KIDNEY STONE DISEASE WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO DRUG-INDUCED KIDNEY STONES – A CONTEMPORARY SYNOPSIS

Kidney stone disease (nephrolithiasis; urolithiasis) is a clinical entity with long-term course and recurrence, primarily affecting mature and ageing men, involving the formation and presence of urinary stones in the kidneys and urinary tract. The pathogenesis of this disorder is complex and still not fully understood. A rare, potentially modifiable, form of kidney stone disease takes the form of drug-induced urinary stones. The aim of the review was a brief description of the classification and pathophysiology of kidney stone disease, along with the short characteristics of drug-induced urinary stones. This type of stones is formed as a result of crystallisation in the kidneys and urinary tract of sparingly soluble drugs and their metabolites, or as a result of metabolic changes caused by drugs, predestinating the development of stones containing endogenous compounds. Conclusion: Therefore, during treatment with the use of drugs with high lithogenic potential, the safety of pharmacotherapy should be monitored in the context of its increased risk of developing urinary stones.

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Association of Increased Body Mass Index and Waist to Hip Ratio with Kidney Stone Disease: a prospective analysis of 493,410 UK Biobank participants

Journal of the Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences ◽

10.37707/jnds.v2i4.200 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Catherine Lovegrove

Keyword(s):

Waist Circumference ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Kidney Stone ◽

Stone Disease ◽

Uk Biobank ◽

Kidney Stone Disease ◽

University Of Oxford ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Nuffield Department ◽

The Uk

Catherine E Lovegrove1,2 – [email protected] Littlejohns3- [email protected] Allen3- [email protected] A Howles1,4- [email protected] W Turney 1,2- [email protected] 1 Department of Urology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK2 University of Oxford Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK3 University of Oxford Nuffield Department of Public Health, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK4 Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK Objectives To investigate the relationship between measures of adiposity and risk of incident kidney stone disease. Patients and methods The UK Biobank is a prospective cohort study of ~500,000 participants whose height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist:hip ratio (WHR), total fat mass, fat-free mass, body-fat percentage and percentage truncal fat were measured at enrolment with linkage to medical records. ICD-10 and OPCS codes were used to identify individuals with a new diagnosis of nephrolithiasis from 2006-2010. Individuals with a history of kidney stones or incomplete data were excluded. Multivariate Cox-proportional hazard models were used to assess associations between anthropometric measures and incident kidney stones. Results From the UK Biobank, 493,410 individuals were identified for inclusion; 3,466 developed a kidney stone during the study period. Increasing weight, BMI, waist and hip circumferences, WHR, and body and truncal fat were associated with increased risk of incident kidney stone disease. However, after adjustment for BMI, only waist circumference and WHR remained significantly associated with risk of nephrolithiasis. In overweight patients, high (men 94-102cm, women 80-88cm) waist circumference or WHR (men >0.9, women >0.85) conferred >40% increased risk of stone formation. Conclusion This study indicates that android fat distribution is independently associated with increased risk of developing nephrolithiasis. Kidney stone disease is known to be associated with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, all of which are linked to android body shape. Our findings provide insight into anthropometric risk factors for stone disease, will facilitate identification of patients at greatest risk of stone recurrence, and will inform prevention strategies.

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323 Association of Increased Body Mass Index and Waist to Hip Ratio with Kidney Stone Disease: a Prospective Analysis of 493,410 UK Biobank participants

British Journal of Surgery ◽

10.1093/bjs/znab259.1076 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 108 (Supplement_6) ◽

Author(s):

C Lovegrove ◽

T Littlejohns ◽

N Allen ◽

S Howles ◽

B Turney

Keyword(s):

Waist Circumference ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Kidney Stone ◽

Stone Formation ◽

Stone Disease ◽

Fat Free Mass ◽

Uk Biobank ◽

Kidney Stone Disease ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Uk

Abstract Aim To investigate the relationship between measures of adiposity and risk of incident kidney stone disease. Method The UK Biobank is a prospective cohort study of ∼500,000 participants whose height, weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist:hip ratio (WHR), total fat mass, fat-free mass, body-fat percentage, and percentage truncal fat were measured at enrolment with linkage to medical records. ICD-10 and OPCS codes identified individuals with a new diagnosis of nephrolithiasis from 2006-2010. Individuals with a history of kidney stones or incomplete data were excluded. Multivariate Cox-proportional hazard models were used to assess associations between anthropometric measures and incident kidney stones. Results From the UK Biobank, 493,410 individuals were identified for inclusion; 3,466 developed a kidney stone during the study period. Increasing weight, BMI, waist, and hip circumferences, WHR, and body and truncal fat were all associated with increased risk of incident kidney stone disease. However, after adjustment for BMI, only waist circumference and WHR remained significantly associated with risk of nephrolithiasis. In overweight patients, high (men 94-102cm, women 80-88cm) waist circumference or WHR (men >0.9, women >0.85) conferred >40% increased risk of stone formation. Conclusions This study indicates that android fat distribution is independently associated with increased risk of developing nephrolithiasis. Kidney stone disease is known to be associated with hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes, all of which have been linked to android body shape. Our findings provide insight into anthropometric risk factors for stone disease, will facilitate identification of patients at greatest risk of stone recurrence, and will inform prevention strategies.

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Herbal Alternative for Kidney Stone Diseases

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v9i4-s.3245 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (4-s) ◽

pp. 702-704

Author(s):

Bhavisha Bhupendrabhai Patel

Keyword(s):

Calcium Oxalate ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Kidney Stone ◽

Stone Formation ◽

Stone Disease ◽

World Population ◽

Kidney Stone Disease ◽

Increased Risk

Kidney stone disease is an increasing disorder of humans. It affects about 12% of the world population. Epidemiological data have shown that calcium oxalate is the predominant mineral in a majority of kidney stones. [1] It has been associated with an increased risk of end-stage renal failure. Kidney stones result from a succession of several physicochemical events including super saturation, nucleation, growth, aggregation, and retention within the kidneys. Kidney stones may cause extreme pain and blockage of urine flow .The average life time risk of stone formation has been reported in the range of 5-10 %.Recurrent stone formation is a common part of the medical care of patients with stone disease.[2] Kidney stone disease is usually treated with medications that may cause a number of side-effects. Even improved and besides the high cost that imposes, compelling data now suggest that exposure to shock waves in therapeutic doses may cause acute renal injury, decrease in renal function and an increase in stone recurrence. Data from in vitro, in vivo and clinical trials reveal that phytotherapeutic agents could be useful as either an alternative therapy in the management of urolithiasis. The present review therefore critically explains the potential usefulness of herbal medicines in the management of urolithiasis. Keywords: Kidney stones, Calcium oxalate, Herbal plant extracts, Alternative medicine

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Nutrition and Kidney Stone Disease

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13061917 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 1917

Author(s):

Roswitha Siener

Keyword(s):

Kidney Stone ◽

Fluid Intake ◽

Stone Formation ◽

Urinary Stone ◽

Stone Disease ◽

Urinary Stones ◽

Dietary Therapy ◽

Effective Prevention ◽

Kidney Stone Disease ◽

Nutrition And Diet

The prevalence of kidney stone disease is increasing worldwide. The recurrence rate of urinary stones is estimated to be up to 50%. Nephrolithiasis is associated with increased risk of chronic and end stage kidney disease. Diet composition is considered to play a crucial role in urinary stone formation. There is strong evidence that an inadequate fluid intake is the major dietary risk factor for urolithiasis. While the benefit of high fluid intake has been confirmed, the effect of different beverages, such as tap water, mineral water, fruit juices, soft drinks, tea and coffee, are debated. Other nutritional factors, including dietary protein, carbohydrates, oxalate, calcium and sodium chloride can also modulate the urinary risk profile and contribute to the risk of kidney stone formation. The assessment of nutritional risk factors is an essential component in the specific dietary therapy of kidney stone patients. An appropriate dietary intervention can contribute to the effective prevention of recurrent stones and reduce the burden of invasive surgical procedures for the treatment of urinary stone disease. This narrative review has intended to provide a comprehensive and updated overview on the role of nutrition and diet in kidney stone disease.

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Secondhand smoke increases the risk of developing kidney stone disease

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-97254-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chien-Heng Chen ◽

Jia-In Lee ◽

Jhen-Hao Jhan ◽

Yung-Chin Lee ◽

Jiun-Hung Geng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Kidney Stones ◽

Secondhand Smoke ◽

Kidney Stone ◽

Kidney Diseases ◽

Stone Disease ◽

Exposure Group ◽

Kidney Stone Disease ◽

History Of ◽

Developing Kidney ◽

Never Smokers

AbstractResearch indicates smoking increases the risk of various kidney diseases, although the risk of developing kidney stone disease in non-smokers exposed to secondhand smoke is unknown. This study analyzed a total of 19,430 never-smokers with no history of kidney stone disease who participated in the Taiwan Biobank from 2008 to 2019. They were divided into two groups by secondhand smoke exposure; no exposure and exposure groups; the mean age of participants was 51 years, and 81% were women. Incident kidney stone development was observed in 352 (2.0%) and 50 (3.3%) participants in the no exposure and exposure groups during a mean follow-up of 47 months. The odds ratio (OR) of incident kidney stone was significantly higher in the exposure group than the no exposure group [OR, 1.64; 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.21 to 2.23]. Participants with > 1.2 h per week exposure were associated with almost twofold risk of developing kidney stones compared with no exposure (OR, 1.92; 95% CI 1.29 to 2.86). Our study suggests that secondhand smoke is a risk factor for development of kidney stones and supports the need for a prospective evaluation of this finding.

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The impact of metaphylaxis of kidney stone disease in the renal function at long term in active kidney stone formers patients

Urological Research ◽

10.1007/s00240-011-0407-5 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 225-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Jose A. Meneses ◽

Fernando M. Lucas ◽

Fernando C. Assunção ◽

Junia P. P. Castro ◽

Rogério B. Monteiro

Keyword(s):

Renal Function ◽

Kidney Stone ◽

Stone Disease ◽

Kidney Stone Disease ◽

Stone Formers ◽

The Impact

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Metabolic Syndrome Increases the Risk of Kidney Stone Disease: A Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Cohort Study

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11111154 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1154

Author(s):

Che-Wei Chang ◽

Hung-Lung Ke ◽

Jia-In Lee ◽

Yung-Chin Lee ◽

Jhen-Hao Jhan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Kidney Stones ◽

Kidney Stone ◽

Large Scale ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Stone Disease ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Longitudinal Cohort ◽

Cox Regression Analysis ◽

Kidney Stone Disease

We aimed to examine the association between metabolic syndrome and the risk of kidney stone development in a large-scale community-based cohort. A total of 121,579 participants enrolled in the Taiwan Biobank were analyzed. They were divided into two groups on the basis of presence of metabolic syndrome. The presence of kidney stone disease was defined by self-reported history of kidney stones. The mean age of participants was 50 years old, and self-reported kidney stones were observed in 3446 (10%) and 4292 (5%) participants with metabolic syndrome and without metabolic syndrome, respectively. Higher prevalence of kidney stone disease was found in participants with metabolic syndrome compared to those without metabolic syndrome (odds ratio (OR), 1.32; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.25 to 1.39). In addition, the risk of incident kidney stone development was analyzed in a longitudinal cohort of 25,263 participants without kidney stones at baseline during a mean follow-up of 47 months. Multivariable Cox regression analysis revealed that the risk for incident kidney stone disease was higher in participants with metabolic syndrome than those without metabolic syndrome (hazard ratio, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.49). Our study suggests that metabolic syndrome does increase the risk of kidney stones.

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