The Research on Eye Tracking for Gaze Tracking System

Abstract The field of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has been developing tremendously since the past decade. The existence of smartphones or modern computers is already a norm in society these days which utilizes touch, voice and typing as a means for input. To further increase the variety of interaction, human eyes are set to be a good candidate for another form of HCI. The amount of information which the human eyes contain are extremely useful, hence, various methods and algorithm for eye gaze tracking are implemented in multiple sectors. However, some eye-tracking method requires infrared rays to be projected into the eye of the user which could potentially cause enzyme denaturation when the eye is subjected to those rays under extreme exposure. Therefore, to avoid potential harm from the eye-tracking method that utilizes infrared rays, this paper proposes an image-based eye tracking system using the Viola-Jones algorithm and Circular Hough Transform (CHT) algorithm. The proposed method uses visible light instead of infrared rays to control the mouse pointer using the eye gaze of the user. This research aims to implement the proposed algorithm for people with hand disability to interact with computers using their eye gaze.

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The stability of the MEMS 2D mirror's operating point in terms of eye tracking systems

Photonics Letters of Poland ◽

10.4302/plp.v12i2.1016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 43

Author(s):

Mateusz Pomianek ◽

Marek Piszczek ◽

Marcin Maciejewski ◽

Piotr Krukowski

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Laser Scanning ◽

Tracking System ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

Main Element ◽

Head Tracking ◽

Tracking Systems ◽

Gaze Tracking ◽

Pupil Detection ◽

The Stability

This paper describes research on the stability of the MEMS mirror for use in eye tracking systems. MEMS mirrors are the main element in scanning methods (which is one of the methods of eye tracking). Due to changes in the mirror pitch, the system can scan the area of the eye with a laser and collect the signal reflected. However, this method works on the assumption that the inclinations are constant in each period. The instability of this causes errors. The aim of this work is to examine the error level caused by pitch instability at different points of work. Full Text: PDF ReferencesW. Fuhl, M. Tonsen, A. Bulling, and E. Kasneci, "Pupil detection for head-mounted eye tracking in the wild: an evaluation of the state of the art," Mach. Vis. Appl., vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1275-1288, 2016, CrossRef X. Wang, S. Koch, K. Holmqvist, and M. Alexa, "Tracking the gaze on objects in 3D," ACM Trans. Graph., vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 1-18, Dec. 2018 CrossRef X. Xiong and H. Xie, "MEMS dual-mode electrostatically actuated micromirror," Proc. 2014 Zo. 1 Conf. Am. Soc. Eng. Educ. - "Engineering Educ. Ind. Involv. Interdiscip. Trends", ASEE Zo. 1 2014, no. Dmd, 2014 CrossRef E. Pengwang, K. Rabenorosoa, M. Rakotondrabe, and N. Andreff, "Scanning micromirror platform based on MEMS technology for medical application," Micromachines, vol. 7, no. 2, 2016 CrossRef J. P. Giannini, A. G. York, and H. Shroff, "Anticipating, measuring, and minimizing MEMS mirror scan error to improve laser scanning microscopy's speed and accuracy," PLoS One, vol. 12, no. 10, pp. 1-14, 2017 CrossRef C. Hennessey, B. Noureddin, and P. Lawrence, "A single camera eye-gaze tracking system with free head motion," Eye Track. Res. Appl. Symp., vol. 2005, no. March, pp. 87-94, 2005 CrossRef C. H. Morimoto and M. R. M. Mimica, "Eye gaze tracking techniques for interactive applications," Comput. Vis. Image Underst., vol. 98, no. 1, pp. 4-24, Apr. 2005 CrossRef S. T. S. Holmström, U. Baran, and H. Urey, "MEMS laser scanners: A review," J. Microelectromechanical Syst., vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 259-275, 2014 CrossRef C. W. Cho, "Gaze Detection by Wearable Eye-Tracking and NIR LED-Based Head-Tracking Device Based on SVR," ETRI J., vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 542-552, Aug. 2012 CrossRef T. Santini, W. Fuhl, and E. Kasneci, "PuRe: Robust pupil detection for real-time pervasive eye tracking," Comput. Vis. Image Underst., vol. 170, pp. 40-50, May 2018 CrossRef O. Solgaard, A. A. Godil, R. T. Howe, L. P. Lee, Y. A. Peter, and H. Zappe, "Optical MEMS: From micromirrors to complex systems," J. Microelectromechanical Syst., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 517-538, 2014 CrossRef J. Wang, G. Zhang, and Z. You, "UKF-based MEMS micromirror angle estimation for LiDAR," J. Micromechanics Microengineering, vol. 29, no. 3, 201 CrossRef

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GAZE TRACKING SYSTEM MODEL BASED ON PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence ◽

10.1142/s0218001407005697 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 21 (05) ◽

pp. 855-877 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

ARANTXA VILLANUEVA ◽

RAFAEL CABEZA ◽

SONIA PORTA

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Modeling ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Optical Axis ◽

Tracking System ◽

System Model ◽

Physical Parameters ◽

Visual Axis ◽

Gaze Tracking ◽

The Gaze ◽

The Past

In the past years, research in eye tracking development and applications has attracted much attention and the possibility of interacting with a computer employing just gaze information is becoming more and more feasible. Efforts in eye tracking cover a broad spectrum of fields, system mathematical modeling being an important aspect in this research. Expressions relating to several elements and variables of the gaze tracker would lead to establish geometric relations and to find out symmetrical behaviors of the human eye when looking at a screen. To this end a deep knowledge of projective geometry as well as eye physiology and kinematics are basic. This paper presents a model for a bright-pupil technique tracker fully based on realistic parameters describing the system elements. The system so modeled is superior to that obtained with generic expressions based on linear or quadratic expressions. Moreover, model symmetry knowledge leads to more effective and simpler calibration strategies, resulting in just two calibration points needed to fit the optical axis and only three points to adjust the visual axis. Reducing considerably the time spent by other systems employing more calibration points renders a more attractive model.

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A Review on Eye Tracking Technology

Interdisciplinary Approaches to Altering Neurodevelopmental Disorders - Advances in Medical Diagnosis, Treatment, and Care ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-3069-6.ch007 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 107-130

Author(s):

Pavneet Bhatia ◽

Arun Khosla ◽

Gajendra Singh

Keyword(s):

Computer Vision ◽

Eye Tracking ◽

Assistive Technology ◽

Tracking System ◽

Eye Gaze ◽

Emerging Technology ◽

Gaze Tracking ◽

Safety Research ◽

Computer Vision Technology ◽

Tracking Technology

In past few decades, eye tracking has evolved as an emerging technology with wide areas of applications in gaming, human-computer interaction, business research, assistive technology, automatic safety research, and many more. Eye-gaze tracking is a provocative idea in computer-vision technology. This chapter includes the recent researches, expansion, and development in the technology, techniques, and its wide-ranging applications. It gives a detailed background of technology with all the efforts done in the direction to improve the tracking system.

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A laser emitting contact lens for eye tracking

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-71233-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

A. Khaldi ◽

E. Daniel ◽

L. Massin ◽

C. Kärnfelt ◽

F. Ferranti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Contact Lens ◽

Detection System ◽

Tracking System ◽

Primary Source ◽

Eye Tracker ◽

Laser Pointer ◽

Gaze Tracking ◽

Ir Laser ◽

Encapsulation Process

Abstract In this paper, we present the first realisation and experimentation of a new eye tracking system using an infrared (iR) laser pointer embedded into a wireless smart contact lens. We denote this contact lens prototype as the cyclops lens, in reference to the famous hero of the X-Men comics. The full eye tracker device combines the smart contact lens and its eyewear, which provides a primary source of energy and the beam detection system. We detail the assembling and encapsulation process of the main functionalities into the contact lens and present how a gaze tracking system is achieved, compared to existing conventional eye-tracking ones. Finally, we discuss future technical improvements.

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Building a Low-Cost Eye-Tracking System

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.263-266.2399 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 263-266 ◽

pp. 2399-2402

Author(s):

Chi Wu Huang ◽

Zong Sian Jiang ◽

Wei Fan Kao ◽

Yen Lin Huang

Keyword(s):

Eye Tracking ◽

Test Performance ◽

Tracking System ◽

Low Cost ◽

Least Square ◽

Tracking Accuracy ◽

Gaze Tracking ◽

The Gaze ◽

Image Capturing ◽

Future Work

This paper presents the developing of a low-cost eye-tracking system by modifying the commercial-over-the-shelf camera to integrate with the proper-tuned open source drivers and the user-defined application programs. The system configuration is proposed and the gaze-tracking approximated by the least square polynomial mapping is described. Comparisons between other low-cost systems as well as commercial system are provided. Our system obtained the highest image capturing rate of 180 frames per second, and the ISO 9241-Part 9 test performance favored our system, in terms of Response time and Correct response rate. Currently, we are developing gaze-tracking accuracy application. The real time gaze-tracking and the Head Movement Estimation are the issues in future work.

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