The different encapsulants of lileum leaves (Clerodendrum Minahassae L) and Avocado Seed (Persea Americana Mill) extraction on Physical Quality and Microscopic Structure

This research aimed to examine the differences encapsulant of leilem leaves and avocado seed (1 : 1) using a microwave oven to the microcapsule product physical quality and microscopic structure. The method was used laboratory experimental with 5 different encapsulants consist of gum arab (A1), whey (A2), chitosan (A3), maltodextrin (A4) and zeolit (A5) with 4 replications in every treatment, respectively. The Variables observed in this research consist of physical quality (dry matter, density, yield, solubility of solids) and microscopic structure. The data of physical quality was evaluate the size and structure, then the microscopic structure was analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the experiment using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The results showed that the use of different encapsulates showed a significant (P < 0.05) effect on density and the solubility of solids in the product but it were not significant effect on dry matter and yield. Furthermore, different encapsulants also showed significantly different on the microscopic structure. Therefore, it can be concluded that the encapsulation process of the mixed extract of leilem leaves and avocado seeds using a microwave oven and chitosan encapsulation can produce the best physical quality and microscopic structure.

Citrus Peel Extracts for Industrial-Scale Production of Bio-Based Active Food Packaging

The thermal stability of four different commercial citrus peel extracts was tested and improved by an encapsulation process with β-cyclodextrins in a spray-dryer. All extracts after the encapsulation process maintained a good antioxidant capacity, with an apparent loss in total phenolic compounds of around 20–25%. In addition, all samples showed good antimicrobial activity (MIC 5-0.625 mg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus, which was maintained after the encapsulation process (MIC 5-1.25 mg/mL). Based on the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity results, the best-encapsulated citrus extract was selected for incorporation into a polylactic acid/polyhydroxy butyrate (PLA/PHB) film. The latter was then produced on an industrial scale by cast extrusion and was found to be suitable for food contact as it showed overall migration values in different food simulants lower than the legislative limit of 10 mg of non-volatile substances per 1 dm2 of surface area. The UHPLC-HRMS analysis, performed to evaluate the migration of the active compounds, revealed about 13.41% release in food simulant A and 11.02% in food simulant B. Antimicrobial analysis conducted directly on the film showed a growth inhibition activity towards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus equal to 30 and 60%, respectively.

Analytical and numerical analyses of filling progression and void formation in flip-chip underfill encapsulation process

Purpose This paper aims to study the filling progression of underfill flow and void formation during the flip-chip encapsulation process. Design/methodology/approach A new parameter of filling progression that relates volume fraction filled to filling displacement was formulated analytically. Another indicative parameter of filling efficiency was also introduced to quantify the voiding fraction in filling progression. Additionally, the underfill process on different flip-chips based on the past experiments was numerically simulated. Findings All findings were well-validated with reference to the past experimental results, in terms of quantitative filling progression and qualitative flow profiles. The volume fraction filled increases monotonically with the filling displacement and thus the filling time. As the underfill fluid advances, the size of the void decreases while the filling efficiency increases. Furthermore, the void formed during the underfilling flow stage was caused by the accelerated contact line jump at the bump entrance. Practical implications The filling progression enabled manufacturers to forecast the underfill flow front, as it advances through the flip-chip. Moreover, filling progression and filling efficiency could provide quantitative insights for the determination of void formations at any filling stages. The voiding formation mechanism enables the prompt formulation of countermeasures. Originality/value Both the filling progression and filling efficiency are new indicative parameters in quantifying the performance of the filling process while considering the reliability defects such as incomplete filling and voiding.

Trans-ε-Viniferin Encapsulation in Multi-Lamellar Liposomes: Consequences on Pharmacological Parameters, Biodistribution and Glucuronide Formation in Rats

Trans-ε-viniferin (εVin) is a resveratrol dimer exhibiting promising biological activities for human health. Its bioavailability being low, the development of encapsulation methods would be used to overcome this issue. The aim of this study was to measure the consequences of the encapsulation of εVin in multilamellar liposomes on its pharmacokinetic parameters, metabolism and tissue distribution in rats. After oral administration of εVin (20 mg/kg body weight), either as free or encapsulated forms, plasmas were sequentially collected (from 0 to 4 h) as well as liver, kidneys and adipose tissues (4 h after administration) and analyzed by LC-HRMS. The glucuronide metabolites (εVG) were also produced by hemisynthesis for their quantification in plasma and tissues. The encapsulation process did not significantly modify the pharmacokinetic parameters of εVin itself. However, a significant increase of the T1/2 was noticed for εVG after administration of the encapsulated form as compared to the free form. An accumulation of εVin and εVG in adipose tissues was noticed, and interestingly a significant increase of the latter in the mesenteric one after administration of the encapsulated form was highlighted. Since adipose tissues could represent storage depots, and encapsulation allows for prolonging the exposure time of glucuronide metabolites in the organism, this could be of interest to promote their potential biological activities.

Iron Encapsulation by Deacetylated Glucomannan as an Excipient Using the Gelation Method: Characteristics and Controlled Release

Research background. Deacetylation and the use of CaCl2 as a gelation agent improve the performance of glucomannan as iron encapsulant using the gelation method. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of deacetylation using NaOH and pH gelation on the characteristics of encapsulated iron using the CaCl2 gelation method. Experimental approach. Glucomannan was deacetylated at various NaOH concentrations and was subsequently utilized as an iron excipient using the pipette-dropped gelation method in CaCl2 solution to directly investigate the gelation process of encapsulation. The pH of the gelation solution was also changed. The beads were subsequently vacuum-dried. Results and conclusions. Deacetylation led to lower endothermic peak temperature of the glucomannan than that of the native one. The deacetylation degree (DD) and gelation pH did not significantly affect the diameter of the beads but influenced their appearance and physical characteristics. The backbone of glucomannan was not changed by either the deacetylation degree or the pH of the gelation treatment. The highest encapsulation efficiency (73.27 %) was observed in the encapsulated iron using the glucomannan matrix of the highest deacetylation degree (82.56 %) and gelated in pH=10 solution. The highest deacetylation degree of glucomannan caused the beads to have the highest swelling, which led to the release of a higher amount of iron. Glucomannan deacetylation improved the pH sensitivity of iron encapsulation, in which more iron was released at a pH=6.8 than of pH=1.2. The Weibull model was the best-fitted model to represent the profile of iron release from the deacetylated glucomannan matrix using the gelation method (R2 > 0.93) at pH=6.8 and pH=1.2 solutions. Novelty and scientific contribution. This result supports the application of deacetylated glucomannan using NaOH as a pH-sensitive matrix on iron encapsulation using CaCl2 solution as gelation agent. A higher deacetylation degree leads to the release of a higher amount of iron from the matrix. The encapsulation is not only protecting the iron but also delivering it to the absorption site and controlling the iron release which are useful in supplement formulation. or food fortifications. The results show that the deacetylated glucomannan as the matrix holds more iron in encapsulation process.

Essential oils encapsulation performance evaluation: A review on encapsulation parameters

Application of essential oils (EOs) in food preservation and products is not a virgin trend owing to its bio-functional properties such as antioxidants, antimicrobials, medicinal values, and aromatic functionalities. However, EOs are prone to degrade upon exposure to different environmental surroundings, eventually losing their bio-functional activities and limits their potential applications. Hence, encapsulation process is introduced to overcome this issue. In order, to evaluate encapsulation process, there are several key indicators, known as encapsulation parameters, that reflects the performance of encapsulation process and quality of encapsulation products (encapsulates) namely encapsulation efficiency, encapsulation yield, payload/loading capacity, and surface loading. Since some terms are used interchangeably across literatures, problems arise when it comes to compare these parameters among published works as there is no specific guideline or specific term to classify these parameters. Therefore, this paper aims to help researchers understand an insight of the definition of encapsulation parameters used in evaluating performance of encapsulation process and encapsulation products of EOs. Commonly used evaluation techniques as well as some recommendations for considerations are also highlighted. Different calculation formulae used in evaluating encapsulation performance would have significant difference to the encapsulation parameters values.

Synthesis and applications of calcium-aluminum layered double hydroxides - an overview

The synthesis and application of layered calcium-aluminum double hydroxides (Ca-Al LDHs) for the encapsulation of organic anions is discussed. The mechanism of the encapsulation process was explained. These types of compounds have great potential and can be used in targeted therapies, including in drug dosing systems.

MICROENCAPSULATION AND ITS UTILIZATION IN THE SECTOR OF HORTICULTURE : A REVIEW

Microencapsulation today has evolved as a trustworthy tool in providing endurance to majority of the biologically active compounds which in general are not so stable and tends to degenerate very easily. In the field of horticulture, the horticultural commodities are stacked with such important active compounds. These compounds help in providing an advantageous output against various types of diseases and health related issues and ailments. But as mentioned majority of these important substances are not very rigid and extremely susceptible to changes in the environment, which may be physical, chemical or biological type. Therefore microencapsulation comes out as an important an protective tool where these targeted compounds called as the core materials are being covered or wrapped by the encapsulation process through outer coating called as the wall material and final product called as the microcapsules are delivered which have an increased availability and high effectiveness of the core materials inside. Therefore, the present paper is aimed in discussing about the process of microencapsulation in brief and to through a light toward some of the works of microencapsulation which has been successfully carried out in the discipline of horticulture.

Encapsulation of an anticancer drug Isatin inside a host nano-vehicle SWCNT: a molecular dynamics simulation

The use of carbon nanotubes as anticancer drug delivery cargo systems is a promising modality as they are able to perforate cellular membranes and transport the carried therapeutic molecules into the cellular components. Our work describes the encapsulation process of a common anticancer drug, Isatin (1H-indole-2,3-dione) as a guest molecule, in a capped single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) host with chirality of (10,10). The encapsulation process was modelled, considering an aqueous solution, by a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation under a canonical NVT ensemble. The interactions between the atoms of Isatin were obtained from the DREIDING force filed. The storage capacity of the capped SWCNT host was evaluated to quantify its capacity to host multiple Isatin molecules. Our results show that the Isatin can be readily trapped inside the volume cavity of the capped SWCNT and it remained stable, as featured by a reduction in the van der Waals forces between Isatin guest and the SWCNT host (at approximately − 30 kcal mol−1) at the end of the MD simulation (15 ns). Moreover, the free energy of encapsulation was found to be − 34 kcal mol−1 suggesting that the Isatin insertion procedure into the SWCNT occurred spontaneously. As calculated, a capped SWCNT (10,10) with a length of 30 Å, was able to host eleven (11) molecules of Isatin, that all remained steadily encapsulated inside the SWCNT volume cavity, showing a potential for the use of carbon nanotubes as drug delivery cargo systems.