FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MENDASARI REFORMASI AKUNTANSI DI INDONESIA

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwi Fitri Puspa
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Regulatory Reform ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
The Political ◽  
Government Accounting ◽  
Accounting Policy

Accounting regulations in Indonesia have been strengthened over the past three decades as part of a series broader program of market-driven regulatory reform. Some revisions efforts have been made by the Indonesian Institute of Accountants and government in enhancing the quality of accounting information presented in the financial reporting since the reopening of the Indonesian capital market in 1977. The central element of these efforts was the introduction of accounting standards which were based largely on the International Accounting Standards (hereby deemed as the Financial Accounting Standards (FASs)) in late 1994 to replace the old Indonesian accounting principles (hereby deemed as the IAPs). In 2005, the Indonesian Institute of Accountants and government introduced Government Accounting Standard. It can be concluded that there are three factors influencing accounting reform in Indonesia. First, the political economy of accounting policy-making in Indonesia : 1965-mid 1980s. Second factor is the political economy of accounting policy-making in Indonesia since the mid-1980s. Thirdly, the third factors is 1997 financial crisis and further reform.

Viewing the 1996 FAF Restructuring as Policy Making without a Formal Due Process

2002 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul B. W. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Due Process ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Securities And Exchange Commission ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Perceived Threat ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Public Accounting

In 1996, a major financial reporting controversy emerged, escalated, and was resolved without substantial exposure or a formal due process. Specifically, a committee of the Financial Executives Institute (FEI) sent a letter to the chair of the Financial Accounting Foundation (FAF) asserting that the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) “process is broken and in need of substantive repair.” When Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Chair Arthur Levitt determined that neither FAF nor public accounting leaders were dealing with the FEI proposals to his satisfaction, he acted to defeat this perceived threat to FASB's independence, focusing on the composition of the FAF. In response, the FAF trustees resisted because they viewed his intervention as a threat to FASB's independence. When the trustees did not voluntarily change, Levitt proposed reconsidering Accounting Series Release No. 150, which designates FASB as the sole source of GAAP for SEC filings. Eventually, Levitt prevailed. This paper describes this intervention as a case of policy making without a formal due process and adds to the already weighty evidence that accounting standards are political.

scholarly journals ZAKAT AS LOCALLY-GENERATED REVENUE: ITS ACCOUNTING TREATMENT AT BAITUL MAL ACEH

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Armiadi Musa
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Government Accounting ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Body ◽  
Government Institution

In Aceh, Indonesia, zakat is included as a locally-generated revenue (Pendapatan Asli Daerah – PAD) and it is managed by a government body called Baitul Mal. As a government institution, Baitul Mal is obligated to present financial statements according to Government Accounting Standards (Standar Akuntansi Pemerintah - SAP). This article reports the findings of the accounting treatment for zakat financial statements in Baitul Mal Aceh. Baitul Mal Aceh as the government zakat institution is annually required to disclose two different financial statements, both financial statements based on Government Accounting Standards (SAP) and based on a statement of financial accounting standards 109 (PSAK 109). Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the compliance of Baitul Mal Aceh with SAP dan PSAK 109 in zakat financial reporting. This research is a descriptive study from the data obtained through field study. The results showed that Baitul Mal Aceh has implemented both SAP and PSAK 109 in presenting the financial statements regardless of some items that might not be in accordance with the standards. In financial statements based on SAP, a variance was found in the presentation of information related to the procurement of assets and the details of the depreciation. As for the financial statements based on PSAK 109, it has been presented from 2012 to 2017. From the available data, there are some differences in the disclosure compared to PSAK 109. Amil funds and non-halal funds were not disclosed in the balance sheet as well as there was no statement of changes in assets under management. Moreover, these financial statements were not presented in the last two years due to limited supporting facilities/devices and human resources.========================================================================================================Zakat sebagai Pendapatan Asli Daerah: Perlakuan Akuntansinya pada Baitul Mal Aceh. Di Aceh, Indonesia, zakat dimasukkan sebagai salah satu Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) yang dikelola oleh sebuah institusi pemerintah yang disebut Baitul Mal. Sebagai badan pemerintah, Baitul Mal diwajibkan untuk membuat laporan keuangannya sesuai dengan Standar Akuntansi Pemerintah (SAP). Artikel ini menyajikan temuan dari perlakuan akuntansi pada laporan keuangan zakat di Baitul Mal Aceh. Baitul Mal Aceh sebagai lembaga amil zakat pemerintah diwajibkan menyajikan dua laporan keuangan yang berbeda setiap tahunnya, yaitu laporan keuangan menurut Standar Akuntansi Pemerintahan (SAP) dan menurut Pernyataan Standar Akuntasi Keuangan Nomor 109 (PSAK 109). Untuk itu, tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menginvestigasi kepatuhan Baitul Mal Aceh dengan SAP dan PSAK 109 dalam penyajian laporan keuangan zakat. Penelitian ini adalah studi deskriptif berdasarkan data yang diperoleh dari studi lapangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Baitul Mal Aceh telah menerapkan sistem pelaporan sesuai dengan kedua standar yang dimaksud meskipun masih terdapat beberapa item yang tidak sesuai. Pada pelaporan keuangan menurut SAP, masih ditemukan ketidaksesuaian dalam penyajian informasi terkait pengadaan aset dan rincian penyusutannya. Adapun untuk laporan keuangan dengan PSAK 109, Baitul Mal Aceh sudah pernah menyajikannya dari tahun 2012-2017. Dari data yang tersedia, terdapat beberapa ketidaksesuaian penyajian laporan keuangan dengan PSAK 109. Dana amil dan dana non-halal tidak disajikan dalam laporan posisi keuangan serta tidak ada laporan perubahan aset kelolaan. Bahkan dalam dua tahun terakhir, tidak ada penyajian laporan keuangan ini dikarenakan keterbatasan sarana/perangkat pendukung dan sumber daya manusia yang tersedia.

The Adoption of Financial Accounting Standards for Small Medium Enterprises by Muslim Entrepreneurs

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Muslichah Muslichah ◽  
Sunarto Sunarto ◽  
Anang Amir Kusnanto ◽  
Sri Indrawati ◽  
Hariyanto Hariyanto
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Small Medium Enterprises ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Chartered Accountants ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

This study aims to discuss the adoption of financial reporting and accounting standards for small-medium enterprises (SMEs) by Muslim entrepreneurs. A structured questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data from the SME owners. 214 Muslim owners of SME businesses participated in the survey. The results show that only a few Muslim entrepreneurs prepared financial reports regularly. The main reason for preparing the statement is for calculating tax, borrowing money, and decision making. An unexpected finding from this study is that most of the Muslim owners are unaware of Standard for SMEs. Users of SME financial reports include tax authority, banks, and owners, or shareholders. This study enriches the financial reporting studies by examining the accounting standards for SMEs in a Muslim dominated country. The findings of this study also have implications for the Institute of Indonesia chartered accountants (IICA) as standard setter. IICA must routinely disseminate these standards to SMEs and also assist them in preparing financial reports

Selecting Railway Investments in 1890s America

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-93
Author(s):  
Joel E. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Investment Strategies ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Accounting Data ◽  
Rational Decisions

ABSTRACT The purpose of financial reporting is to provide information to investors and creditors to help them make rational decisions (Financial Accounting Standards Board [FASB] 2010). Tracing the development of investors' methods should help with understanding the role of financial accounting. This study examines investment practices involving railways in 1890s America. As such, it furthers our knowledge about the development of investment methods and their necessary information. Moreover, it shows that as investment methods grew in sophistication, there was an enhanced demand for greater comparability in accounting data to make meaningful analyses. Competing investment strategies, largely devoid of accounting information, are also discussed.

Determinants and Consequences of Firms' Derivative Accounting Decisions

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer Pierce
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Firm Risk ◽  
Accounting Firms ◽  
Earnings Volatility ◽  
Hedge Accounting ◽  
Reported Earnings ◽  
Jel Classifications

ABSTRACTFinancial accounting standards require derivatives to be recognized at fair value with changes in value recognized immediately in earnings. However, if specified criteria are met, firms may use an alternative accounting treatment, hedge accounting, which is intended to better represent the underlying economics of firms' derivative use. Using FAS 161 disclosures, I examine determinants of hedge accounting use and the effects of hedge accounting on financial reporting and capital markets. I find variation in firms' hedge accounting use and provide evidence that compliance costs of applying hedge accounting affect firms' decision to use hedge accounting. Firms decrease their reported earnings volatility via derivatives that receive hedge accounting and could further decrease their earnings volatility if hedge accounting were applied to all their derivatives. Inconsistent with arguments given for using hedge accounting, I fail to find a decrease in investors' assessments of firm risk from using hedge accounting.JEL Classifications: M40; M41; G32.

Impairment reversals: unbiased reporting or earnings management

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongyu Cao ◽  
Hasnah Shaari ◽  
Ray Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Reporting Standard ◽  
Accounting Standard ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Study Support ◽  
A Company

Purpose This paper aims to provide evidence that will inform the convergence debate regarding accounting standards. The authors assess the ability of impairment reversals allowed under International Accounting Standard 36 but disallowed by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to provide useful information about a company. Design/methodology/approach The authors use a sample of 182 Malaysian firms that reversed impairment charges and a matched sample of firms which chose not to reverse their impairments. Further analysis examines if reversing an impairment charge is associated with motivations for and evidence of earnings management. Findings The authors find no evidence that the reversal of an impairment charge marks a company out as managing contemporaneous earnings. However, they document evidence that firms with high levels of abnormal accruals and weak corporate governance avoid earnings decline by reversing previously recognized impairments. In addition, companies that have engaged in big baths as evidenced by high accumulated impairment balances and prior changes in top management, use impairment reversals to avoid earnings declines. Research limitations/implications The results of this study support both the informative and opportunistic hypotheses of impairment reversal reporting using Financial Reporting Standard 136. Practical implications The results also demonstrate how companies that use impairment reversals opportunistically can be identified. Originality/value The results support IASB’s approach to the reversal of impairments. They also provide novel evidence as to how companies exploit a cookie-jar reserve created by a prior big bath opportunistically.

Advancing Financial Reporting in the Age of Technology: An Interview with Robert H. Herz

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
Robert H Herz ◽  
Duo Pei
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Business Reporting ◽  
Reporting Process ◽  
Part Time

ABSTRACT This paper is based on an interview on January 9, 2020, with Robert H. (Bob) Herz, the former two-term chairman of the Financial Accounting Standards Board, on how the environment for business reporting has evolved and how it may continue to evolve. Bob Herz has also held decision-making positions as a part-time member of the IASB and on the board of the SASB. In this interview, we discuss a pragmatic reporting model suited to the era of Big Data and technology. We also explain the different interests of the reporting process, including the standard-setters, preparers, auditors, and users. The main idea of this paper focuses on how to incorporate Big Data and technology into reporting models working within the current framework and needs of the stakeholders. We then outline several use cases that illustrate a refined reporting model using Big Data and technology.

Implementation of Federal Accounting Standards – Capital Investments and Fixed Assets – in the internal rules of accounting for fixed assets

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1188-1204
Author(s):  
Ol’ga M. KUPRYUSHINA ◽  
Rimma R. RAKHMATULINA
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
International Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Capital Investments ◽  
Reporting Standards ◽  
Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
Federal Standard ◽  
Commercial Organizations

Subject. This article discusses the issues related to the reflection of capital investments and fixed assets in the accounting (financial) statements of economic entities during the transition to the new domestic (Russian) accounting standards – Fixed Assets and Capital Investments. Objectives. The article aims to reveal the consequences of changes in the current practice of accounting for fixed assets and capital investments in the internal rules of commercial organizations. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of generalization, comparison, primary observation, cost measurement, and grouping. Federal Accounting Standards and International Financial Reporting Standards were the basis for methodological justification of changes in the accounting practice of transactions with fixed assets and capital investments. Results. We offer certain records to reflect information on capital investments in the transition to the new Federal Standard – Capital Investments in accounts. We also offer a procedure for classifying low-value fixed assets in the inter-reporting period and a correspondence of accounts reflecting impairment loss on fixed assets. Conclusions and Relevance. The procedure for convergence of domestic accounting standards with International Financial Reporting Standards necessitates the introduction of significant changes in the process of reflecting transactions with fixed assets and capital investments. The modified procedure for reflecting records for accounting for capital investments, low-value fixed assets, losses from impairment of fixed assets in the intra-company rules for accounting for economic entities becomes relevant. The results of the study can be used when accounting for transactions with fixed assets and capital investments of commercial organizations in the practice of financial accounting.

Accounting for leases – lessons from COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan Teixeira
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
International Accounting Standards ◽  
Reporting Standards ◽  
Financial Accounting Standards Board ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Setting Process

Purpose The International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) have given relief to lessees in response to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. However, it is not clear why any relief from the requirements in International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) or the Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) should be necessary. The purpose of this paper is to highlight weaknesses in how the IASB and FASB developed their leases Standards, and why those Standards are not robust enough to cope with a shock to the economic system. Design/methodology/approach The COVID-19 relief suspends some features of the leasing requirements rather than changing them. What if other economic or regulatory events cause the same circumstances to arise? Findings Have COVID-19 exposed weaknesses in the leasing standards that should have been avoided when they were developed or is COVID-19 the problem? Originality/value Analysis of actual board discussions and staff papers is unusual and provides insights into the standard-setting process.

2. The international evolution of accounting

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Nobes
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ◽  
Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Financial Position ◽  
The Us ◽  
Company Directors ◽  
Double Entry

What are the purposes of accounting? How do these purposes affect how accounting works? What is double-entry bookkeeping? ‘The international evolution of accounting’ considers these questions and outlines some examples of how different countries have contributed to the development of accounting. Double-entry bookkeeping, conceived in thirteenth-century Italy, balances the debits and credits. It enables the calculation of profit and the presentation of a business's financial position. Publication of accounting information is required to protect shareholders and creditors from potential malpractice by company directors. The globalization of world business has resulted in International Financial Reporting Standards, now used by around 90 countries. The US use their Financial Accounting Standards Board's ‘generally accepted accounting principles’.

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