Controlling Noise and Gas Emissions by a New Design of Diesel Particulate Filters

WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED AND THEORETICAL MECHANICS ◽

10.37394/232011.2020.15.10 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Keyword(s):

Gas Dynamics ◽

Life Time ◽

Particulate Filter ◽

New Materials ◽

Diesel Particulate ◽

Diesel Particulate Filters ◽

Particulate Filters ◽

Numerical Studies ◽

Research Goal ◽

Environmental Emissions

A theoretical and numerical studies on Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) and its working principal in controlling noise and exhaust gasses emissions is presented here. This research includes a study of current Martials types that is used in diesel particulate nowadays and on a new materials and technologies that we can use in future. A new design of DPF is presented here. Unfortunately, in Jordan we face an environmental problems caused by diesel engines and the production of NOx and other exhaust gases and particulate matter. The main reason of this problem is the low specification of diesel fuel that is used in Jordan, which leads to shorten the life time of the Diesel particulate filters and leading to block them in some intensive cases. This problems leads to increasing the pollutant in the air which can harm the people's health, animal and plants, so this research goal is to find a solution for the diesel particulate filter life time and to control the environmental emissions and engines noise resulted from gas dynamics. It is found that the developed design of DPF achieves about 22% increase in its performance in both gas emission and noise reductions comparing with the traditional one.

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Effect of engine operating conditions on soot layer permeability and density in diesel particulate filters

International Journal of Engine Research ◽

10.1177/1468087419847794 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 50-63

Author(s):

Christian Zöllner ◽

Onoufrios Haralampous ◽

Dieter Brüggemann

Keyword(s):

Flow Rate ◽

Large Particle ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Particulate Filter ◽

Diesel Particulate ◽

Agglomerate Size ◽

Diesel Particulate Filters ◽

Particulate Filters ◽

Operating Points ◽

Particle Agglomerate

Understanding the variation of soot deposit properties in diesel particulate filters is necessary for their real-life modeling and onboard control. In this study, the effect of exhaust mass flow rate and particle agglomerate size on the soot layer permeability and density was investigated experimentally and analyzed using a well-validated model. A bare and a coated diesel particulate filter were loaded at five different engine operating points, specially selected to explore these effects in a heavily used part of the diesel engine map. Particle emissions were characterized in terms of particle agglomerate size distribution and primary particle diameter, while soot layer permeability and density were estimated indirectly by fitting the model to the pressure drop recordings. To this end, an automatic calibration procedure was applied to obtain values in a consistent and repeatable manner. The results showed considerable variation in both permeability and density. Furthermore, some trends could be identified after depicting the particle characterization data and soot layer properties in contour plots. Increased permeability appeared at the engine operating point with high flow rate and large particle agglomerate size. Lower density was obtained at the operating points with large particle agglomerate diameter.

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Degradation resistance of silicon carbide diesel particulate filters to diesel fuel ash deposits

Journal of Materials Research ◽

10.1557/jmr.2004.0373 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 2913-2921 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

D. O’Sullivan ◽

M.J. Pomeroy ◽

S. Hampshire ◽

M.J. Murtagh

Keyword(s):

Silicon Carbide ◽

Construction Material ◽

Oxidative Degradation ◽

Lubricant Additive ◽

Chemical Degradation ◽

Particulate Filter ◽

Diesel Particulate ◽

Diesel Particulate Filters ◽

Particulate Filters ◽

Series Of Experiments

A series of experiments were conducted to investigate chemical interactions between silicon carbide (SiC) and synthetic ash compositions expected to be deposited on the surfaces and within the pore structure of a diesel particulate filter. The chosen ash compositions simulated those arising from lubricants and three fuel types: standard diesel, diesel containing ferrocene as a catalytic additive, and diesel containing a cerium-based catalyst. Results demonstrated that SiC suffered little chemical or oxidative degradation in the presence of the ashes at 900 °C. For the ash not containing Fe or Ce, ash sintering effects were a possible mechanism causing filter blockage at temperatures above 970 °C. For ashes containing Fe or Ce, appreciable sintering effects were not observed below 1100 °C. Based upon the work conducted the suitability of SiC as a construction material for diesel particulate filters is not compromised by chemical degradation in the presence of lubricant/additive derived ash at temperatures less than 1100 °C.

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Simulation of continuously regenerating diesel particulate filters in transient driving cycles

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part D Journal of Automobile Engineering ◽

10.1243/095440702760178613 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 216 (7) ◽

pp. 591-606 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

I P Kandylas ◽

G C Koltsakis

Keyword(s):

Catalyst Activity ◽

Particulate Filter ◽

Design Parameters ◽

Particulate Emissions ◽

Diesel Particulate ◽

Diesel Particulate Filters ◽

Particulate Filters ◽

Simulation Tools ◽

Driving Cycles ◽

Engineering Models

Forced by strict emission standards, interest in the reduction of particulate emissions becomes increasingly higher. Although the technology of diesel particulate filters (DPFs) has advanced impressively, especially during recent years, considerable technological challenges remain unsolved. The technology of NO2-assisted continuously regenerating diesel filters in conjunction with the upcoming availability of low sulphur diesel fuel represents a promising solution, especially for heavy duty engines. In the present paper, a transient modelling approach for the combined catalyst and DPF system is presented. This combined model is used to predict the regeneration performance of NO2-assisted regeneration systems in the transient conditions of a legislated European driving cycle. Although the model is based on global and approximate reaction schemes, the results illustrate the applicability of simulation tools in the process of optimizing certain important design parameters of the system, such as catalyst and particulate filter sizing and positioning, and catalyst activity requirements. It is expected that such engineering models will be valuable tools in the selection and design of such kind of systems, minimizing the testing effort and the associated costs.

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Vibration-Induced Ash Removal From Diesel Particulate Filters

Volume 1: Large Bore Engines; Fuels; Advanced Combustion; Emissions Control Systems ◽

10.1115/icef2014-5570 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Sappok ◽

Vincent Costanzo ◽

Leslie Bromberg ◽

Cole Waldo ◽

Rob Salsgiver

Keyword(s):

Fuel Consumption ◽

Particulate Filter ◽

Diesel Particulate ◽

Diesel Particulate Filters ◽

Particulate Filters ◽

Cleaning System ◽

Wide Range ◽

Filter Operation ◽

Useful Life ◽

Ceramic Honeycomb

Ceramic, honeycomb-type diesel particulate filters (DPF) are commonly used in a wide range of on- and off-road diesel-powered vehicles and equipment to reduce particulate matter (PM) emissions to mandated levels. While the majority of the trapped PM can be removed from the filter through regeneration, incombustible ash builds up in the filter over time. The ash deposits are generally found accumulated in a porous layer along the channel walls, or packed as end-plugs towards the back of the filter channels. Ash accumulation in the filter restricts exhaust flow, reduces the filter’s soot storage capacity, and negatively impacts fuel consumption. In order to mitigate these deleterious impacts on filter operation, the particulate filter is periodically removed for ash cleaning. This study examines the effects of vibrations to remove and dislodge ash deposits from diesel particulate filters, particularly the ash accumulated toward the back of the channels and packed in plugs. Fundamental measurements of ash properties, combined with experiments utilizing full-size, field-aged particulate filters were conducted to ascertain the effects of specific vibration frequencies and acceleration levels on ash plug break-up and transport out of the DPF channels. The results show considerable potential for the application of controlled vibrations in an offline cleaning system to aid in the removal of ash deposits plugging filter channels, thereby reducing the ash-related impact on vehicle fuel consumption and extending the useful life of the particulate filter.

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Experimental Application of Diesel Particulate Filters to EMD Switcher Locomotives

ASME 2007 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference ◽

10.1115/icef2007-1626 ◽

2007 ◽

Author(s):

John C. Hedrick ◽

Don Newburry ◽

Steven G. Fritz ◽

Brian Smith

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

High Speed ◽

The United States ◽

Particulate Filter ◽

Diesel Particulate ◽

Diesel Particulate Filters ◽

Particulate Filters ◽

High Speed Diesel ◽

High Level

The use of exhaust aftertreatment technologies may be required to meet the future Tier IV locomotive emissions standards that have been proposed by the US-EPA. Diesel Particulate Filters (DPF) can achieve a high level of particulate matter (PM) emissions reduction, and they are currently being used on all new 2007 on-highway diesel trucks in the United States. In addition, DPFs have been installed on lower power (1500 kW and less) locomotives in Switzerland that are fitted with 4-cycle high speed diesel engines. However, these systems are only now beginning to be sized and demonstrated in a locomotive environment in the United States. Initial testing of the retrofitted DPF system on a 1,125 kW two-stroke, EMD 12-645 Roots-Blown engine powered locomotive achieved an average 80% reduction in Particulate Matter and an average of 30% reduction in Hydrocarbon from the baseline emissions levels. This paper will discuss the background of the “California Emissions Program”, the current and recently proposed EPA emissions standards for locomotives, the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) used in the field demonstration, and emission test results.

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Recycling technologies of used Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) from buses

AUTOBUSY – Technika Eksploatacja Systemy Transportowe ◽

10.24136/atest.2017.038 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 29-33

Author(s):

Marta Wójcik

Keyword(s):

Diesel Particulate Filter ◽

Precious Metals ◽

Point Of View ◽

Particulate Filter ◽

Materials Management ◽

Diesel Particulate ◽

Diesel Particulate Filters ◽

Particulate Filters ◽

Metals Recovery ◽

Technical Solutions

Stringent environmental requirements caused the use of special technical solutions from motor manufactures. These innovations aim to the reduction of gases emission. From 2000, vehicles with diesel engines, including buses, are equipped with the Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF). The basic principle of the DPF filter relays on the oxidation of carbon and hydrocarbons to harmless compounds: water, air and carbon dioxide. Due to the content of platinum and other precious metals, the price of diesel particulate filters is even several tens of thousands PLN. From the economical point of view, metals recovery from end of live buses is essential. Additionally, recycling of used diesel particulates filters is very important for materials management. This article presents the recycling methods of DPF filters from end of live vehicles, including buses. The recovery of platinum and other metals from aforementioned filters is an important step toward the reduction of the amount of waste. Additionally, the recycling of diesel particulate filters influences the protection of metals resources in the world.

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The Effect of Vibration-Based Ash Cleaning on the Mechanical Strength Properties of Ceramic Diesel Particulate Filters

ASME 2016 Internal Combustion Engine Fall Technical Conference ◽

10.1115/icef2016-9432 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Paul Ragaller ◽

Alexander Sappok ◽

Leslie Bromberg ◽

Gbadebo Owolabi ◽

Akindele Odeshi

Keyword(s):

Filter Material ◽

Strength Properties ◽

Ceramic Filter ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Particulate Filter ◽

Diesel Particulate ◽

Bending Tests ◽

Diesel Particulate Filters ◽

Particulate Filters ◽

Three Point Bending

Vibration-based particulate filter cleaning processes have been proposed to enhance the removal of packed ash deposits accumulated in particulate filters. The processes raise concerns regarding their impact on the cellular ceramic filter material. In this study, several new ceramic diesel particulate filters from the same production batch were subjected to differing levels of vibration-based ash cleaning, and their mechanical properties were measured in order to determine the effect, if any, the vibrations have on the overall integrity of the substrate. Samples underwent compressive and three-point bending testing at two different strain rates in order to measure the differences in the ultimate strength and modulus of rupture. The results show no statistically significant differences in the ultimate crushing strength of the vibrated samples as compared to the unvibrated samples at each orientation. Additionally, the three-point bending tests show no statistically significant reduction in the modulus of rupture of the vibrated samples as compared to the unvibrated ones. The results indicate that the vibration-based ash removal approach proposed in this study poses no measurable risk to the integrity of the ceramic substrate.

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