FEATURES OF DIAGNOSIS OF NECROBACTERIOSIS OF COWS BY PCR-RFLP

Molecular genetic markers can detect polymorphism at the DNA level. This feature determines the possibility of their widespread use in genetics and breeding. Alleles of the BoLA-DRB3 gene (exon 2) can act as such markers if a statically significant association between the disease and the allele is established. The presence of such DNA markers in the genotype of animals makes it possible to judge the likelihood of disease in postnatal ontogenesis immediately after the birth of a heifer, based on which we can conclude about the conditions of further use of the animal in the main herd. According to the results of studying the polymorphism of the BoLA-DRB3 gene in cows of the Ukrainian black and white dairy breed resistant and susceptible to necrobacteriosis, four "informative" alleles were revealed. Two of them *03 and *22 are associated with resistance, and the other two - *16 and *23 with susceptibility to necrobacteriosis. The presence of these alleles in the genotype of the animal is determined by testing performed by PCR-RFLP. The method is time consuming, labor intensive and costly. To simplify it, the following technique is proposed. Restriction fragments of alleles *03, *16, *22 and *23 for endocluases RsaI, XhoII and HaeIII have the following DNA patterns: bbb, jbd, mba and nba. Due to the peculiarity of the restriction fragments, which is that endonuclease XhoII reveals in these alleles only one pattern b with length of 284 bp, the process of determining informative alleles can be simplified. Isolation of DNA from blood samples and amplification of a fragment of the BoLA-DRB3.2 gene with a size of 284 bp is carried out according to the established technique. Next, the restriction of the fragment by endonuclease XhoII and sampling having a pattern b. Selected samples are treated with RsaI endonuclease and only those with patterns b, j, m and n remain. The next step is to restrict the selected samples with HaeIII endonuclease and select heifers with bbb (*03) and nba (*23) genotypes. After the first restriction, blood samples without pattern b are eliminated from the experimental sample; after the second – two alleles with patterns RsaI + XhoII jb (*16) and mb (*22) are unambiguously determined, after the third – genotypes bbb and nba, which correspond to alleles *03 and *23. In total, only 75% of blood samples are typed, which reduces the material consumption, time and cost of work to identify heifers genetically susceptible (resistant) to necrobacteriosis.

DEVELOPMENT AND LEVEL OF EFFICIENCY OF TRADE ACTIVITIES BY RETAIL ENTERPRISES OF UKRAINE

Development of trading activities is carried out in accordance with the current Concept of development of internal trade of Ukraine. At a rapid pace, changes are occurring in consumer preferences, assortment conditions, and the expansion of the influence of the geographical and species capabilities of the presented goods. The analysis of internal changes in the volume of goods turnover of enterprises by product groups, business entities at the country level and its individual regions made it possible to argue and justify the importance of observing the totality of organization principles, the balance of supply and demand, purchasing power, economic feasibility and payback. The used methods of author generalizations, analytical and statistical calculations, comparisons made it possible to systematize the digital material of the study and substantiate conclusions regarding the state and dynamics of the development of trade activities in Ukraine, as well as the Khmelnitsky region, as one of its regions. The study focuses on network marketing, as one of the forms of development and improvement of trade and the determination of the necessary nomenclature and bottlenecks in the activities of trade entities, including markets. The prospects of the use of electronic commerce (purchase and sales) are substantiated, which significantly expands the possibilities for carrying out trading activities for both buyers and trade enterprises. It is proposed to take into account the influence of demographic security, as one of the factors that shape the country's product policy and its export potential. It is determined that the influence on the increase in turnover indicators has an extensive factor in the growth of prices for consumed goods, in a certain way introduces distortions in the perception of digital information. The use of innovative technologies, modern methods of managerial decision-making in the field of marketing, logistics allows us to improve the trading process, satisfy consumer demand and ensure the effectiveness of enterprises in the trading sphere.

INFLUENCE OF AGROCHEMICAL LOAD ON PLANT SUPPLY OF FOOD ELEMENTS AND YIELD OF MAIZE IN THE FOREST-STEPPE

The article presents the results of research on the optimization of the supply of maize plants with the main nutrients under different agrochemical loads in the Forest-Steppe. The aim of the research was to establish the effect of different doses of mineral fertilizers and by-products of the predecessor as fertilizers on the supply of plants with nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and corn yield. The research was carried out during 2016-2019 on dark gray wooded soil of the Forest-Steppe with the use of field, chemical, calculation-weight and mathematical-statistical methods. It were found that long-term growing of agricultural crops for 30 years under different agrochemical loading in crop rotation on dark gray wooded soil of the Forest-Steppe led to the creation of different agrochemical backgrounds. According to the results of soil and plant diagnostics, it has been established that nitrogen is the limiting nutrient for growing corn. In the variants with application of increased (N180P120K180) and high (N240P120K240) norms of mineral fertilizers against the background of by-products of the predecessor (winter wheat straw), where the highest yield of corn is formed - 11.21-12.10 t / ha, mobile phosphorus content 20 cm layer of soil was very high, mobile potassium - high, easily hydrolyzed nitrogen - very low. In these variants, maize plants in stages BBCH 16, 19 and 65 accumulated the optimal amount of nitrogen, and the content of phosphorus and potassium showed optimal and high supply during the growing season for the application of mineral fertilizers in the norms above N60P45K60.According to the results of correlation and regression analysis, the decisive role of nitrogen and potassium in the formation of corn productivity was confirmed. Mathematical models have been constructed that make it possible to predict the level of maize yield depending on the content of chemical elements in the soil and plants at the early stages of BBCH development.

COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS AND BACTERIOPHAGE PHAGE SAVB14 ON BIOFILMS FORMED BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS VARIANT BOVIS

During the development of mastitis in cows, the formation of a biofilm pathogen is an effective way to preserve it in the microenvironment of mammary gland. Biofilm infections are difficult to treat with antimicrobials, and bacterial resistance to antibiotics increases to 1000-fold level, compared with what is observed when grown in planktonic conditions. The aim of study – to determine and compare the effect of antimicrobial drugs and bacteriophage Phage SAvB14 in the destruction of biofilms formed by S. aureus var. bovis. Isolation and species identification of staphylococci were performed according to conventional methods using BD Baird-Parker Agar medium (HiMedia, India). Determination of ability of staphylococci to form biofilms and the number of viable bacteria was determined by the Stepanovic method. The study of sensitivity of microorganisms in biofilm form was performed on daily microbial biofilms grown in plastic Petri dishes. After 24 hours of incubation of cultures, the dishes were washed three times from planktonic (unattached) microorganisms with sterile phosphate buffer and introduced the studied antibacterial agents. After exposure, the dishes were washed three times with sterile phosphate buffer, introduced 5 cm3 of sterile 0.9% sodium chloride solution and washed the biofilm, took 1.0 cm3 of suspension, prepared a series of ten-fold dilutions, inoculated 1.0 cm3 of each dilution in Petri dishes, poured MPA and incubated at temperature of 370C for 24–48 hours to determine the number of bacteria. In determining the effect of antibiotics on bacterial biofilms, it was found that of the studied antibiotics, enrofloxacin worked best probably due to its low molecular weight and ability to penetrate the pores and channels of the biofilm to microbial cells. After the action of enrofloxacin on biofilms, staphylococcal bacteria were completely inactivated. Also, the antibiotics ceftriaxone and doxycycline were effective against bacteria in biofilms. After the action of ceftriaxone, the number of surviving bacteria was lg 1.9 ± 1.1 CFU/cm2 of biofilm area, and doxycycline lg 2.5 ± 1.2 CFU/cm2. At the same time, under the action of antibiotics penicillins, aminoglycosides and macrolides, the number of surviving microbial cells was about lg 5.3 CFU/cm2 of biofilm area. In studies on the effect of bacteriophage Phage SAvB14 on biofilms formed by S. aureus var. bovis, there was their degradation. At this, viable microbial cells from the biofilm were not isolated. In this case, we can say that the phages penetrated and reached the staphylococcal cells throughout the thickness of biofilm and bacteria were susceptible to this phage. That is, there was a passive treatment of biofilm with phages, in which lysis depended on the rate of virus uptake. Therefore, the obtained results of laboratory studies indicate the prospects of effective use of our selected specific staphylococcal bacteriophage Phage SAvB14 for the destruction of biofilm formed by S. aureus var. bovis – in mastitis of cows.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE FORMATION OF MOTIVATION POLICY ON AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

Motivational policy plays a large role in the effective management of personnel. The state of the economy and social relations in Ukraine and, equally important, the state of self-awareness of its citizens is unstable and complicated. During this period, it is especially important to act effectively in the field of enterprise personnel management. The situation is constantly changing and, accordingly, the approaches to the choice of effective methods of work with personnel must change. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method of cognition, determining the position of the theory of motivation of domestic and foreign scientific schools. In the course of the research, a systematic and logical approach to the scientific knowledge of the set of phenomena and processes related to the functioning of the personnel motivation system was applied, which revealed the main problems and prospects of improvement of the motivational policy in the enterprises. During the research, the methods of logical generalization and comparison were used to formulate the basic provisions and prerequisites for the formation of a motivational policy, an algorithm for managing a motivational policy; systematic analysis and synthesis, in particular, when substantiating the main directions of improvement of motivation policy at agricultural enterprises; statistical analysis - in the study of changes in the number and wages of employees in agriculture; logical generalization - when formulating conclusions. The article is devoted to the development of theoretical and methodological approaches to the formation of a modern effective motivational policy in agricultural enterprises. The main directions of improvement of motivational policy in agricultural enterprises are revealed. Systematic stages of implementation of motivational policy in agricultural enterprises. The trends of changes in the number and wages of employees in agriculture are determined. Based on the considered approaches, the algorithm of management of motivational policy in agricultural enterprises is formulated. The results of the study will expand the list of important directions of improvement of motivational policy, which are considered in the context of the algorithm of its management. The proposed algorithm for managing the improvement of motivational policy in agricultural enterprises will provide research and analysis of labor efficiency indicators, their monitoring, which will contribute to the increase of labor efficiency. Tracking factors of influence on the motivational orientation of management processes, deepening the study of motivational systems of change management in agricultural enterprises will be a promising area of research.

AGE DYNAMICS OF EXTERIOR FEATURES OF BULLS OF EARLY MATURING AND FAST GROWING MEAT AND COMBINED BREEDS

The exterior is closely related to the constitutional characteristics of animals. In the conditions of the steppe zone of Ukraine, as in other regions, research is not enough and this work should be continued, since evolutionary changes in the rocks occur constantly. Therefore, our research is relevant. In the experimental farm of the Institute of Grain Crops, 3 groups of bull-calves of specialized meat Hereford, Charolese and combined Simmental breeds were formed (15 animals each). The content was loose, the feeding conditions were the same. Herefords are smaller than Charolais and are inferior to them in all body measurements (height, width, length, depth). However, they are more compact with pronounced meat forms. Although after 18 months of age, the indicators of articles decreased markedly and some obesity was observed, which confirms their early maturity. Gobies were characterized by a harmonious physique, had rounded shapes, and their lateral profile resembled a rectangle, which indicates a potentially high meat productivity. Their head is short and wide, the neck is short and thick, the chest is deep, wide with rounded ribs, but relatively short, the topline is straight and wide, the back is straight, long, wide, the legs are widely spaced, strong, the muscles are magnificently developed, the skin is loose, thick long hair. At the end of the study, the exterior features of Simmental bulls differed in a greater direction from animals of specialized meat breeds in terms of measurements of such items as height at the withers, back and rump, depth and chest girth. However, they were inferior to them in chest width, in the hips, hip joints, sciatic tubercles.

RESEARCH ON THE EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD OF EHF BAND ON SEEDS OF CULTURAL PLANTS

In modern conditions, to increase the yield of cultivated plants use pre-sowing seeds with the use of chemical and biological products. Due to the orientation of the world's leading countries on environmentally friendly agricultural production technologies, more and more attention is being paid to the development of electro-technological processing methods. The main advantage of electromagnetic technology for pre-sowing seed treatment with low-energy radiation of the EHF range is the possibility of improving their growth and development by mobilizing the internal reserves of the seed itself, accelerating the diffusion of molecules through the cell membrane, the speed of chemical reactions and causing redness plants and promotes yield without chemical or biological agents or genetic engineering methods. The technology of seed treatment EMF EHF allows to store in the seed all the nutrients, vitamins and minerals, which when processed by other methods is difficult to achieve. The study is based on the analysis of literature, theoretical and experimental studies of the energy and spectral characteristics of the diode generator in the EHF wavelength range, which can be concluded that the increase in plant yields is possible based on the use of millimeter-wave electromagnetic radiation for pre-sowing seed treatment. The article proposes a technique for investigating the energy characteristics of a semiconductor six-diode generator on avalanche-spanning diodes for pre-sowing seed treatment of cultivated plants. The result of the developed technique is that one of the main elements of the plant for pre-sowing seed treatment is the emitter of EM energy, which should form the necessary radiation pattern and provide a sufficient level of power flow density on the grain.

INFLUENCE OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS AND GROWTH REGULATORS ON THE SYMBIOTIK PRODUCTIVITY OF FEALD PEA IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE WESTERN FOREST-STEPPE

The article presents the results reached in our study of the influence of mineral fertilizers and growth regulators on symbiotic capacity of field pea in the conditions of Western Forest-Steppe. Experimental part was carried out during 2016-2018 on the field of the TPC Podilya at the SAEUP, the typical black soil, characterized as deep, low-humus, and heavy gravel on forest-like loams. The results indicate that the productivity of field pea largely depended on the effective interaction of the host plant and nodule bacteria. Application of phosphorus-potassium fertilizers and small doses of nitrogen fertilizers improved the biological fixation of nitrogen. Spray application of growth regulators at the budding-flowering phase continued the functioning of the red pigment of synthesized leghemoglobin in the nodules. The positive effect of mineral fertilizers and growth regulators on the symbiotic potentials of field pea plants was confirmed. The total symbiotic potential characterizes the state of legume-rhizobium symbiosis. The duration of active functioning of nodules on pea roots and their ability to fix biological nitrogen during the growing season define the magnitude of the active symbiotic potential. During the growing season, the total symbiotic potential indicators were the highest for the Chekbek variety and amounted to 13.1 thousand kg*days/ha (after application of N30P30K45 with the Vympel growth regulator). After application of the same combination of mineral fertilizer and growth regulator, the Gotovsky variety demonstrated - 10.6 thousand kg*days/ha, the Fargus variety – 10.0 thousand kg*days/ha.

AGROTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT OF HARROW-CULTIVATOR

Using of combined tools in the system of soil preparation for sowing allows to reduce energy and labor costs per unit of cultivated products while maintaining soil fertility with maximum economic effect. When preparing the soil for sowing, it is important to create a fine-grained soil structure using simple machines and tools. The purpose of research is improving the quality of the structural condition of the soil in preparation for sowing using the simplest and most productive tools and machines, reducing the specific high-energy costs of preparing the soil for sowing crops. The use of a combination of working bodies for loosening the soil in one machine allows you to intensify the process of crushing the soil and expand the range of use of the machine or tool to prepare the soil for sowing crops. One of the ways to solve the problem of quality soil preparation for sowing crops is the use of high-performance combined multi-operational units, which in one pass provide loosening, leveling the soil surface and its necessary compaction. Such units prevent over-compaction of the soil, which is typical for traditional cultivation, and due to the formation of a well-dissolved surface layer reduce moisture evaporation. The comparative analysis of agrotechnical indicators of work of a harrow cultivator, which was executed on the basis of field tests, allowed to establish that increase of coefficient of quality of loosening of soil on 14 ... 17%, coefficient of quality of crushing on 10 ... 17,6% in comparison with serial harrows expands functionality of using a harrow-cultivator with experimental bending teeth allows to improve the quality of tillage, increase productivity and reduce energy costs.

FEED PRODUCTIVITY OF WINTER FEED AGROPHYTOCENOSIS, DEPENDING ON THE FACTORS OF FARMING TECHNOLOGY

Among the factors that determine the efficiency and success of the livestock industry is the science-based production of high quality feed. The solution to this problem is impossible without field feed production, engaged in the cultivation of annual mixtures. Among the large number of forage crops in the western forest-steppe are worthy of annual mixtures, in particular winter, which is highly valued for adaptability to growing conditions, especially in climate change. Despite the considerable part of the conducted researches on the development of technology of cultivation of winter forage crops, the question of optimization of their component composition and increase of stability of the most economically valuable species in the conditions of climate change remains relevant. Field studies were conducted in accordance with the common methods of forage production at the collection and research field of the Separate unit of the National University of Bioresources and Nature Management of Ukraine «Zalishchyky Agricultural College. E. Khraplyvy» during 2016-2018. On the basis of the experimental data, the optimal elements of the technology of cultivation of agrophytocenoses of Pannonian Viking with rye winter and triticale winter for the conditions of the Western Forest Steppe were identified. It was found that the highest yield of 1 ha of fodder units and exchange energy among the grass-root mixtures (4.50 t and 62.8 GJ) was agrophytocenosis, which included the cultivation of Pannosk in the amount of 2.5 million / ha of similar seeds with winter rye - 75% of the total sowing rate in single-species sowing, and among the ex-tritical (5.09 t and 64.6 GJ) - variant with sowing of the same seeding rate of legume component and winter triticale - 25% of the total sowing rate in single-species sowing. Pannonian wiki seeds in both variants were treated before sowing growth promoter. The results of the research will help to strengthen the forage base for animal husbandry and increase the productivity of farm animals.