebooks in which they propounded their theories of the interpretation of historyare not books on history as such. Historical data were, no doubt, usedand analyzed to substantiate their theses. lbn Khaldun proved his conceptof asabiyah (social group cohesion) in the context of the history of theArabs and the Berbers, which he was to write subsequently. Toynbee usedthe data from world history to prove his idea of "Challenge and Response"to be the detennining factor in the strength and decay of civilizations andsocieties. It is to the author's credit that such a comprehensive and coherentwork on Islamic history has been produced. At each critical stage hediagnosed the causes of the major events that went into making watershedsand turning points in Muslim history worldwide.Dr. Ahmed is an eclectic writer who has partially benefited from theconcepts of the interpretation of history expounded by lbn Khaldun andToynbee. For example, he agrees with lbn Khaldun when he says:The origins of the Ottoman Empire are to be found in a combination ofTurkish 'asabiyah, a term used by lbn Kha Idun to denote tribal cohesion,the force that holds together tribes through bonds of blood, a characteristicfound in abundance among peoples of the desert and the nomads offthe steppes.He concurs with Toynbee when he writes:Great civilizations measure up to their challenges and grow more resili entwith each crisis, turning adversity into opportunjty. Critical moments in ...

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The Struggle for “The Enslaved Rus”: Conversion of Rusin Prisoners of War to Orthodoxy in Omsk (1915–1917)

Rusin ◽

10.17223/18572685/65/6 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 99-114

Author(s):

A.V. Sushko ◽

◽

D.I. Petin ◽

Keyword(s):

Social History ◽

First World War ◽

Prisoners Of War ◽

Russian Revolution ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

Mass Conversion ◽

History Of ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

First World

The article examines an understudied aspect of religious life in Omsk during the First World War, associated with mass conversion to the Orthodoxy of Rusin prisoners of war – former soldiers and officers of the Austro-Hungarian army. The research is based on the materials from the journal Omskie Eparkhialnye Vedomosti and the registration records of the birth books of Omsk Orthodox churches for 1915–1917. The combination of the anthropological approach with the problem-chronological and historicalcomparative methods allowed a thorough investigation of the phenomenon of mass conversion of Rusin prisoners of war to Orthodoxy, linking it with the specific historical situation and the personalities of church hierarchs who served in Siberia. The authors argue that the “Omsk phenomenon” of Rusins’ joining Orthodoxy was conditioned by the ascetic activity of the missionaries from the Omsk and Pavlodar dioceses, lead by Bishop Sylvester (Olshevsky). However, it should be emphasized that the dynamic development of this process was ensured by the official ideology based on Orthodox values, which dominated in the Russian Empire. The ideological factor of the conversion to Orthodoxy was decisive for the Rusins, who were attracted by the Orthodox empire, the “state of the Russian people”. The fall of the monarchy as a result of the Russian Revolution changed the paradigm of the country’s development and immediately put an end to the massive conversions of Rusins to Orthodoxy in Omsk. The article may be of interest to researchers of the history of Rusins, military and social history, as well as national and religious politics.

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During the first World War Germany and Austria –Hungary prisoners of the Aulie Ata county

Challenges of Science ◽

10.31643/2020.012 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 83-90 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T. Apendiyev

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Living Will ◽

Russian Empire ◽

First World War ◽

Prisoners Of War ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

First World

The First World War was the largest event in the history of mankind, which had a significant impact on the fate of many peoples, including states. One of the main factors was the capture of troops and individuals on the front of the war between warring states and the flight of soldiers as a result of the war. During the war, neighboring states, political allies captured each other's armies and citizens. The capture of citizens of each other took place between the Entente and the central powers. The Russian Empire, which was part of the Entente and was considered the main participant in the war, detained people from the central powers. Citizens of the central powers captured during the war were sent to all regions of the Russian Empire, which also extended to the steppe and Turkestan provinces. Based on this, the Turkestan Territory was considered one of the key regions of the Russian Empire, in which Europeans were accepted. In the era of the empire, European prisoners lived in the Aulie ata district of the Turkestan governor general in the SyrDarya region. Representatives of European nationality have lived in the region since the end of the nineteenth century, and this continued during the years of the First World War. During World War I, the Aulie atа district was considered one of the districts where European prisoners and refugees were received. Although the number of prisoners of war from the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary) in the Ayulie atа district is small, traces of political prisoners of war still remain from these states. The article discusses the history of prisoners of war deported to Aulie ata district during the war years. The socio-political status of the citizens of Germany and Austria-Hungary who arrived in Aulie atа County, their life is studied. The nationality and surname of the captives will be determined, and their standard of living will be determined.

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DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR GERMANY AND AUSTRIA – HUNGARY PRISONERS OF THE AULIEATA COUNTY

10.32014/2020.2518-1467.27 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (383) ◽

pp. 218-225 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Apendiyev T.А. ◽

Abdukadyrov N.М.

Keyword(s):

World War I ◽

Living Will ◽

Russian Empire ◽

First World War ◽

Prisoners Of War ◽

World War ◽

The First World War ◽

History Of ◽

The Russian Empire ◽

First World

The First World War was the largest event in the history of mankind, which had a significant impact on the fate of many peoples, including states. One of the main factors was the capture of troops and individuals on the front of the war between warring states and the flight of soldiers as a result of the war. During the war, neighboring states, political allies captured each other's armies and citizens. The capture of citizens of each other took place between the Entente and the central powers. The Russian Empire, which was part of the Entente and was considered the main participant in the war, detained people from the central powers. Citizens of the central powers captured during the war were sent to all regions of the Russian Empire, which also extended to the steppe and Turkestan provinces. Based on this, the Turkestan Territory was considered one of the key regions of the Russian Empire, in which Europeans were accepted. In the era of the empire, European prisoners lived in the Aulieata district of the Turkestan governor general in the SyrDarya region. Representatives of European nationality have lived in the region since the end of the nineteenth century, and this continued during the years of the First World War. During World War I, the Aulieatа district was considered one of the districts where European prisoners and refugees were received. Although the number of prisoners of war from the central powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary) in the Aulieatа district is small, traces of political prisoners of war still remain from these states. The article discusses the history of prisoners of war deported to Aulieata district during the war years. The socio-political status of the citizens of Germany and Austria-Hungary who arrived in Aulieatа County, their life is studied. The nationality and surname of the captives will be determined, and their standard of living will be determined.

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