Objective: To investigate the function and causative role of simvastatin (Sim) in breast carcinoma cell apoptosis as well as proliferation. Methods: 20 breast carcinoma patients requiring surgery were treated with Sim (20 days, 30 mg), and samples of pre-treatment (pre) and post-treatment (post) were acquired. We detected tissue cell proliferation and apoptosis changes and used functional experiments to detect cell proliferation and apoptosis changes after treating not only estrogen receptor (ER)-positive (MCF-7) but also ER-negative cells (MDA-MB-231) with Sim or TGF-β1. Detection of p-Smad3 and total Smad3 protein expression changes was conducted, and we finally used in vivo experiments to assess the influence of Sim on breast tumor growth and drug safety. Results: Immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining results showed that after treatment with Sim, breast carcinoma cell proliferation decreased and apoptosis increased. Functional experiments results showed that Sim notedly promoted the MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cell apoptosis, inhibiting migration, proliferation and epithelial mesenchymal transition. Moreover, TGF-β1 protein expression was strikingly lower in Sim group than that in DMSO group. When TGF-β1 and Sim were combined to use, the inhibitory ability of Sim on breast cancer cell proliferation markedly increased and the capability of TGF-β1 protein inducing p-Smad3 protein increased. In addition, after Sim treatment in mice, the tumor volume became smaller, the pathological changes weakened, and there was no significant effect on liver function and kidney function. Conclusion: Sim participates in breast cancer cell apoptosis and proliferation via regulating TGF-β1/Smad3 signal pathway.
CDCA4, a downstream gene of the Nrf2 signaling pathway, regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in the MCF‑7/ADM human breast cancer cell line
