An Optimal Design of a Small Photovoltaic Plant with Cost Minimization based on a Real Database of PV Panels and Inverters

The penetration of renewable energy sources and the development of autonomous power systems for the supply of isolated consumers find applications such as covering energy needs in lighthouses, small islands, monasteries, and even isolated special industrial facilities. Power plant cost is a major limitation in the development of these systems. For example, although the electromechanical cost of photovoltaic plants has been significantly reduced in recent years, however the land cost is not considered, which is a significant expenditure. In this paper, the real problem of an autonomous power station design for the supply of the shoreline electrode substation on the Stachtorroi islet of Attica, is taken as the starting point. The electrode substation is part of the Attica-Crete high voltage direct current (HVDC) electrical interconnection project. For the above problem, an overall evaluation algorithm for a photovoltaic (PV) plant is proposed that considers the technical characteristics of the plant, the installation and operating costs (including land costs in addition to electromechanical costs and efficiency of each of the plants components), as well as the actual commercial data of the individual key elements (PV panels, inverters) of various companies, choosing the optimal system through exhaustive search depending on the required power and the deflated capital reduction interest rate

Download Full-text

Optimization Technique Inspired Load Frequency Controller for Multi Area Power System with Renewable Energy Source

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/850/1/012017 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 850 (1) ◽

pp. 012017

Author(s):

J Shri Saranyaa ◽

A Peer Fathima ◽

Asutosh Mishra ◽

Rushali Ghosh ◽

Shalmali Das

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Power Systems ◽

Control Method ◽

Frequency Control ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Optimization Technique ◽

Optimization Method ◽

Load Frequency Control ◽

Load Frequency ◽

The Individual

Abstract Modern day scenario has an increasing power demand due to the growing development which indeed increases the load on the generation which might cause turbulence in the system and may bounce out of stability. The governor itself can’t handle such frequent load changes and adjust the generation amount to keep the frequency between the margins. This paper proposes an approach towards such predicament to incorporate an optimization method in order to ensure stability of the system despite the drastic changes in demand. Load frequency control is a control method for maintaining the frequency of the system during the change in demand. Use of controllers has proven to be effective in controlling the frequency deviations in the power systems and the response of the controller is further improved using optimization technique for better stability. The PID controller tuned by Particle Swarm Optimization is employed in multi-area system which reduces the time response by a considerable amount and the deviation settles much quicker despite the rapid load changes. The proposed controller is executed further for renewable energy sources connected to the individual areas and demonstration proves that the optimized controller is efficient enough in handling the frequency deviations when wind and solar with sunlight penetration is incorporated.

Download Full-text

Experimental wind power and photovoltaic plants as a basis for researching to use renewable energy sources in the power supply systems for non-traction consumers

Theory and practice of metallurgy ◽

10.34185/tpm.2.2019.07 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 54-60

Author(s):

Kachan Yuriy ◽

Kuznetsov Vitaliy

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Wind Power ◽

Power Supply ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Energy Sources ◽

General View ◽

Railway Transport ◽

Photovoltaic Plant ◽

Photovoltaic Plants ◽

Supply Systems

Purpose. Describe the tools used by the authors for experimental research on the possibilities of using renewable energy sources in the power supply systems of non-traction consumers of railway transport. The methodology of research is based on modern methods of computational mathematics, statistics and information analysis using modern computer technology. Findings. To date, there is no comprehensive approach and specific reasonable measures for the introduction of re-newable energy sources in the energy supply of non-traction consumers. The article presents examples of the introduction of renewable energy sources in the power supply systems of railways abroad. It is noted that when using different renewable energy sources in the power supply systems of non-traction consumers, it is necessary to have a volume of statistical information to determine their technical and economic indicators. The classification of wind power plants with a horizontal axis is given. The schematic diagram and general view of the developed experimental wind power plant are given. The schematic diagram and general view of the developed experimental photovoltaic plant are given. The equipment used for research of wind flow and intensity of solar radiation in places of possible location of wind power or photovoltaic installations is considered. The presented experimental wind power and photovoltaic plants, which serve for a comprehensive study of the possibilities of using wind and solar sources in the power supply systems of non-traction consumers, are generalized and allow to clarify the necessary data for decision making. The originality is the introduction of renewable energy sources in the power supply system of non-traction consumers of railway transport. Practical implications. The use of additional renewable energy sources to supply non-traction consumers minimizes electricity consumption. Keywords: renewable energy sources, quality of electric energy, wind power plant, photovoltaic plant, power supply networks of railway transport, traction and non-traction consumers, electricity production

Download Full-text

Long- and Short-Term Comparative Analysis of Renewable Energy Sources

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13143610 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 3610

Author(s):

Dawid Buła ◽

Dariusz Grabowski ◽

Andrzej Lange ◽

Marcin Maciążek ◽

Marian Pasko

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Power Systems ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Mass Effect ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Short Term ◽

Starting Point ◽

Power And Energy

Network working conditions are influenced noticeably by the connection of renewable energy sources to distribution networks. This becomes more and more important due to the increase in renewable energy source penetration over the last few years. This in turn can lead to a mass effect. As a result, the classical open network model with simple unidirectional direction of energy flow has been replaced with an active model that includes many local energy sources. This paper deals with the analysis of long- and short-term changes in power and energy generated by three types of renewable energy sources with similar rated power and which operate in the same region (i.e., located no more than tens of kilometers away). The obtained results can be a starting point for a broader evaluation of the influence of renewable energy sources on power quality in power systems, which can be both positive (supply reliability) and negative (voltage fluctuations and higher harmonics in current and voltage waveforms). It is important not only to correctly place but also to assure the diversity of such sources as it has been confirmed by the source variability coefficient. The long-term analysis allows us also to estimate the annual repeatability of energy production and, furthermore, the profitability of investment in renewable sources in a given region.

Download Full-text

A New Methodology to Obtain a Feasible Thermal Operation in Power Systems in a Medium-Term Horizon

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13123056 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 3056

Author(s):

Luis Montero ◽

Antonio Bello ◽

Javier Reneses

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Electricity Market ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Power Markets ◽

Medium Term ◽

Thermal Generation ◽

Large Size ◽

Starting Point ◽

Simultaneous Modeling ◽

The One

Nowadays, electricity market paradigms are constantly changing. On the one hand, the deployment of non-dispatchable renewable energy sources is bringing out the necessity of representing hourly dynamics in medium-term fundamental models. On the other, the promotion of new interconnection capacity and the integration of markets (as is the case of the European market) makes necessary the simultaneous modeling of multiple electricity systems. Thus, the large size of power markets, together with the consideration of uncertainty in some inputs, make it computationally intractable to work rigorously on an hourly detailed time span. Temporal aggregation, integer programming relaxation or less accurate generation modeling are usually employed to obtain reasonable computation times. However, the application of these techniques often leads to infeasible or suboptimal operational outputs. This paper proposes a new soft-linking methodology to meet reliable results from medium-term models, such as hourly prices or aggregated productions, with a feasible and detailed representation of the thermal generation, considering technical constraints and risk aversion. The results of a fundamental model that represents the competitive behavior between market players in a multi-area power system are used as the starting point for the methodology. Then, a post-processing method is applied to optimize and make feasible the thermal portfolio of a market agent. The final output is a feasible hourly scheduling and an ample space for optimization, where the introduction of a strategic term represents the rational behavior of a player who tries to maximize its profit.

Download Full-text

The Solidarity of Distance1

Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie ◽

10.1024/0044-3514.36.3.103 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 103-115 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Robert A. Wicklund

Keyword(s):

Physical Contact ◽

Emotional Distance ◽

Starting Point ◽

Shared Emotions ◽

Common Goals ◽

Full Interaction ◽

The Individual ◽

Social Incompetence

Abstract: Solidarity in the classic sense pertains to a cohesion among humans that entails physical contact, shared emotions, and common goals or projects. Characteristic cases are to be found among families, close friends, or co-workers. The present paper, in contrast, treats a phenomenon of the solidarity of distance, a solidarity based in fear of certain others and in incompetence to interact with them. The starting point for this analysis is the person who is motivated to interact with others who are unfamiliar or fear-provoking. Given that the fear and momentary social incompetence do not allow a full interaction to ensue, the individual will move toward solidarity with those others on a symbolic level. In this manner the motivation to approach the others is acted upon while physical and emotional distance is retained.

Download Full-text

Stasis Anxiety

10.1093/oso/9780198793762.003.0007 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Andrew van der Vlies

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Civil War ◽

Black Writers ◽

Political Rights ◽

Ancient Greek ◽

Individual Subject ◽

Starting Point ◽

The Individual ◽

Past Experiences ◽

Contemporary Writing

Two recent debut novels, Songeziwe Mahlangu’s Penumbra (2013) and Masande Ntshanga’s The Reactive (2014), reflect the experience of impasse, stasis, and arrested development experienced by many in South Africa. This chapter uses these novels as the starting point for a discussion of writing by young black writers in general, and as representative examples of the treatment of ‘waithood’ in contemporary writing. It considers (spatial and temporal) theorisations of anxiety, discerns recursive investments in past experiences of hope (invoking Jennifer Wenzel’s work to consider the afterlives of anti-colonial prophecy), assesses the usefulness of Giorgio Agamben’s elaboration of the ancient Greek understanding of stasis as civil war, and asks how these works’ elaboration of stasis might be understood in relation to Wendy Brown’s discussion of the eclipsing of the individual subject of political rights by the neoliberal subject whose very life is framed by its potential to be understood as capital.

Download Full-text

Voltage Stability of Power Systems with Renewable-Energy Inverter-Based Generators: A Review

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10020115 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 115

Author(s):

Nasser Hosseinzadeh ◽

Asma Aziz ◽

Apel Mahmud ◽

Ameen Gargoom ◽

Mahbub Rabbani

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Power Systems ◽

Voltage Stability ◽

Reactive Power ◽

Power Grid ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Electrical Power ◽

System Stability ◽

Special Issue ◽

Synchronous Generators

The main purpose of developing microgrids (MGs) is to facilitate the integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) into the power grid. RESs are normally connected to the grid via power electronic inverters. As various types of RESs are increasingly being connected to the electrical power grid, power systems of the near future will have more inverter-based generators (IBGs) instead of synchronous machines. Since IBGs have significant differences in their characteristics compared to synchronous generators (SGs), particularly concerning their inertia and capability to provide reactive power, their impacts on the system dynamics are different compared to SGs. In particular, system stability analysis will require new approaches. As such, research is currently being conducted on the stability of power systems with the inclusion of IBGs. This review article is intended to be a preface to the Special Issue on Voltage Stability of Microgrids in Power Systems. It presents a comprehensive review of the literature on voltage stability of power systems with a relatively high percentage of IBGs in the generation mix of the system. As the research is developing rapidly in this field, it is understood that by the time that this article is published, and further in the future, there will be many more new developments in this area. Certainly, other articles in this special issue will highlight some other important aspects of the voltage stability of microgrids.

Download Full-text

Home Energy Management for Community Microgrids Using Optimal Power Sharing Algorithm

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041060 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1060

Author(s):

Md Mamun Ur Rashid ◽

Majed A. Alotaibi ◽

Abdul Hasib Chowdhury ◽

Muaz Rahman ◽

Md. Shafiul Alam ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Storage ◽

Real Time ◽

Energy Management ◽

Cost Minimization ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Storage System ◽

Power Sharing ◽

Optimal Power ◽

Time Operation ◽

Home Energy Management

From a residential point of view, home energy management (HEM) is an essential requirement in order to diminish peak demand and utility tariffs. The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) together with battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and central battery storage system (CBSS) may promote energy and cost minimization. However, proper home appliance scheduling along with energy storage options is essential to significantly decrease the energy consumption profile and overall expenditure in real-time operation. This paper proposes a cost-effective HEM scheme in the microgrid framework to promote curtailing of energy usage and relevant utility tariff considering both energy storage and renewable sources integration. Usually, the household appliances have different runtime preferences and duration of operation based on user demand. This work considers a simulator designed in the C++ platform to address the domestic customer’s HEM issue based on usages priorities. The positive aspects of merging RESs, BESSs, and CBSSs with the proposed optimal power sharing algorithm (OPSA) are evaluated by considering three distinct case scenarios. Comprehensive analysis of each scenario considering the real-time scheduling of home appliances is conducted to substantiate the efficacy of the outlined energy and cost mitigation schemes. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm to enable energy and cost savings up to 37.5% and 45% in comparison to the prevailing methodology.

Download Full-text

The Energy Transition in the Visegrad Group Countries

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14082212 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 2212

Author(s):

Ewelina Kochanek

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Mining Industry ◽

Energy Transition ◽

Green Energy ◽

Political Elite ◽

Energy Transformation ◽

Diagnostic Features ◽

Difficult Situation ◽

Starting Point ◽

Visegrad Group

The aim of the research is to analyse the energy transition in the Visegrad Group countries, because they depend on the production of energy from the burning of fossil fuels, and transition is a huge challenge for them. The diversity of the energy transformation in the V4 countries was examined by using two qualitative methods, including literature analysis and comparative analysis. The timeframe of the study was set for the period from 2020 to 2030, as these years are crucial for the implementation of the European Green Deal Programme. Four diagnostic features were taken into account in the analysis: the share of RES in final energy consumption, reduction of CO2 emissions in the non-Emissions Trading System (ETS) sector, date of withdrawal of coal from the economy, and energy efficiency. The analysis shows that the V4 countries have different approaches and levels of energy transformation in their economies. Poland is in the most difficult situation, being the most dependent on the production of electricity from coal, as well as having the largest number of employees in the coal and around coal sector. The other countries of the group can base their transformation on nuclear energy, as each of them has at least four such power units. The increased use of biomass for energy and heat production is the most important stimulus for Renewable Energy Sources (RES) growth in the analysed countries. The ambivalent attitude of the political elite to unconventional sources in the four analysed countries significantly hinders the development of certain forms of green energy. However, it has been observed that an increasing proportion of the population, especially those living in regions of the country where there is no fossil fuel mining industry, has a positive attitude towards energy transformation. The study is the first that shows the state of involvement in the process of systemic change of the Visegrad Group countries. The results can serve as a starting point for understanding the reticence of this group of European countries towards the transformation phenomenon, as well as contributing to further research on the implementation of closed-circuit economies in the Visegrad Group countries.

Download Full-text

Special Issue: “Wind Power Integration into Power Systems: Stability and Control Aspects”

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14123680 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

pp. 3680

Author(s):

Lasantha Meegahapola ◽

Siqi Bu

Keyword(s):

Power Systems ◽

Wind Power ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Power Grids ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Carbon Neutrality ◽

Stability And Control ◽

Wind Power Integration ◽

And Control

Power network operators are rapidly incorporating wind power generation into their power grids to meet the widely accepted carbon neutrality targets and facilitate the transition from conventional fossil-fuel energy sources to the clean and low-carbon renewable energy sources [...]

Download Full-text