It has been shown that the optimized VIR-576 derivative of the natural HIV-1 entry inhibitor targeting the viral gp41 fusion peptide is safe and effective in infected individuals. However, high doses of this peptide were required, and stability, as well as delivery, must be improved for clinical application. Here, we examined the loading and release of VIR-576 into/from mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) in vitro. We found that a moderately high peptide loading of 11.5 wt % could be achieved by adsorption from PBS buffer (pH 7.2), i.e., under mild, fully peptide-compatible conditions. The release rate of peptide into the same buffer was slow and the equilibrium concentration as indicated by the adsorption isotherm could not be reached even within 50 h at the particle concentrations studied. However, a faster release was observed at lower particle concentrations, indicating that partial particle dissolution had a positive influence on peptide release. To determine the antiviral activity of VIR-576-loaded MSNs, TZM-bl indicator cells were exposed to HIV-1 and the infection rates were followed as a function of time and VIR-576 concentration. The inhibitory activity observed for VIR-576 released from the MSNs was virtually identical to that of free VIR-576 at the 48 h time point, indicating that (a) VIR-576 was released in an active form from the MSNs, and (b) the release rate in the presence of serum proteins was clearly higher than that observed under protein-free conditions. These observations are discussed based on competitive peptide/protein adsorption, as well as potential influences of serum proteins on the dissolution-reprecipitation of silica under conditions where the total silica concentration is above the saturation level for dissolved silica. Our results highlight the need for studying drug release kinetics in the presence of serum proteins, in order to allow for a better extrapolation of in vitro data to in vivo conditions. Furthermore, due to the high peptide loadings that can be achieved using MSNs as carriers, such a formulation appears promising for local release applications. For systemic administration, however, peptides with a higher potency would be needed, due to their high molar masses limiting the drug loading in terms of moles per gram carrier.
Silica-Alginate Beads for Intestinal Ketoprofen Delivery
