Prospects of the nasal spray in first aid tools for acute poisoning

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-10
Author(s):  
Yu. Yu. Ivnitsky ◽  
K. A. Krasnov ◽  
M. B. Ivanov ◽  
V. L. Rejniuk ◽  
A. I. Golovko
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Spray ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Log P ◽  
Small Molecular Weight ◽  
Nasal Sprays ◽  
Pharmaceutical Substances ◽  
Chemical Destruction ◽  
Centers Of Mass

The purpose of this review is to substantiate approaches for improving first aid in acute poisoning. Early administration of medical agents to the victims is advisable, but in injectable dosage form is problematic. An alternative is a nasal spray – dosage form that is suitable for systemic administration of pharmaceutical substances with small molecular weight (up to 1000 Da) and moderate hydrophilicity (log Poctanol/water ≥ 0), and a single dose of which can be contained in volume of up to 0, 3 ml. These criteria are met by the number of pharmaceutical substances used for the treatment of acute poisoning with substances that can form foci of mass destruction. This defines the perspective of nasal sprays as a medical device that allows to speed up, simplify and make it safer to use drugs when providing first aid in the centers of mass chemical destruction.

scholarly journals Iota-carrageenan and Xylitol inhibit SARS-CoV-2 in cell culture

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruti Bansal ◽  
Colleen B. Jonsson ◽  
Shannon L. Taylor ◽  
Juan Manuel Figueroa ◽  
Andrea Vanesa Dugour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Nasal Spray ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Dosage Form ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Antiviral Action ◽  
Nasal Sprays ◽  
The World

AbstractCOVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is a pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2) infection affecting millions of persons around the world. There is an urgent unmet need to provide an easy-to-produce, affordable medicine to prevent transmission and provide early treatment for this disease. The nasal cavity and the rhinopharynx are the sites of initial replication of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, a nasal spray may be a suitable dosage form for this purpose. The main objective of our study was to test the antiviral action of three candidate nasal spray formulations against SARS-CoV-2. We have found that iota-carrageenan in concentrations as low as 6 µg/ mL inhibits SARS-CoV-2 infection in Vero cell cultures. The concentrations found to be active in vitro against SARS-CoV-2 may be easily achieved by the application of nasal sprays already marketed in several countries. Xylitol at a concentration of 5 % m/V has proved to be viricidal on its own and the association with iota-carrageenan may be beneficial, as well.

scholarly journals A Patient Preference Study that Evaluated Fluticasone Furoate and Mometasone Furoate Nasal Sprays for Allergic Rhinitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. ar.2016.7.0185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anahi Yanez ◽  
Alex Dimitroff ◽  
Peter Bremner ◽  
Chae-Seo Rhee ◽  
Graham Luscombe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Nasal Spray ◽  
Patient Preference ◽  
Patient Adherence ◽  
Sensory Attributes ◽  
Mometasone Furoate ◽  
Study Patient ◽  
Fluticasone Furoate ◽  
Nasal Sprays ◽  
Nasal Irritation

Background Corticosteroid nasal sprays are the mainstay of treatment for allergic rhinitis. These sprays have sensory attributes such as scent and/or odor, taste and aftertaste, and run down the throat and/or the nose, which, when unpleasant, can affect patient preference for, and compliance with, treatment. Objective This study examined patient preference for fluticasone furoate nasal spray (FFNS) or mometasone furoate nasal spray (MFNS) based on their sensory attributes after administration in patients with allergic rhinitis. Methods This was a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. Patient preferences were determined by using three questionnaires (Overall Preference, Immediate Attributes, and Delayed Attributes). Results Overall, 56% of patients stated a preference for FFNS versus 32% for MFNS (p < 0.001); the remaining 12% stated no preference. More patients stated a preference for FFNS versus MFNS for the attributes of “less drip down the throat” (p < 0.001), “less run out of the nose” (p < 0.05), “more soothing” (p < 0.05), and “less irritating” (p < 0.001). More patients responded in favor of FFNS versus MFNS for the immediate attributes, “run down the throat” (p < 0.001), and “run out of the nose” (p < 0.001), and, in the delayed attributes, “run down the throat” (p < 0.001), “run out of the nose” (p < 0.01), “presence of aftertaste” (p < 0.01), and “no nasal irritation” (p < 0.001). Conclusion Patients with allergic rhinitis preferred FFNS versus MFNS overall and based on a number of individual attributes, including “less drip down the throat,” “less run out of the nose,” and “less irritating.” Greater preference may improve patient adherence and thereby improve symptom management of the patient's allergic rhinitis.

scholarly journals Accidental and Deliberate Self-Poisoning with Medications and Medication Errors among Children in Rural Sri Lanka

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavinda Dayasiri ◽  
S. F. Jayamanne ◽  
C. Y. Jayasinghe
Keyword(s):  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Medication Errors ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
First Aid ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Accidental Poisoning ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Medicinal Drug

Context. Pharmaceutical products are the leading cause accidental poisoning in middle- and high-income countries. Patterns of poisoning with medicinal drugs change across different geographic regions and over decades owing to variability in prescription practice, sociocultural factors, safe storage of medicines, and free availability of over the counter medications. Methods. This multicentre descriptive study was conducted over a seven-year period (February 2007 to January 2014) to assess patterns and trends of medicinal drug-related poisoning among children less than 12 years of age in thirty-six hospitals across rural Sri Lanka. Children with both accidental and deliberate medication poisonings and medication errors were recruited to the study. Data on poisoning events and medication errors were gathered via patient/parent interviews using multistructured questionnaires that assessed demographic factors, first aid measures, location and circumstances of poisoning, clinical management, and complications. In addition, focus group discussions were performed on all children and their families who had deliberate poisoning events and medication errors. Results and Conclusions. Among 1621 children presented with acute poisoning over seven years of age, 410 children had acute poisoning with medications. Male children (225, 54.9%) outnumbered female children. Paracetomol (137, 35.6%), salbutamol (55, 14.3%), and chlorpheniramine (35, 9.1%) were the most commonly poisoned medications. Prospective data at Anuradhapura teaching hospital (n = 112) revealed that unsafe first aid measures were practiced on 22 (19.6%) children. Although the majority of children remained asymptomatic (61, 54.5%), neurological symptoms (34, 67%) were predominantly seen in symptomatic children. The majority of poisonings took place within home premises (76, 67.9%). There were 16 reports of medication errors (14.2% of acute poisoning events) either due to erroneous administration by caregivers or erroneous issue of medicines by health workers. The current study did not observe mortality following medication poisonings. This study brings to light the burden of medicinal drug-related poisoning morbidity among children in rural Sri Lanka. Potentially, interventions such as community educational initiatives, written safety warnings, increased use of child resistant containers, and enforcement of laws to bring down accidental medication poisonings need to be implemented, and their effectiveness should be evaluated.

Nasal Spray Device And Formulation Attributes May Contribute To Stopping Treatment With Prescription Nasal Sprays

2007 ◽  
Vol 119 (1) ◽  
pp. S228
Author(s):  
R. Stanford ◽  
E. Meltzer ◽  
R. Nathan ◽  
J. Derebery ◽  
P. Stang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Spray ◽  
Nasal Sprays ◽  
Stopping Treatment

scholarly journals Nasal Delivery Devices: A Comparative Study on Cadaver Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Moffa ◽  
Andrea Costantino ◽  
Vittorio Rinaldi ◽  
Lorenzo Sabatino ◽  
Eleonora Maria Consiglia Trecca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Nasal Spray ◽  
Middle Turbinate ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Nasal Delivery ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Blue Dye ◽  
Nasal Sprays ◽  
Nasal Cavities ◽  
Nasal Douche

Nasal nebulization is a more effective method of delivering topical medication than nasal spray. The purpose of this study was to assess the deposition patterns of nebulization in delivering topical agents to the nasal cavities in the human cadaveric model using a color-based method. We have compared these following nasal devices: single-dose vial irrigation, syringe-irrigation, common nasal spray, Spray-sol, MAD nasal, and Rinowash nasal douche. Endoscopic images were recorded at six anatomical regions prior to and following each nasal device application and four reviewers evaluated the amount of surface area staining. At the nasal vestibule, the blue dye distribution achieved with Spray-sol was more extensive than nasal sprays. At inferior turbinate and nasal cavity floor, single dose vial, syringe, MAD nasal, Spray-sol, and Rinowash demonstrated a greater extent of dye distribution than nasal spray. At the middle turbinate, the average score of both Spray-sol and MAD nasal was significantly higher than other nasal investigated devices. At the nasopharynx, Spray-sol nebulization covers a surface significantly greater than other devices. Compared to traditional sprays, Spray-sol and MAD nasal provided a more effective method of delivering topical agents to the deeper and higher portions of the nasal cavities.

A Pharmacokinetic Interaction Study Between Butorphanol and Sumatriptan Nasal Sprays in Healthy Subjects: Importance of the Timing of Butorphanol Administration

Cephalalgia ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 282-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
NN Vachharajani ◽  
W-C Shyu ◽  
PS Nichola ◽  
DW Boulton
Keyword(s):  
Nasal Spray ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Interaction ◽  
Crossover Design ◽  
Interaction Study ◽  
Post Dose ◽  
Nasal Sprays ◽  
Migraine Headaches ◽  
Nasal Blood Vessels

Sumatriptan and butorphanol nasal sprays are commonly used agents for the management of migraine headaches. Under certain circumstances, these two agents may be administered closely in time. However, the possibility of a pharmacokinetic interaction and the safety of this regime have not been examined. In this crossover design study, 24 healthy subjects received the following four treatments, each separated by at least 7 days: 1 mg butorphanol (Stadol NS7®); 20 mg sumatriptan (Imitrex® Nasal Spray); or both formulations together with butorphanol administered either 1 or 30 min after sumatriptan. Serial plasma samples were collected for 24 h post-dose and analysed for butorphanol and/or sumatriptan by HPLC-MS/MS. Butorphanol plasma concentrations were reduced when it was administered 1 min (mean 28.6% decrease in AUC0-∞) , but not 30 min, after sumatriptan. The pharmacokinetics of sumatriptan were not substantially altered by butorphanol. The combination of nasally administered sumatriptan and butorphanol appeared safe. However, if butorphanol nasal spray is administered < 30 min after sumatriptan nasal spray, the analgesic effect of butorphanol may be diminished due to reduced nasal absorption resulting from probable transient vasoconstriction of nasal blood vessels by sumatriptan.

Fatal Acute Poisoning by Intradermal Absorption of Phenol

1973 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
First Aid ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Chemical Screening ◽  
Post Mortem Findings ◽  
The Subject ◽  
British Chemical

The history, post-mortem findings, and the qualitative chemical screening at autopsy are described in a case of acute intradermal phenol poisoning. The forensic estimate of phenol in the blood is described. A discussion of the immediate and later treatment of such a case is given. Reading through the literature on acute phenol poisoning, little has been written on the subject of intradermal absorption of phenol. Standard forensic reference books (Camps, 1968; Simpson, 1966) have drawn attention to this mode of poisoning with reference to past and present literature. Recently a paper on the toxicity of phenol absorption in animals and an effective first-aid measure in treatment have been published (British Chemical Industries Safety Council of Chemical Industries Association, 1970; Conning and Hayes, 1970).

scholarly journals Efficacy and tolerability of levocabastine and azelastine nasal sprays for the treatment of allergic rhinitis

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. S11-S15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Mösges ◽  
Joachim Spaeth ◽  
Ludger Klimek
Keyword(s):  
Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Nasal Spray ◽  
Therapeutic Efficacy ◽  
Seasonal Allergic Rhinitis ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
Topical Therapy ◽  
Application Site ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Onset Of Action ◽  
Nasal Sprays

Levocabastine and azelastine are currently the only antihistamines available as nasal sprays for the topical therapy of seasonal allergic rhinitis. The present study was undertaken to compare the onset of action, efficacy and tolerability of these two agents in a total of 242 patients with this condition. This was an international, multicentre, open-label, randomized, parallel-group trial with 123 patients treated with levocabastine (0.5 mg/ml, two puffs per nostril twice daily) and 119 with azelastine (1 mg/ml, one puff per nostril twice daily). Onset of action was comparable for the two drugs with over 50% of patients in each group reporting significant symptomatic relief within 30 min of administration of the first dose of study medication. Therapeutic efficacy was also found to be comparable in the two groups with no statistically significant intergroup differences reported for any of the parameters evaluated, although assessments of global therapeutic efficacy revealed a trend favouring levocabastine. Levocabastine appeared to be better tolerated than azelastine (p = 0.06), with the incidence of the most common adverse experiences, application site reactions and taste disturbances, significantly higher on azelastine than with levocabastine (5% versus 1%; p = 0.05 and 5% versus 0%; p = 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, levocabastine nasal spray appears to be at least as effective as, but better tolerated than, azelastine nasal spray for the treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis.

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