scholarly journals Factors Associated with Time to Virological Failure among HIV Patients on First Line Antiretroviral at Kenyatta National Hospital Comprehensive Care Centre, Nairobi Kenya

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Mutabari ◽  
Kipruto Hillary ◽  
Muiruri Peter ◽  
Wang'ombe Ann
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Farid Kurniawan ◽  
Samsuridjal Djauzi ◽  
Evy Yunihastuti ◽  
Pringgodigdo Nugroho

Pendahuluan. Pada negara dengan keterbatasan sumber daya, pengukuran viral load (VL) sebagai prediktor efektivitas terapi antiretroviral (ARV) tidak selalu mudah untuk diakses oleh pasien HIV yang mendapat terapi ARV. Pada penelitian-penelitian sebelumnya, kepatuhan berobat (adherens) diketahui merupakan faktor penting terhadap supresi VL HIV. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor prediktor kegagalan virologis pada pasien HIV yang mendapat terapi ARV lini pertama sesuai paduan ARV terbaru dengan kepatuhan berobat yang baik di Indonesia.Metode. Studi kohort retrospektif dilakukan pada pasien HIV rawat jalan dewasa di Rumah Sakit dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), Jakarta yang memulai terapi ARV lini pertama selama periode Januari 2011-Juni 2014. Pasien HIV dengan kepatuhan berobat baik yang mempunyai data VL 6-9 bulan setelah mulai terapi ARV dimasukkan sebagai subjek penelitian. Kegagalan virologis dinyatakan sebagai nilai VL ≥400 kopi/mL setelah minimal 6 bulan terapi ARV dengan kepatuhan berobat baik. Usia awal terapi ARV, faktor risiko penularan HIV, stadium klinis HIV menurut World Health Organization (WHO), koinfeksi HIV-TB, jumlah CD4 awal terapi, peningkatan jumlah CD4, kadar hemoglobin dan indeks massa tubuh awal terapi, perubahan berat badan selama terapi, dan basis paduan terapi ARV merupakan variabel yang diteliti pada penelitian ini.  Hasil. Terdapat 197 pasien sebagai subjek penelitian ini. Kegagalan virologis ditemukan pada 21 pasien (10,7%). Peningkatan CD4 <50 sel/mm3 setelah minimal 6 bulan terapi merupakan prediktor kegagalan virologis (p = 0,003; OR 5,802, 95% CI= 1,842-18,270). Terdapat peningkatan risiko kegagalan virologis pada pasien dengan terapi ARV berbasis NVP pada saat VL diperiksa, namun tidak bermakna secara statistik (p = 0,060; OR 2,756; 95% CI= 0,958-7,924). Simpulan. Peningkatan CD4 <50 sel/mm3 setelah minimal 6 bulan terapi dapat memprediksi kegagalan virologis pada pasien yang mendapat terapi ARV lini pertama dengan kepatuhan berobat yang baik. Kata Kunci: kegagalan virologis, terapi ARV lini pertama, viral load Predictors of Virological Failure in HIV Patients Receiving First Line Antiretroviral Therapy with Good AdherenceIntroduction. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppress HIV replication. Viral load (VL) measurement is better predictor than clinical or immunological criteria to evaluate success or failure of ART. However, in country with limited resources, viral load measurement is not easily accessible by HIV patients receiving ART. Therefore, it is necessary to know which factors that can predict virological failure. In previous studies, adherence was an  important factor for suppression of HIV viral load.  This study is aimed to know predictors of virological failure in HIV patients receiving recent first line ART regimen with good adherence in Indonesia. Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among adult HIV patients in Out-patient Clinic of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital that started ART during periode of  January 2011-June 2014. HIV patients with good adherence that had viral load data 6-9 months after initiation of ART were included in this study. Virological failure was defined as viral load ≥ 400 copies/mL after minimum of 6 months therapy with good adherence. Age at starting ART, risk factor for HIV infection, HIV clinical stage, HIV-TB co-infection, baseline CD4 value, CD4 count increase, baseline hemoglobin level and body mass index, weight changes during therapy, and ART based regimen were analyzed in this study. Results. A total of 197 patients were included in this study. Virological failure was found in 21 patients (10,7%). CD4 increase <50 cell/mm3 after minimum 6 months of ART was predictor of virological failure (p = 0,003; OR 5,802, 95%CI 1,842-18,270). Conclusion. CD4 increase <50 cell/mm3 after minimum 6 months therapy can predict virological failure in HIV patients receiving first line ART with good adherence.  


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jisuvei Clayton Salano ◽  
Osoti Alfred ◽  
Maina Anne Njeri

Abstract Background: Estimates of group B streptococcus (GBS) disease burden, antimicrobial susceptibility, and serotypes in pregnant women are limited for many resource-limited countries including Kenya. These data are required to inform recommendations for prophylaxis and treatment of infections due to GBS. Methods: We evaluated the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, serotypes, and risk factors associated with rectovaginal GBS colonization among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) between August and November 2017. Consenting pregnant women between 12 and 40 weeks of gestation were enrolled. Interview-administered questionnaires were used to assess risk factors associated with GBS colonization. An anorectal swab and a lower vaginal swab were collected and cultured on Granada agar for GBS isolation. Positive colonies were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to penicillin G, ampicillin, vancomycin, and clindamycin using the disk diffusion method. Serotyping was performed by latex agglutination. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with GBS colonization. Results: A total of 292 women were enrolled. Median age was 30 years (Interquatile range {IQR} 26-35) with a median gestational age of 35 weeks (IQR 30-37). Overall GBS was identified in 60/292 (20.5%) of participants. Among the positive isolates, resistance was detected for penicillin G in 42/60 (72.4%) isolates, ampicillin in 32/60 (55.2%) isolates, clindamycin in 14/60 (30.4%) isolates, and vancomycin in 14 (24.1%) isolates. All ten GBS serotypes were isolated, and 37/53 (69.8%) of GBS positive participants were colonized by more than one serotype. None of the risk factors was associated with GBS colonization.Conclusion: The prevalence of GBS colonization was high among mothers attending antenatal clinic at KNH. In addition, a high proportion of GBS isolates were resistant to commonly prescribed intrapartum antibiotics. Hence, other measures like GBS vaccination is a potentially useful approaches to GBS prevention and control in this population. Screening of pregnant mothers for GBS colonization should be introduced and antimicrobial susceptibility test performed on GBS positive samples to guide antibiotic prophylaxis.


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