scholarly journals DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF TICK-BORNE DISEASES OF PETS

2020 ◽  
pp. 175-183
Author(s):  
V. A. Levytska ◽  
A. B. Mushynskyi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Diagnosis And Treatment ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Louping Ill

In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of tick-borne diseases around the world, especially borreliosis, rickettsiosis (anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis), tick-borne encephalitis and others. Climate and environmental changes, migration (movement) of domestic animals lead to changes in the epizootiological situation regarding communicable diseases. The analysis of epizootological, clinical, laboratory data is carried out. The data of scientific researches concerning tick-borne diseases, namely borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, tick-borne encephalitis, louping-ill infection are generalized. In recent years, infectious and invasive animal diseases caused by viruses, bacteria and protozoa transmitted by ticks have become a new challenge in health and veterinary practice. Many such diseases are zoonoses and lead to disability and mortality in humans and animals. Ixodid ticks often attack animals and humans and are widespread throughout Europe, as well as being involved in the transmission of a large number of tick-borne diseases. Currently, one of the biggest threats is the pathogens of the complex Borrelia burgdorferi s. l., which belong to the spirochetes and affect various species of mammals and birds and are transmitted by ticks (Ixodes ricinus, Ixodes hexagonus and Ixodes persulcatus). The disease is of great epidemiological importance for human health. Diagnosis and treatment are insufficiently developed. Ehrlichia spp. are gramnegative, obligate intracellular bacteria from the family Anaplasmataceae. In Europe, Ehrlichia canis is the etiological agent of monocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs. The main host of E. canis is a dog (other dogs can serve as reservoir hosts); vector - Rhipicephalus sanguineus. Tick-borne encephalitis, as well as louping-ill infection, are diseases transmitted by Ixodid ticks and pose a danger to dogs, cats and other animals, as well as people in Europe. At present, all these diseases acquire important epizootological significance, as diagnosis and treatment are complicated. The main measure of disease prevention among dogs is the effective protection of animals from tick attack. Tick-borne diseases are a type of infectious and invasive diseases of animals and humans, the causative agents of which spread from one susceptible subject to another with the participation of blood-sucking arthropods. The most common and clinically significant diseases are: borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, tick-borne encephalitis and other. Systematic studies of zoonotic diseases have not been conducted in Ukraine. Systematic monitoring of pathogens and effective control of communicable diseases of animals are the basis for improving the epidemiological situation among the population.

Analysis of laboratory methods for monitoring of tick-borne encephalitis natural foci

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
Olga Vitalievna Melnikova ◽  
Yuliya Nikolaevna Trushina ◽  
Renat Viktorovich Adelshin ◽  
Nikolay Vasilievich Yakovchits ◽  
Evgeniy Ivanovich Andaev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baikal Region ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tbev Infection ◽  
Group 1

Introduction. Ixodid ticks simultaneously are hosts and vectors of tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV), presenting a high risk to humans. Monitoring of the vectors part of TBEV population is usually held by means of express analysis methods (ELISA and PCR), but only isolation and identification of infectious virus is reliable evidence of TBEV circulation in the natural foci. Objectives — to demonstrate the TBEV infection rates of Ixodid ticks from natural TBE foci of Baikal Region, based on comprehensive study, including ELISA, PCR and isolation of virus on laboratory mice (LM) model. Methods. Questing adult Ixodid ticks (n = 20 111, mainly — Ixodes persulcatus Schulze, 1930), were collected in TBE natural foci of Baikal Region during 2013–2020. The suspension on saline solution was prepared from the each tick and analyzed by ELISA first. The samples with positive ELISA results were verified in PCR-RT. Furthermore, randomly selected samples with negative ELISA results were analyzed by PCR. Suspensions with positive ELISA and PCR results have been inoculated to suckling LM intracerebrally. Results. The samples with positive PCR results have been divided into two groups: group 1 — all suspensions with positive ELISA results, group 2 — randomly selected samples with negative ELISA results. The positive PCR results in group 1 made up 70.5 % with average Ct rate 24.9. The positive PCR results in group 2 have been obtained in 2.2 % of cases with average Ct rate 30.7. The isolation on LM model was more successful in group 1 (25.8 vs 13.0 %; р < 0.01; df = 69). Conclusion. ELISA is more useful for study of large amounts of ticks during monitoring of natural TBE foci, offering insight into the epidemically important vectors rate. To get the more full assessment of the ticks’ infection rate one must use ELISA and PCR simultaneously, and sum the results into general rate. For high strains isolation results the LM should be inoculated with the suspensions, which had shown positive both ELISA and PCR results.

scholarly journals Tick-borne encephalitis virus – a review of an emerging zoonosis

2009 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 1781-1794 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Mansfield ◽  
N. Johnson ◽  
L. P. Phipps ◽  
J. R. Stephenson ◽  
A. R. Fooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Northern China ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Far Eastern Russia ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Far Eastern

During the last 30 years, there has been a continued increase in human cases of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) in Europe, a disease caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). TBEV is endemic in an area ranging from northern China and Japan, through far-eastern Russia to Europe, and is maintained in cycles involving Ixodid ticks (Ixodes ricinus and Ixodes persulcatus) and wild vertebrate hosts. The virus causes a potentially fatal neurological infection, with thousands of cases reported annually throughout Europe. TBE has a significant mortality rate depending upon the strain of virus or may cause long-term neurological/neuropsychiatric sequelae in people affected. In this review, we comprehensively reviewed TBEV, its epidemiology and pathogenesis, the clinical manifestations of TBE, along with vaccination and prevention. We also discuss the factors which may have influenced an apparent increase in the number of reported human cases each year, despite the availability of effective vaccines.

scholarly journals Distribution of the tick-borne encephalitis virus among naturally infected ixodid ticks and small mammals in the Novosibirsk region

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
V. N Bakhvalova ◽  
G. S Chicherina ◽  
V. V Panov ◽  
V. V Glupov ◽  
O. V Morozova
Keyword(s):  
Virus Infection ◽  
Common Shrew ◽  
Far East ◽  
Carrier State ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Frequency Detection ◽  
Novosibirsk Region ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Ixodes Pavlovskyi

A comparative analysis of the virus infection carrier state and distribution of genetic types of the virus of tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) among invertebrates (2 species of ticks, Ixodes persulcatus Schulze and Ixodes pavlovskyi Pomerantsev 1946) and vertebrate reservoir hosts (4 species of small rodents: the red vole Myodes rutilus Pallas, gray-sided vole Myodes rufocanus Sundevall, field mouse Apodemus agrarius Pallas, birch mice Sicista betulina Pallas and 1 species of insectivores - common shrew Sorex araneus L (1758)), dominating on the territory of the Novosibirsk region in 2009-14 years, was performed with the use of virological and molecular biological methods. Frequency detection of RNA and / or E protein in mammals (70,9 ± 3,0%) were shown to considerably exceed levels of virus infection carrier state rate of ticks (3,4 ± 0,4). In the circulation of three major types of TBE - Far East (FE), Siberian (NIB) and European (Eur) in natural populations in mono - or polytype forms in mites Sib type prevailed (p

scholarly journals From the experience of combating ixodid ticks with vectors of spring-summer tick-borne encephalitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
M. A. Smetanina
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Mixed Forests ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Mass Activity

The beginning of the activity of the tick - the vector of spring-summer encephalitis - Ixodes persulcatus in the deciduous and mixed forests of the TASSR is marked from the second decade of April at an average daily air temperature of 4-5, -1- 10.4o and an average ten-day f-6.5 , 4-8.0 . The mass activity of ticks is observed in the third decade of May and the first decade of June.

scholarly journals Ixodid ticks in Southern part of Eastern Siberia and Mongolia and their spontaneous infectiveness by infectious agents

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
G. A. Danchinova ◽  
M. A. Khasnatinov ◽  
V. I. Zlobin ◽  
I. V. Kozlova ◽  
M. M. Verkhozina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
Borrelia Garinii ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Rickettsia Sibirica

The goal of the study is to reveal the species of Ixodid ticks in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia, having epidemiological value and pathogens that transmit to humans via their bites. The tasks is to determine ecologo-epidemiologial characteristics of the main vectors and genetic characteristics of the agents of tick-borne infections. Characterization of the materials. There are materials of the study of more than 200 000 Ixodid ticks of 4 species and their rate of infection by different pathogens with zooparasitological, epidemiological, virological, microbiological, molecular-biological standard and modified to the goals and tasks of the study. Most abundance and dangerous species is Ixodes persulcatus P.Sch. ticks, that is widespread in region investigated. The agents of known vector-borne infections in Eastern Siberia and Mongolia are tick-borne encephalitis virus, Borrelia garinii, Borrelia afze- lii, Rickettsia sibirica, R. sp. DnS14 group.

scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection of unfed adult ixodid ticks Ixodes pavlovsky Pomerantsev 1946 and Ixodes persulcatus Schulze in the area of sympatria of their natural habitats

2015 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
G. S Chicherina ◽  
O. V Morozova ◽  
V. V Panov ◽  
V. N Romanenko ◽  
S. A Bakhvalov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Anthropogenic Pressure ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Ixodes Pavlovskyi ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Tbev Infection

With the use of the ELISA method to detect an antigen, reverse transcription with quantitative real-time PCR with subtype-specific fluorescent probes, phylogenetic analysis of E and NS1 gene nucleotide sequences, bioassays with suckling mice, hemagglutination and neuroinvasiveness tests there was made a comparison of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) infection of ixodid ticks Ixodes persulcatus P.Schulze and Ixodes pavlovskyi Pomerantsev 1946 in the area of sympatria of their natural habitats in the Novosibirsk region during growth period of their populations with the replacement ofprevailing species of monodominant type of the ixodid population structure. The ratio of 2 tick species didn’t depend on biotopes ofpine or birch forest but rather on the distance from the Novosibirsk Scientific Center: the lower anthropogenic pressure the smaller I.pavlovskyi proportion. The TBEV rate (including both pathogenic and apathogenic for laboratory mice virus), spectra of the TBEV3 main genetic types, neurovirulence and hemagglutination activity were similarfor both I.persulcatus and I.pavlovskyi. However, the proportion ofpathogenic for laboratory mice virus and the TBEV Far Eastern subtype, as well as viral loads of Siberian and European types for the TBEV from I.pavlovskyi were significantly higher than those from I.persulcatus.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genetic markers in blood-sucking ticks in suburban park zones in Saint Petersburg

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 175-179
Author(s):  
Yu. A. Panferova ◽  
A. N. Vaganova ◽  
O. A. Freylikhman ◽  
K. A. Tretyakov ◽  
S. G. Medvedev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Ixodid Tick ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Vector System ◽  
Ixodes Persulcatus ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
The North ◽  
Blood Sucking

Tick-borne bacterial and viral infections are widespread in middle latitudes of the Northern hemisphere. Natural foci of such infections coincide with geographic areas inhabited by ixodid ticks. Ixodid tick-borne borreliosis is a pressing issue for some territories of Russia, especially for the North-Western Federal District and St. Petersburg megalopolis as well as adjacent areas of the Leningrad District, where people may become infected after tick bite in recreational zones in suburban park areas. Currently, very few publications regarding prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in St. Petersburg area are available. In our study, questing ticks flagged in park zone (northern coast of Finnish Gulf, Kurortny District) were examined with PCR for carriage of pathogenic B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex. In addition, samples positive for Borrelia DNA signal were further genotyped with species-specific primers against rpoBgene fragment. It was found that Ixodes persulcatus dominated in this area. Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. complex comprised 9.33%. Genospecies B. afzelii and less frequently B. garinii were detected. A mixt-infection with two Borel-lia species was detected in one sample. Interestingly, all Borrelia-infected ticks belonged to I. persulcatus suggesting a closer association for certain species in «pathogen-vector» system. Our findings are essential in investigating distribution of ixodid borreliosis foci in St. Petersburg and suburbs, obtaining new data regarding epidemiology, diagnostics, treatment and prevention of this infection. It is noteworthy than prevalence of pathogenic Borrelia spp. vs. tick-borne encephalitis virus in vectors was higher thereby accounting for its higher morbidity. Comparing our data with those published elsewhere by European researchers allows to note that prevalence of pathogenic Borrelia spp. in ticks varies broadly in diverse geographic regions. It is necessary to take into consideration that prevalence of Borrelia markers achieves ~10% in ticks given frequent attendance of park areas near St. Petersburg that point at risk of developing bor-reliosis in recreational zones.

scholarly journals FAUNA-ECOLOGICAL FEATURES OF COLD-RESISTANT SPECIES OF IXODIC TICKS ON THE EXAMPLE OF IXODES RICINUS AND DERMACENTOR RETICULATUS

2019 ◽  
pp. 404-409
Author(s):  
Nikanorova
Keyword(s):  
Ixodes Ricinus ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Dermacentor Reticulatus ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
East European Plain ◽  
Ecological Features ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Kaluga Region

The article discusses in detail the features of the fauna and ecology of Ixodic ticks, often found in the central part of the East European Plain, the northern regions of the Russian Federation, using the two most common species Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus in the Kaluga Region as an example. The regularities of the peaks of parasitization (spring, autumn) in comparison for the two studied species of ixodic ticks, the extremely critical low temperature and humidity indicators for the development of preimaginal phases (eggs, larvae, nymphs) and imago are revealed. A detailed analysis of the biotopic confinement of ixodic ticks on the territory of the Kaluga Region was carried out. The species Ixodes ricinus is confined to forest biotopes, Dermacentor reticulatus to meadow ones, which confirms compliance with their name. The main hosts of ixodic ticks on the territory of the Kaluga region are identified. The data obtained indicate the adaptability of Ixodic ticks to low climatic conditions and the possibility of further expanding the boundaries of their habitats.Ixodid ticks are found in all climatic zones, except Antarctica. They are parasitic bloodsuckers, reservoirs and carriers of many anthropozoonosis diseases. Maintain consistency of natural foci of vector-borne diseases. The species composition of ixodid ticks is very diverse. It is known that these parasites have learned to adapt to environmental changes. Temperature and humidity are of paramount importance to them. It is the exogenous factors that determine the number of hosts, the temporal limits of bloodsucking and diapause. The ticks of the genera Dermacentor and Ixodes belong to the northern latitudes, more often the species Ixodes ricinus and Dermacentor reticulatus.It is known that the species living in the northern regions are characterized by long intervals between the blood sucking. Northern ticks are distinguished by relative longevity, their life cycle can reach several years.

MONITORING STUDIES OF ARBOVIRUS INFECTIONS TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOES ON THE TERRITORY OF THE VOLGOGRAD REGION

2019 ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
E.V. Molchanova ◽  
D.N. Luchinin ◽  
A.O. Negodenko ◽  
D.R. Prilepskaya ◽  
N.V. Boroday ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Elisa Test ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Blood Sucking ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis ◽  
Volgograd Region ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Probable Presence ◽  
California Serogroup ◽  
Tick Borne Encephalitis Virus

The paper presents data from the monitoring studies’ results of arbovirus infections transmitted by mosquitoes in the Volgograd region. West Nile virus antigen (WNV) in 9 samples, Tahyna virus in one sample, Batai virus in two samples were detected in the study of 110 samples of field material (blood-sucking mosquitoes) by ELISA test. Antibodies to WNV in 16.58 percent of the samples, to tick-borne encephalitis virus in 1.08 percent, to viruses of the California serogroup and Ukuniemi in 1.09 percent, to the virus Sindbis in 2.17 percent were detected as a result of the study of blood serum samples from donors in the Volgograd region. Thus, we obtained data on the probable presence of the Batai, Sindbis, Ukuniemi and Californian serogroup viruses along with the circulation of WNV on the territory of the Volgograd region.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document