Calculation of Wave Velocities in Segmented Pipelines with Flexible Joints

Author(s):  
M. Sh. Israilov ◽  
L. N. Smirnova

Engineering methods for finding the average (averaged) velocity of propagation of longitudinal waves in pipelines with flexible joints are presented. By accurate analysis of the problem of oscillations of a one dimensional periodically inhomogeneous structure it is shown that the results of engineering approaches for rod velocity are the first or long-wave asymptotic approximation which valid when the period of external influence (the length of the seismic wave) significantly exceeds the size of the periodicity cell of the pipeline (the length of the pipe with a joint). Thus, it is established that when this condition is met, the problem of pipeline dynamics with joints is reduced to a much simpler problem of vibrations of a homogeneous pipeline, the velocity of wave propagation in which is equal to the found average value. Numerical examples are given that demonstrate a significant (sometimes by an order of magnitude) decreasing of the rod velocity in the presence of flexible joints.

1988 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 1707-1724
Author(s):  
Masayuki Kikuchi ◽  
Yoshio Fukao

Abstract The seismic wave energy is evaluated for 35 large earthquakes by inverting far-field long-period P waves into the multiple-shock sequence. The results show that the seismic wave energy thus obtained is systematically less than that inferred from the Gutenberg-Richter's formula with the seismic magnitude. The difference amounts to one order of magnitude. The results also show that the energy-moment ratio is well confined to a narrow range: 10−6 < ES/Mo < 10−5 with the average of ∼5 × 10−6. This average value is exactly one order of magnitude as small as the energy-moment ratio inferred from the Gutenberg-Richter's formula using the moment magnitude. Comparing the energy-moment ratio with Δσo/2μ, where Δσo and μ are the stress drop and the rigidity, we obtain an empirical relation: ES/Mo ∼ 0.1 × Δσ0/2μ. Such a relation can be interpreted in terms of a subsonic rupture where the energy loss due to cohesion is not negligible to the seismic wave energy.


1994 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Brancolini ◽  
G. Casula ◽  
C. De Cillia ◽  
A. Manzella ◽  
A. Polonia ◽  
...  

Two ideal lithologic sections representing a tidal bar system and a fluvial complex were drawn in order to run seismic modeling programs developed by OGS on behalf of the European Community. The simulations allowed an accurate analysis of the seismic expressions of the two sections. The tidal bar system is formed by a number of sandstone lenses interlayered with siltstone and mudstone deposits. These lenses meet together on an erosion surface, while they thin and vanish in the other direction. The fluvial complex is fonned by a limestone basement overlain by coarse alluvial plain sediments which in turn are transgressed by finer flood plain sediments, including sandstone lenses stacking towards the top in a meandering belt. These lithofacies associations represent potential multi-pool reservoirs in which the mudstone layers constitute the plugs. As a function of the granulometric and depositional features of each lithological unit, together with fluid content, wave velocities and densities were evaluated. A 2D modeling for elastic plane wave propagation in these hypothesized geologic sections was run on a Cray supercomputer. The numerical scheme is based on solving the full wave equation by pseudospectral methods.


Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morten Willatzen ◽  
Zhong Lin Wang

A simple model of charge transfer by loss-less quantum-mechanical tunneling between two solids is proposed. The model is applicable to electron transport and contact electrification between e.g. a metal and a dielectric solid. Based on a one-dimensional effective-mass Hamiltonian, the tunneling transmission coefficient of electrons through a barrier from one solid to another solid is calculated analytically. The transport rate (current) of electrons is found using the Tsu-Esaki equation and accounting for different Fermi functions of the two solids. We show that the tunneling dynamics is very sensitive to the vacuum potential versus the two solids conduction-band edges and the thickness of the vacuum gap. The relevant time constants for tunneling and contact electrification, relevant for triboelectricity, can vary over several orders of magnitude when the vacuum gap changes by one order of magnitude, say, 1 Å to 10 Å. Coulomb repulsion between electrons on the left and right material surfaces is accounted for in the tunneling dynamics.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Zhang ◽  
Hong Xie ◽  
Qingguang Li ◽  
Zhenghao Lu ◽  
Yang Bai ◽  
...  

Abstract The carbon and oxygen isotope composition of carbonate rocks is an important index for accurate analysis of the paleo-sea environment, which depends on Mn/Sr, δ 18 O > -10‰, correlativity of δ 13 C and δ 18 O and “age effect” of δ 18 O. This study reports carbon and oxygen isotope data of carbonate rocks from the Dengying Formation in the Xichuan area. δ 13 C values range -1.58‰ to 3.76‰, with an average value of 1.55‰, and δ 18 O values are -14.91‰ to -1.88‰, with an average value of -6.95‰. The δ 18 O values of three samples are less than -10‰, so they are excluded and taken to be correlative with the cracking of the Rodinia supercontinent during the Neoproterozoic. The paleotemperature range 7.40°C to 35.05°C, with an average value of 21.09°C. Paleo-salinity range 8.38‰ to 19.30‰, with an average value of 13.89‰. Z values range 127.80 to 135.03 and thus all exceeded 120, with an average value of 131.25. These calculations indicate that the Xichuan area had deposited marine carbonate rocks, with the hot and dry tropical monsoon climate, and a transgressive process overall during the Dengying age.


Author(s):  
M. B. Areal ◽  
S. Paron ◽  
M. E. Ortega ◽  
L. Duvidovich

Abstract Nowadays, there are several observational studies about the 13CO/C18O abundance ratio ( $X^{13/18}$ ) towards nearby molecular clouds. These works give observational support to the C18O selective photodissociation due to the interaction between the far ultraviolet (FUV) radiation and the molecular gas. It is necessary to increase the sample of molecular clouds located at different distances and affected in different ways by nearby or embedded H ii regions and OB associations to study the selective photodissociation. Using 12CO, 13CO, and C18O J = 1–0 data obtained from the FOREST unbiased Galactic plane imaging survey performed with the Nobeyama 45-m telescope, we analyse the filamentary infrared dark cloud IRDC $34.43+0.24$ located at the distance of about 3.9 kpc. This infrared dark cloud (IRDC) is related to several H ii regions and young stellar objects. Assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium, we obtain: $0.8 \times 10^{16} <$ N(13CO) $<4 \times 10^{17}$ cm–2 (average value $= 4.2 \times 10^{16}$ cm–2), $0.6 \times 10^{15} <$ N(C18O) $<4.4 \times 10^{16}$ cm–2 (average value $= 5.0 \times 10^{15}$ cm–2), and 3 $<$ $X^{13/18}$ $<$ 30 (average $= 8$ ) across the whole IRDC. Larger values of $X^{13/18}$ were found towards portions of the cloud related to the H ii regions associated with the N61 and N62 bubbles and with the photodissociation regions, precisely the regions in which FUV photons are strongly interacting with the molecular gas. Our result represents an observational support to the C18O selectively photodissociation phenomenon occurring in a quite distant filamentary IRDC. Additionally, based on IR data from the Hi-GAL survey, the FUV radiation field was estimated in Habing units, and the dust temperature (T $_{dust}$ ) and H2 column density (N(H2)) distribution were studied. Using the average of N(H2), values in close agreement with the ‘canonical’ abundance ratios [H2]/[13CO] and [H2]/[C18O] were derived. However, the obtained ranges in the abundance ratios show that if an accurate analysis of the molecular gas is required, the use of the ‘canonical’ values may introduce some bias. Thus, it is important to consider how the gas is irradiated by the FUV photons across the molecular cloud. The analysis of $X^{13/18}$ is a good tool to perform that. Effects of beam dilution and clumpiness were studied.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 6504
Author(s):  
Irati Jáuregui-López ◽  
Bakhtiyar Orazbayev ◽  
Victor Pacheco-Peña ◽  
Miguel Beruete

The high electric field intensity achieved on the surface of sensors based on metasurfaces (metasensors) makes them an excellent alternative for sensing applications where the volume of the sample to be identified is tiny (for instance, thin-film sensing devices). Various shapes and geometries have been proposed recently for the design of these metasensors unit-cells (meta-atoms) such as split ring resonators or hole arrays, among others. In this paper, we propose, design, and evaluate two types of tripod metasurfaces with different complexity in their geometry. An in-depth comparison of their performance is presented when using them as thin-film sensor devices. The meta-atoms of the proposed metasensors consist of a simple tripod and a hollow tripod structure. From numerical calculations, it is shown that the best geometry to perform thin-film sensing is the compact hollow tripod (due to the highest electric field on its surface) with a mean sensitivity of 3.72 × 10−5 nm−1. Different modifications are made to this structure to improve this value, such as introducing arms in the design and rotating the metallic pattern 30 degrees. The best sensitivity achieved for extremely thin film analytes (5–25 nm thick) has an average value of 1.42 × 10−4 nm, which translates into an extremely high improvement of 381% with respect to the initial hollow tripod structure. Finally, a comparison with other designs found in the literature shows that our design is at the top of the ranking, improving the overall performance by more than one order of magnitude. These results highlight the importance of using metastructures with more complex geometries so that a higher electric field intensity distribution and, therefore, designs with better performance can be obtained.


2010 ◽  
Vol 661 ◽  
pp. 1-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXANDER NEPOMNYASHCHY ◽  
ILYA SIMANOVSKII

The effect of gravity on the dynamics of non-isothermic ultra-thin two-layer films is studied in this paper. The joint action of disjoining pressure and thermocapillary forces is taken into account. The problem is considered in a long-wave approximation. The linear stability of a quiescent state and thermocapillary flows is investigated. It has been found that the influence of the upper fluid density is significantly stronger than that of the difference of fluid densities. Nonlinear flow regimes are studied by means of numerical simulations. The gravity can lead to the formation of stripes or holes instead of droplets. The two-dimensional wavy patterns are replaced by one-dimensional waves with the fronts inclined or transverse to the direction of the horizontal temperature gradient.


2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 3597-3606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shimshon Jacobi ◽  
Elisha Moses

We investigate the propagation of neural activity along one-dimensional rat hippocampal cultures patterned in lines over multielectrode arrays. Activity occurs spontaneously or is evoked by local electrical or chemical stimuli, with different resulting propagation velocities and firing rate amplitudes. A variability of an order of magnitude in velocity and amplitude is observed in spontaneous activity. A linear relation between velocity and amplitude is identified. We define a measure for neuron activation synchrony and find that it correlates with front velocity and is higher for electrically evoked fronts. We present a model that explains the linear relation between amplitude and velocity, which highlights the role of synchrony. The relation to current models for signal propagation in neural media is discussed.


1969 ◽  
Vol 8 (53) ◽  
pp. 285-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. H. Lock

The paper considers one-dimensional freezing and thawing of ice–water systems for the conditions first examined by Stefan. An order-of-magnitude analysis applied to the governing equations and boundary conditions quantifies the error resulting from the neglect of various factors. Principal among these are density difference, initial superheat and variable properties.Asymptotic solutions for the temperature distribution and interface history are developed for a wide range of boundary conditions: prescribed temperature or heat flux, prescribed convection and prescribed radiation. Comparison with known results reveals the general adequacy of the asymptotic solutions and an estimate of the error incurred.


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