scholarly journals Right to Health: Polygyny and De Facto Polygyny may Increase Women’s Vulnerability to HIV/AIDS in Tanzania

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Fatuma A Mgomba
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Customary Law ◽  
Married Men ◽  
The World ◽  
Small House ◽  
International Laws ◽  
Polygynous Marriage ◽  
Hiv Aids

The world continues to faced many challenges both social and economic as a result of HIV/AIDS. Women in Tanzania and the world at large are among the most vulnerable population to HIV infection. Some of the communities to this day are starved of the critical information about the scourge as a result of the contradictions which emerge between the national laws (i.e., customary law) and international laws. This study aimed primarily at ascertaining the issues of whether polygynous marriage/small house are perceived to expose married women to the high risk of HIV/AIDS. Simple random sampling technique was used to select rural and urban married men/women, especially among those living in polygamous and monogamous marriages and unmarried women who are in relations with married men (small house) at Lushoto in Tanzania. The study noted that married women are at risk of HIV/AIDS when their husbands practice de facto polygyny. As a result of the legal disparities between international laws and national law (i.e., customary law), polygynous marriage/small house exposes married women to a high risk of HIV/AIDS. The international community needs to come up with a standpoint that compels member nations of different cultural practices to ensure that women are not exposed to HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS is a reality and dissemination of information to all people should be considered a human right regardless of the different cultural practices. To this end, thousands of married women in polygamous and monogamous marriages are at risk of the scourge in Tanzania in particular and the world in general. The world continues to faced many challenges both social and economic as a result of HIV/AIDS. Women in Tanzania and the world at large are among the most vulnerable population to HIV infection. Some of the communities to this day are starved of the critical information about the scourge as a result of the contradictions which emerge between the national laws (i.e., customary law) and international laws. This study aimed primarily at ascertaining the issues of whether polygynous marriage/small house are perceived to expose married women to the high risk of HIV/AIDS. Simple random sampling technique was used to select rural and urban married men/women, especially among those living in polygamous and monogamous marriages and unmarried women who are in relations with married men (small house) at Lushoto in Tanzania. The study noted that married women are at risk of HIV/AIDS when their husbands practice de facto polygyny. As a result of the legal disparities between international laws and national law (i.e., customary law), polygynous marriage/small house exposes married women to a high risk of HIV/AIDS. The international community needs to come up with a standpoint that compels member nations of different cultural practices to ensure that women are not exposed to HIV/AIDS. HIV/AIDS is a reality and dissemination of information to all people should be considered a human right regardless of the different cultural practices. To this end, thousands of married women in polygamous and monogamous marriages are at risk of the scourge in Tanzania in particular and the world in general.

scholarly journals MYTHS, FACTS, PRECAUTIONS AND TREATMENT BASED ON KNOWLEDGE QUESTIONNAIRE (KQ-18) REGARDING HIV/AIDS AMONG MARRIED AND NEVER MARRIED ADULTS (25-35 YEARS) IN MUMBAI and THANE

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (37) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rege K. ◽  
Hah V. ◽  
Ingle H M. ◽  
Mallya S. ◽  
Qureshi J.
Keyword(s):  
Married Women ◽  
Hiv Treatment ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Never Married ◽  
Knowledge Questionnaire ◽  
Inadequate Knowledge ◽  
Married Men ◽  
High Knowledge ◽  
Hiv Aids

The lack of proper awareness and knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS may leave a large section of the population vulnerable to contract the disease. Correct knowledge and awareness regarding the disease is a general prerequisite for the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. Inadequate knowledge, negative attitudes and risky practices are major hindrances to preventing the spread of HIV. The objective was to obtain the knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS on the basis of knowledge questionnaire (KQ-18) among married and never married men and women in Mumbai and Thane district of age 25-35 years. The sample consisted of 120 participants (30 married men, 30 married women, 30 never married men, and 30 never married women) ages 25-35 years. The tool was divided into 2 categories a) Proforma [18 introductory questions, such as gender family type] and b) Knowledge questionnaire [standardized tool of knowledge questionnaire (KQ-18) comprising of 18 items]. Results revealed that participants had high knowledge about symptoms i.e., having sex with more than one partner can increase person’s chance of being affected with HIV; treatment i.e., there is a vaccine that can stop adults from getting HIV, precaution i.e., a person can get HIV by sitting in a hot tub or a swimming pool with a person who has HIV. Astonishingly, participants had a very low knowledge about women getting HIV if she has anal sex with a man, taking a test for HIV one week after having sex will tell a person if she or he has HIV and a natural skin condom works better against HIV than does a latex condom in terms of symptoms, treatment and precautions respectively. These research findings led us to believe that there is a need to impart knowledge in relation to HIV/AIDS.

scholarly journals The Case of 'Suspected Adulteress': Reading Numbers 5:11-31 from the Perspective of a Married African Woman

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Alexander Izuchukwu Abasili
Keyword(s):  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Human Sexuality ◽  
Married Women ◽  
African Woman ◽  
Sexual Infidelity ◽  
Biblical Hermeneutics ◽  
The Family ◽  
Married Men ◽  
The World ◽  
Gender Specific

As studies have shown, marital sexual infidelity is attested in every society of the world.1 In African societies, adultery is not only strictly prohibited on social, moral and religious grounds but is also regarded, in some African cultures, as an abomination. This is rooted, among others, in the sacredness of marriage in Africa and the inseparable link between the use of human sexuality in marriage and the generation of new life for the perpetuation of the family-lineage and the community. In theory, the ban on adultery applies equally to all married men and women but in praxis, there are some hints of gender injustice against women in observing the ban on adultery. The patriarchal context in some African cultures provides the background for such gender inequality and sexual injustice against women. By using bosadi biblical hermeneutics to interpret the Sotah ritual (Num 5:11-31) - a ritual that is gender-specific, meant only for women accused of adultery - this article condemns the sexual injustice endured by married women in some (African) patriarchal societies and advocates the reading of Num 5:11-31 and other biblical texts containing 'oppressive elements' in a way that is liberating and empowering to the oppressed and marginalised.

Socio-cultural Factors affecting People Living with HIV/AIDS Attendance at Hawassa and Yirgalem Hospital ART Clinics, South Ethiopia. Quantitative and Qualitative Mixed Approach.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alemante A Ayalew ◽  
Zeytu G Asfaw ◽  
Solomon A Lemma
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Complete Healing ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Care Givers ◽  
The World ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
Hiv Aids

Abstract Background: HIV/AIDS pandemic seriously ravaged the world for the past three decades. It left the world with full of complicated social, economic and political problems. The problem has continued as major health problems for most developing countries, including Ethiopia. Socio-cultural practices which are predominantly determining the life of most of these peoples have structured the spread of HIV/AIDS. The aim of this study was to investigate how socio-cultural factors are affecting patients' adherence at ART clinics in Hawassa and Yirgalem Referral Hospitals. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative designs were used to collect the data. Results: The findings have shown that for fear of stigma and discrimination at family and community levels forced patients' affected adherence at ART clinics. People living with HIV were forced to travel long distance to get rid of social exclusion and isolation that resulting in drug interruptions and drop outs. The findings have also shown that most of the followers of protestant religion make believe that HIV could be cured and boycotted them from taking ART drugs. Moreover, confidentiality of information about HIV positive children living with care givers and newly tested patients found to be resistant to start or continue their drugs. Sense of wellbeing elicited form long term ART drugs effects made patients to imagine complete healing thereby dropping their treatment. Conclusions: The findings made clear that multidimensional socio-cultural factors structure and restructure adherence problems at the ART clinics in the study hospitals. Interventions targeting to change socio-cultural factors play crucial roles to prevent and control new infections, occurrence of drug resistant strains, and social and economic repercussions in the society.

scholarly journals Community Based Risk Behaviour Study on HIV/AIDS Targeting Women in Nepal - 2007

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
KK Jha ◽  
VS Salhotra ◽  
AP Weerakoon ◽  
L Shrestha ◽  
P Malla
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Focus Group Discussions ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Community Based ◽  
High Risk Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Risk Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Hiv Aids

Nepal has progressed from a HIV low prevalence country to one with a concentrated epidemic in certain subgroups of population. It has been documented that girls and women are more vulnerable to HIV infection. However there is little documented evidence on the risk behaviour among women in Nepal. This study was conducted to assess the pattern of risk behaviour for HIV among women in Nepal. Methodology : The main component of the study comprised a community based cross-sectional study, using a multi stage random sampling technique. Data was collected by trained field health workers using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Eight focus group discussions were also conducted to supplement the findings. Statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS version 13. Results : A significant number of un married (13.7%) women and 2.2% of married women indulged in high risk sexual behaviour. A significant positive association was observed between sexual risk behaviour of married women and monthly family income less than 5000 Nepali Rs ,age group 25-34y and young age group (15- 34) in unmarried women. Nearly 70% of participatory women have heard about AIDS and have satisfactory level of knowledge about HIV/AIDS. However, significant number of respondents had misconceptions that one could contract HIV through hand shaking, mosquito bites and hugging. Using Condoms during unprotected sexual intercourse in both married and unmarried women were low (19.4% and 6.2% respectively). Findings of Focus Group Discussions revealed there is a strong stigma associated with HIV/AIDS in this rural community in Nepal. Conclusions : One in every seven unmarried woman in Nepal indulged in high risk sexual behaviour, which is much more compared to married women. There is an urgent need for reproductive health education especially among teenagers and for the National HIV/AIDS Control Programme to expand its awareness generation activities. Keywords : HIV/AIDS, women, risk behaviour, Nepal DOI: 10.3126/saarctb.v6i2.3051 SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS 2009 VI (2) 1-10

scholarly journals Perceptions of Risk of Contracting HIV among Married Men and Women in Zambia

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-53
Author(s):  
Kusanthan Thankian ◽  
Sidney O. C. Mwaba ◽  
Anitha J. Menon
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Drinking Alcohol ◽  
Wealth Status ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Perceptions Of Risk ◽  
Personal Risk ◽  
Married Men

This study explored the perceived risk of contracting HIV among the currently married men and women in Zambia. The analysis was carried out on data from the latest Zambia Demographic Health Survey (2014). Results indicated that 48% of the currently married women, and 61% of the currently married men reported low perceived risk for contracting HIV. The results also indicate that age, place of residence, wealth status, having had sex with three or more partners for the last 12 months, drinking alcohol and condom use were associated with high risk perception of contracting HIV for men. Women who had three or more sexual partners during the last 12 months were 1.5 times more likely to perceive high risk for contracting HIV than those who had less than three partners. Among the males, those who had sex with three or more sexual partners were 1.7 times more likely to perceive being at high risk for contracting HIV than those who had sex with less than three partners. Respondents from the higher socio-economic group were 1.3 times more likely to report low risk of contracting HIV as compared to those from middle and lower socio-economic group. These findings suggest that behaviour change campaigns encouraging married men and women to accurately assess their personal risk of contracting HIV should be complemented with targeted awareness messages emphasizing the positive attributes of using condom.

scholarly journals Knowledge of Teachers on Cultural Practices that Influence HIV/AIDS Transmission in Kavango West, Namibia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Johanna Magano Amunyela ◽  
Emmanuel Salvatory Magesa
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Basic Education ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Group Discussion ◽  
Coding System ◽  
School Teachers ◽  
Aids Epidemic ◽  
The World ◽  
Education School ◽  
Hiv Aids

BACKGROUND: In the world there are still ethnic groups that promotes cultural practices that may predispose people to HIV/AIDS transmission and hence increase HIV prevalence rate. Namibia is one of the countries that are badly affected by HIV/AIDS in the world, with Kavango West the worst-affected region in Namibia with the prevalence rate of 12.1%. This is the region where ethnic group known as Ukwangari is located. In Namibia, there are policies, guidelines, and programmes in place to manage the HIV/AIDS epidemic, however, the cultural practices regarding the transmission of HIV/AIDS are not well discussed, hence excluded when addressing prevention of HIV. AIM: Is to explore depth knowledge of basic education school teachers on cultural practices that influence HIV/AIDS transmission in Ukwangari culture in Nankudu district, Kavango West region, Namibia. METHODS: Qualitative, explorative contextual study was conducted to in which non-probability purposive sampling method was employed. Participants, who knew Ukwangari culture, were purposively selected and focus group discussion was conducted until data were saturated. Data were analysed using Tesch’s open coding system, where themes and sub themes that emerged from the discussion were identified. RESULTS: The findings indicate that basic education school teachers had fair knowledge about HIV/AIDS, while a few teachers had misinformation on culture and transmission of HIV/AIDS. CONCLUSION: There is a need to sensitise and educate basic education school teachers in Ukwangari community about their cultural practices that influence HIV/AIDS transmission. This will be possible by collaborating with various ministries and stakeholders.

KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF HIV/AIDS AMONG MARRIED AND NEVER MARRIED ADULTS (25-35 YEARS) IN MUMBAI and THANE DISTRICT

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (36) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rege K. ◽  
Ingle H. ◽  
Mallya S. ◽  
Qureshi J. ◽  
Shah V.
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Family ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Night Sweat ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Unprotected Sex ◽  
The Body ◽  
Family Type ◽  
Never Married ◽  
Married Men ◽  
Hiv Aids

AIDS is an illness that damages a person‘s ability to fight off disease, leaving the body open to attack from ordinarily innocuous infections and some forms of cancers. AIDS is caused by a virus called HIV, which stands for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This virus infects certain types of white blood cells. People infected with HIV may have no symptoms for ten or more years. They may not know they are infected. The objectives of the study was to ascertain the knowledge and awareness regarding HIV/AIDS in terms of: i) meaning ii) reasons iii) symptoms iv) precautions v) role of media vi) treatment and therapy vii) stigma and discrimination viii) challenges and strategies to overcome challenges among the age group of 25-35 years among married and never married males and females. The sample consisted of 120 participants (30 married men, 30 married women, 30 never married men, and 30 never married women) ages 25-35 years. Most of the participants belonged to nuclear family (49.2%) hailed from various religions, such as Hindu (48%); Jain (34.2%). Most participants were graduates (42%) and a few, post graduate (32%). More of the participants were professionals (28.3%) and a few in businesses (25%). The self-constructed tool was divided into two categories a) Proforma [18 introductory questions, such as gender family type] and b) knowledge and awareness related 9 items such as, meaning, reasons, symptoms regarding HIV/AIDS. Results revealed that a little more than one third of the total participants indicated the meaning of term AIDS, as a disease and disorder such as a sexual disorder and a few stated the meaning of term HIV as a disease, such as, sexual disease, and illness. Almost all mentioned about unprotected sex with person suffering from HIV/AIDS, a substantial majority also stated of blood transfusion as a reason. A large majority also stated of reused syringes/injections, blade/razor or any sharp thing. A majority of the participants mentioned about recurring fever, chills and night sweat; most of them also mentioned about sore throat when asked about the symptoms in HIV/AIDS affected patient. A substantial majority stated that always use new, disposable needle, syringes and razor blades, almost the same number of participants indicated using contraceptives correctly and consistently; and avoid multiple sexual partners when asked about precautions to be taken to avoid HIV/AIDS.

World Bank/USAID co-hosted debate on "funding allocations for HIV/AIDS", webcasted live from the World Bank

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Mah ◽  
Marelize Gorgens ◽  
Elizabeth Ashbourne ◽  
Cristina Romero ◽  
Nejma Cheikh
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Hiv Aids

Two Years after the Crisis: Do Risks of the Second Wave Become Stronger?

2011 ◽  
pp. 4-20
Author(s):  
M. Ershov
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
World Economy ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
Global Imbalances ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Second Wave

With signs of normalization seemingly in place in the world economy, a number of problems show the possibility of aggravation in the future. The volume of derivatives in American banks grows significantly, high risk instruments are back in place and their use becomes more active, global imbalances increase. All of the above requires thorough approaches when creating mechanisms which can neutralize external shocks for the Russian economy and make it possible to develop in the new post-crisis environment.

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