scholarly journals Analysis of steady flow in a circular cylindrical pipe with hydraulically smooth walls

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.А. Павловский
Keyword(s):  
Steady Flow ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Explicit Representation ◽  
Turbulent Regime ◽  
Cylindrical Pipe ◽  
Pipe Axis ◽  
Law Of Similarity ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Analytical Expressions

Анализируются формулы для скоростей и сопротивлений при установившемся течении несжимаемой вязкой жидкости в круглой цилиндрической трубе. Используется закон подобия скоростей при турбулентном режиме течения для получения представления коэффициента сопротивления в явном виде. Рассматривается связь между числами Рейнольдса, вычисляемых по средней и по динамической скоростями. Сформулирован принцип нахождении профилей скорости по закону сопротивления. Приведены аналитические выражения для всего универсального профиля скоростей. Приводится алгоритм построения кривой сопротивления по профилю скоростей в универсальных координатах. Предлагается единая формула для коэффициента сопротивления при любом режиме течения и формула для учёта отклонения от логарифмики на профиле скоростей в области вблизи оси трубы. The formulas for the velocities and resistances in the steady flow of an incompressible viscous fluid in a round cylindrical pipe are analyzed. The law of similarity of velocities in the turbulent regime is used to obtain an explicit representation of the drag coefficient. The relationship between the Reynolds numbers calculated by the average and dynamic speeds is considered. The principle of finding velocity profiles according to the law of resistance is formulated. Analytical expressions are given for the for any flow regime and a formula for taking into account deviations from the logarithm on the velocity profile in the region near the pipe axis.

scholarly journals Turbulent flow in rough pipes

2020 ◽  
pp. 195-201
Author(s):  
В.А. Павловский ◽  
Д.В. Никущенко
Keyword(s):  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Incompressible Flows ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Resistance Coefficient ◽  
Calculation Methods ◽  
Cylindrical Pipe ◽  
Dynamic Velocity ◽  
The Relationship

Ввиду того, что применяемые в инженерной практике трубы являются шероховатыми, определение гидравлического сопротивления шероховатых труб является важной проблемой. Необходимость повышения точности расчетов коэффициентов гидравлического сопротивления при течении жидкости в трубах с различной степенью шероховатости внутренней поверхности стенок трубы требует постоянного совершенствования инженерных методик расчета. В настоящей работе анализируются формулы для скоростей и сопротивлений при установившемся течении несжимаемой вязкой жидкости в круглой цилиндрической трубе с шероховатыми стенками, в том числе и формула Коулбрука. Рассматриваются предельные случаи проявления шероховатости, а также связь между числами Рейнольдса, вычисляемых по средней и по динамической скоростями. Использован принцип нахождении профилей скорости по закону сопротивления. Приводится алгоритм построения кривой сопротивления по найденному профилю скоростей в универсальных координатах. Для коэффициента сопротивления даётся формула Коулбрука в явном виде. As far as practically used pipes are always have different roughness the problem of practical determination of hydraulic resistance of pipes with roughness is very important. Improving the accuracy of hydraulic coefficients computations for fluid flows in pipes with different roughness of the inner surface requires continuous improvement of calculation methods. In the present article we analyze formulas for velocities and resistance for steady-state incompressible flows of a viscous fluid in a round cylindrical pipe with rough walls, including Colebrook’s formula. The limiting cases of roughness are considered, as well as the relationship between the Reynolds numbers calculated by both average and dynamic velocity. On a basis of resistance law, we have recovered velocity profiles. The algorithm of determination of resistance curve by computed velocity profile in universal coordinates is described. Colebrook’s formula for resistance coefficient is written explicitly.

A Comparative Overview of the Fair Wear and Tear Exception: the Duty of Holders of Temporary Interests to Preserve Property

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-100
Author(s):  
Raffaele Caterina
Keyword(s):  
Common Core ◽  
Complete Solution ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Private Ownership ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Personal Rights ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Long Life ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship

“A system of private ownership must provide for something more sophisticated than absolute ownership of the property by one person. A property owner needs to be able to do more than own it during his lifetime and pass it on to someone else on his death.”1 Those who own things with a long life quite naturally feel the urge to deal in segments of time. Most of the owner's ambitions in respect of time can be met by the law of contract. But contract does not offer a complete solution, since contracts create only personal rights. Certain of the owner's legitimate wishes can be achieved only if the law allows them to be given effect in rem—that is, as proprietary rights. Legal systems have responded differently to the need for proprietary rights limited in time. Roman law created usufruct and other iura in re aliena; English law created different legal estates. Every system has faced similar problems. One issue has been the extent to which the holder of a limited interest should be restricted in his or her use and enjoyment in order to protect the holders of other interests in the same thing. A common core of principles regulates the relationship between those who hold temporary interests and the reversioners. For instance, every system forbids holder of the possessory interest to damage the thing arbitrarily. But other rules are more controversial. This study focuses upon the rules which do not forbid, but compel, certain courses of action.

Parliamentarism and the Legislative Branch

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
András Sajó ◽  
Renáta Uitz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Legislative Branch ◽  
Effective Decision ◽  
The Law ◽  
Internal Operations ◽  
Effective Decision Making ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Law Making

This chapter examines the relationship between parliamentarism and the legislative branch. It explores the evolution of the legislative branch, leading to disillusionment with the rationalized law-making factory, a venture run by political parties beyond the reach of constitutional rules. The rise of democratically bred party rule is positioned between the forces favouring free debate versus effective decision-making in the legislature. The chapter analyses the institutional make-up and internal operations of the legislature, the role of the opposition in the legislative assembly, and explores the benefits of bicameralism for boosting the powers of the legislative branch. Finally, it looks at the law-making process and its outsourcing via delegating legislative powers to the executive.

The Obligation to Afford Reparation to Injured Individuals

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla Ferstman
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Human Rights Treaties ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Right Of Access ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter considers the consequences of breaches of human rights and international humanitarian law for the responsible international organizations. It concentrates on the obligations owed to injured individuals. The obligation to make reparation arises automatically from a finding of responsibility and is an obligation of result. I analyse who has this obligation, to whom it is owed, and what it entails. I also consider the right of individuals to procedures by which they may vindicate their right to a remedy and the right of access to a court that may be implied from certain human rights treaties. In tandem, I consider the relationship between those obligations and individuals’ rights under international law. An overarching issue is how the law of responsibility intersects with the specialized regimes of human rights and international humanitarian law and particularly, their application to individuals.

Industrial districts and local governance in the Italian experience

1999 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-139
Author(s):  
Maurizio Mistri
Keyword(s):  
Political Behavior ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Industrial Districts ◽  
Small Enterprises ◽  
Local Growth ◽  
Italian Experience ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Relationship

This paper focuses on the problem of the governance of industrial districts in Italy. The analysis begins with an assessment of the dynamic processes that characterize the development of industrial districts, particularly as concerns the elements of a cultural nature. The relationship between local political attitudes and forms of local growth is considered, generally revealing how in the various practical examples there is a convergence between models of political behavior and the needs of the system of small enterprises. The paper ends with a brief discussion of the law 317/91, designed to establish the responsibilities and roles of the industrial districts.

Over 70% Fill Factor of All‐Polymer Solar Cells Guided by the Law of Similarity and Intermiscibility

Solar RRL ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 2100019
Author(s):  
Shaorong Huang ◽  
Peiqing Cong ◽  
Zuoji Liu ◽  
Feiyan Wu ◽  
Chenxiang Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Cells ◽  
Fill Factor ◽  
Polymer Solar Cells ◽  
Law Of Similarity ◽  
The Law

scholarly journals The Principle of Directive-Compliant Development of the Law and the Contra Legem Limit

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-488
Author(s):  
Thomas M.J. Möllers
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Broad Term ◽  
Legal Texts ◽  
Classical Methodology ◽  
The Law ◽  
Legal Methodology ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Domestic Law

AbstractThe Europeanisation of domestic law calls for a classical methodology to ‘update’ the established traditions of the law. The relationship between European directives and national law is difficult, since directives do apply, but European legal texts need to be implemented into national law. Whilst directives are not binding on private individuals, there is no direct third-party effect, but only an ‘indirect effect’. This effect is influenced by the stipulations of the ECJ, but is ultimately determined in accordance with methodical principles of national law. The ECJ uses a broad term of interpretation of the law. In contrast, in German and Austrian legal methodology the wording of a provision defines the dividing line between interpretation and further development of the law. The article reveals how legal scholars and the case-law have gradually shown in recent decades a greater willingness to shift from a narrow, traditional boundary of permissible development of the law to a modern line of case-law regarding the boundary of directive-compliant, permissible development of the law.

Turbulent three-dimensional dielectric electrohydrodynamic convection between two plates

2012 ◽  
Vol 696 ◽  
pp. 228-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kourmatzis ◽  
J. S. Shrimpton
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Reynolds Numbers ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Turbulent Regime ◽  
Scalar Flux ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Scalar Variance

AbstractThe fundamental mechanisms responsible for the creation of electrohydrodynamically driven roll structures in free electroconvection between two plates are analysed with reference to traditional Rayleigh–Bénard convection (RBC). Previously available knowledge limited to two dimensions is extended to three-dimensions, and a wide range of electric Reynolds numbers is analysed, extending into a fully inherently three-dimensional turbulent regime. Results reveal that structures appearing in three-dimensional electrohydrodynamics (EHD) are similar to those observed for RBC, and while two-dimensional EHD results bear some similarities with the three-dimensional results there are distinct differences. Analysis of two-point correlations and integral length scales show that full three-dimensional electroconvection is more chaotic than in two dimensions and this is also noted by qualitatively observing the roll structures that arise for both low (${\mathit{Re}}_{E} = 1$) and high electric Reynolds numbers (up to ${\mathit{Re}}_{E} = 120$). Furthermore, calculations of mean profiles and second-order moments along with energy budgets and spectra have examined the validity of neglecting the fluctuating electric field ${ E}_{i}^{\ensuremath{\prime} } $ in the Reynolds-averaged EHD equations and provide insight into the generation and transport mechanisms of turbulent EHD. Spectral and spatial data clearly indicate how fluctuating energy is transferred from electrical to hydrodynamic forms, on moving through the domain away from the charging electrode. It is shown that ${ E}_{i}^{\ensuremath{\prime} } $ is not negligible close to the walls and terms acting as sources and sinks in the turbulent kinetic energy, turbulent scalar flux and turbulent scalar variance equations are examined. Profiles of hydrodynamic terms in the budgets resemble those in the literature for RBC; however there are terms specific to EHD that are significant, indicating that the transfer of energy in EHD is also attributed to further electrodynamic terms and a strong coupling exists between the charge flux and variance, due to the ionic drift term.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Government: The Role of Discretion for Engagement with Public Policy

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-29
Author(s):  
Jette Steen Knudsen ◽  
Jeremy Moon
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Corporate Social Responsibility ◽  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Integrated Framework ◽  
The Law ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

We investigate the relationship of corporate social responsibility (CSR) (often assumed to reflect corporate voluntarism) and government (often assumed to reflect coercion). We distinguish two broad perspectives on the CSR and government relationship: the dichotomous (i.e., government and CSR are / should be independent of one another) and the related (i.e., government and CSR are / should be interconnected). Using typologies of CSR public policy and of CSR and the law, we present an integrated framework for corporate discretion for engagement with public policy for CSR. We make four related contributions. First, we explain the dichotomous and the related perspectives with reference to their various assumptions and analyses. Second, we demonstrate that public policy for CSR and corporate discretion coexist and interact. Specifically, we show, third, that public policy for CSR can inform and stimulate corporate discretion and, fourth, that corporations have discretion for CSR, particularly as to how corporations engage with such policy.

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