scholarly journals ON THE STUDIES OF THE ZOOMORPHIC IMAGES REPERTOIRE IN THE ART OF INKARDARIA SAKAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 348-356
Author(s):  
G. S. Jumabekova ◽  
G. A. Bazarbaeva
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Large Series ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Objective Analysis ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Wild Boars ◽  
Art Objects ◽  
Burial Grounds

The article is devoted to zoomorphic images analysis received from the Saka sites of the Eastern Aral Sea region — Uygarak (VII—VI cc. BC) and South Tagisken (VII—V cc. BC). The images were studied by the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition under the guidance of S. P. Tolstov. This material has been due to the fact that now there is an update of the source base of the studies of art objects belonging to the Saka time in the archaeology of the early Iron Age of Kazakhstan. At present the materials on Uygarak and South Tagisken are still among the sites with a large series of excavated mounds, both in the region and in Kazakhstan. Almost completely excavated burial grounds of the early Iron Age containing a large number of objects in Kazakhstan archaeology are single. The analysis of the material on Uygarak and Tagisken depicts that objects with zoomorphic decor were found in every burial. In percentage this makes 21 % in Uygarak and 18 % in Tagisken. According to the archaeologists O. A. Vishnevskaya, M. A. Itina, L. T. Yablonsky, who studied the monuments, the mounds were robbed by contemporaries. Consequently, conducting an objective analysis is difficult, but a trial to trace the dynamics of the emergence of objects created in zoomorphic style seems extremely interesting. There is a high probability that a small number of objects with preserved works of ancient art marks complexes belonging to the steppe aristocracy. Among zoomorphic images, the most common were birds and cat predators. There are objects in the shape of saigas and horses. Images of bears, wolves, deer, argali, wild boars, camels are quite rare. It is worth noting that bird images have never been found in Tagisken materials, and not a single horse and saiga image has been recorded in Uygarak. At the same time, the majority of zoomorphically decorated items are parts of horse equipment.

scholarly journals Dental characteristics of the Scythian time population of the Forest-Steppe Altai

2020 ◽  
pp. 171-186
Author(s):  
N.A. Leibova ◽  
S.S. Tur
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Comparative Data ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Forest Steppe ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
Western Kazakhstan ◽  
River Region ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Burial Grounds

Materials from the analysed sites of the Staroaleyka and Kamen Cultures in the Forest-Steppe Altai (South-ern Siberia) are dated to the 6th–2nd c. BC. The aim of this study is to introduce the dental data for the Staroaleyka and Kamen Cultures into scientific discourse, to identify and analyse intergroup variability within both communi-ties, their origin and genesis, and the direction of their relations with the Bronze and Early Iron Age populations. Materials of the Staroaleyka Culture are represented by a series from three burial grounds: Firsovo-14, Tu-zovskiye Bugry and Obskiye Plesy 2, dated to the 6th–5th c. BC. The Kamen Culture series from the Forest-Steppe Altai has been collected from six burial grounds: Rogozikha-1 (6th–4th c. BC), Obyezdnoye-1 (5th–4th c. BC), Kamen-2 and Kirillovka-3 (5th–3rd c. BC), Novotroitskoye 1 and 2 (5th–3rd c. BC), Maslyakha-1 (3rd–2nd c. BC). In total, 402 individuals were examined using the Odontological program. The analysed craniological series are stored in the TSU (Tomsk) Cabinet of Anthropology and the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of Altai of AltSU (Barnaul). As comparative data, published Bronze and Early Iron Age series from Western, Southern and south of Eastern Siberia, southern Trans-Urals, Aral Sea Region, Central and Western Kazakhstan were used. Study methods: 25 odontoscopic and odontoglyphic features were recorded. Ten key characteristics, which have comparative data in literature, were discussed. The evaluation of the traits and their further analysis were carried out according to the methodology of A.A. Zubov. The construction of circular polygons and calculation of the av-erage taxonomic distances were carried out in the GROUP COMPARISON program (author — Olga M. Leybova), designed for processing of dental data. Intergroup variability was assessed through correspondence analysis in the STATISTICA 8 software. For the first time, dental data for the Staroaleyka Culture population have been re-ceived, and data for Kamen Culture has been significantly extended. Despite the territorial and chronological proximity of the Staroaleyka Culture series, it has been established that they belong to two different odontological variants. Odontological data does not exclude the presence of the «Ural» component in their morphological com-plex. The analysed samples of the Kamen Culture, with the exception of those from Rogoziha-1, appear to repre-sent the Western odontological branch with different proportions of the eastern component in the series. In the morphocomplexes of the groups from the Obyezdnoye-1 and Kamen-2 burials, traits of an undifferentiated gracile type have been identified. The burial complexes of Novotroitskoye 1 and 2 and Maslyakha-1 were left by anthro-pologically uniform population representing a maturized odontological variant. Similarly to the craniological data, a fairly wide range of contacts has been established for the population of the Kamen Culture, including the early nomads of the Southern Urals, Western Kazakhstan, south-western and eastern Aral Sea region on the one hand, and Tuva and the Minusinsk Basin on another. Unlike craniological studies, odontological data does not suggest any proximity to the synchronous Pazyryk population of the Altai Mountains. Significant differences have also been revealed with the Kamen Culture population of the Ob River region near Novosibirsk.

An Unusual Fabric from Jety-Asar-2, Eastern Aral Sea Region, in the Context of the Central Asian Textile Tradition

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 50-58
Author(s):  
N. V. Polosmak ◽  
E. V. Karpova ◽  
E. V. Amosov
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Silk Road ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Wool Fabric ◽  
Technological Characteristics ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Decorative Motifs ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study

We present the results of an interdisciplinary study of an unusual sample of wool fabric, found at the Jety-Asar-2 fortifi ed site, representing the Jety-Asar culture of the late 4th century BC to early 1st century AD, in the central Turan Plain. We outline the results of the analysis of the dyes and technological characteristics of the fabric. The woven pattern is described in detail. The specimen is compared with the tapestry from Shanpula (Sampul) cemetery in the Hotan oasis, Xinjiang, China. We examine the idea that the Jety-Asar fabric had been manufactured in Shanpula and transported to the Aral basin along the Great Silk Road. Previously, this type of tapestry was believed to have been used only in the Hotan oasis, because no direct parallels with other areas were known. A direct parallel with such a remote westerly region is all the more intriguing. Apparently, colorful strips of woolen tapestry depicting animals, birds, humans, fantastic beings, mountains, and fl owers were in big demand. The tradition, then, may have been distributed much more widely than previously thought. Many anthropomorphic, zoomorphic, plant, and purely decorative motifs have numerous parallels in the Early Iron Age art of the Eurasian steppes, highlands, and piedmont areas. The Shanpula people used such fabric for decorating skirts. In other cultures, it was destined for various purposes.

Osteometric Study of an Early Iron Age Postcranial Sample from Lower Kama Region (Novo-Sasykul Burial Ground).

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir V. Kufterin ◽  
Elizaveta V. Volkova
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Canonical Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Burial Ground ◽  
Body Type ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Average Body Length ◽  
Culture Sample ◽  
Average Body

The article outlines results of an osteometric study of a postcranial sample (22 male and 30 female skeletons) from Novo-Sasykul burial ground in the Lower Kama region (Pyany Bor culture). Novo-Sasykul necropolis dates back to between the I and the turn of the II–III cc. AD. In total, the Sasykul population is characterized by a mesomorphic (with a tendency to dolichomorphism) body type proportions and an average or higher than average body length. Results of intragroup analysis allow to conclude that the studied sample was mixed. Results of the intergroup canonical discriminant analysis demonstrate the greatest proximity of the Novo-Sasykul postcranial skeletons to the Mazunino culture samples (Pokrovsky, Dubrovsky and Boyarsky “Arai” burial grounds), as well as to the Pyany Bor culture sample from Stary Chekmak cemetery. The latter thesis does not apply to female skeletons from Stary Chekmak, characterized by a rather “harmonious” ratio of the limb segment lengths and do not show a tendency towards relative lengthening of the tibia. A slight increase in the crural index may be a specific feature of the Pyany Bor and Mazunino culture population groups from the Kama region.

scholarly journals ON THE PROBLEM OF WOMEN STATUS IN THE CULTURE OF KAZAKHSTAN POPULATION OF THE SAKA AGE (According to Materials from East Aral Sea Region)

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-28
Author(s):  
G. I. Bazarbayeva ◽  
G. S. Jumabekova
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Aral Sea ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
The South ◽  
The West

Materials from the Early Iron Age cemeteries of the Southern Tagisken (VII—V centuries BC) and Uygarak (VI—VI centuries BC), studied by the Khorezm archaeological and ethnographic expedition under the direction of S. P. Tolstov in the early 1960s, are a source for the analysis. Materials of the sixteen mounds of South Tagisken and twenty-two of Uygarak are analyzed in the article. More than half of the mounds of South Tagisken and Uygarak have a diameter of up to 20 m. The head of the deceased is predominantly oriented to the west. Dromos was recorded only in two South Tagisken mounds and not recorded in Uygarak. Burials at the level of the ancient horizon in South Tagisken were recorded once, while in Uygarak they were recorded four times. A very small number of sacrificial animal parts in the graves of South Tagisken and Uygarak draws attention. An analysis of the South Tagisken and Uygarak subject complex shows that the women graves had products made of metal, bone, and stone. Among such products are: elements of horse equipment, knives, mirrors, altars, jewelry, mirrors, distaff. Weapons are rarely found in women burials of South Tagisken and Uygarak. Probably the functions of the woman were only restricted to housekeeping in the culture of the population that left the South Tagisken and Uygarak cemeteries. Women also served as servants of the cults, which is reflected in the presence of traces of red paint found on pestles, altars, pistils, as well as on tools and devices made of bone.

scholarly journals BURIAL ASSEMBLAGES OF THE BRONZE AND THE EARLY IRON AGES FROM THE USPENSKIY I AND USPENSKIY II KURGAN CEMETERIES IN THE NORTHWESTERN PART OF THE STAVROPOL REGION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Я.Б. Березин ◽  
А.А. Клещенко
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
Contact Zone ◽  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Northwestern Part ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Stavropol Region ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Incense Burner ◽  
The Bronze Age

В статье публикуются материалы эпохи бронзы и раннего железного века из курганных могильников Успенский I и Успенский II (Новоалександровский район Ставропольского края). Из них два относятся к раннекатакомбному времени (втор. четв. III тыс. до н. э.), пять – к позднекатакомбному (третья четв. III тыс. до н. э.), одно – к сарматской культуре (II–I вв. до н. э.), достоверная датировка еще двух погребений невозможна. Из погребений эпохи средней бронзы наибольший интерес представляет серия позднекатакомбных комплексов, соединяющая в себе элементы восточноманычской, батуринской и суворовской традиций, что связано с местоположением изученных могильников в контактной зоне трех указанных культурных феноменов. Сарматское погребение, являясь довольно типичным для своего культурного круга, выделяется наличием редкой разновидности культового сосуда – курильницы. The paper publishes materials of the Bronze Age and Early Iron Age from two burial grounds, namely, Uspenskiy I and Uspenskiy II (Novoaleksandrovsk district of the Stavropol region). Two assemblages are dated to the Early Catacomb period (the second quarter of 3rd mill. BC) whereas five assemblages are dated to the Late Catacomb period (third quarter of 3rd mill. BC), one assemblage is attributed to the Sarmatian culture (2nd – 1st century BC). Reliable dating of two more burials is not possible. A series of Late Catacomb assemblages that combine elements of the Eastern Manych, Baturin and Suvorovskaya traditions explained by the location of the excavated cemeteries in the contact zone between these three cultures is of the greatest interest. While being rather typical for its cultural circle, the Sarmatian grave is notable for presence of a rare type of a ritual vessel – incense-burner.

scholarly journals TYPOLOGY AND CHRONOLOGY OF THE DOLLKЕIM TYPE VESSELS

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 170-177
Author(s):  
Vladimir I. Kulakov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Archaeological Material ◽  
The Great Migration ◽  
B2 Phase ◽  
First Time ◽  
Burial Grounds ◽  
Written Sources

In the ceramic material of the Sambian-Natangian group of the Western Baltic culture, which occupied the southeastern Baltic region during the era of Roman influence, attachment vessels with a spheroid or biconical body with a narrow elongated neck have a prominent place. Despite the fact that the ceramic forms in general (and their important part — the attachment vessels) belong to the mass archaeological material, the ceramics of the Aestians have not attracted the close attention of European archaeologists so far. For the first time this type of vessels was isolated and named “Dollkeim type” in 1996 by V. Novakovski. In this article, 24 vessels from the burial grounds of Sambia were selected for internal typology and identification of chronology. It turned out that the predecessors of the Dollkeim type vessels are the Okulicz VIII type vessels of the III group, which preserved in the 1st century AD traditions of the early Iron Age. On the basis of these vessels, the Aestian ceramists at the B2 phase are developing vessels of the Dollkeim-1 and Dollkeim-2 subtypes, which serve as a reservoir of sacrificial liquids in the graves of their fellow tribesmen until phase D2. The main habitat of the Dollkeim type vessels in the Aestian burial complexes is located in the western part of the Sambia Peninsula, in the vicinity of the Amber Coast. The Dollkeim type vessels in phases B2 / C1-D1 were an important part of the burial complex of male warriors, possibly comparable to the optimates of written sources. In the burial antiquities of Sambia, vessels of the proto-Dollkeim and Dollkeim types coexist in various communities throughout the Roman period. Only the Dollkeim-2 subtype survives until the beginning of the Great migration period.

Archaeological Investigations at Mavis Grind, Shetland

1983 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Cracknell ◽  
Beverley Smith
Keyword(s):  
Iron Age ◽  
Early Iron Age ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Field System ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Settlement Site

Summary The excavations revealed a stone house and showed that it was oval, 13 m × 10 m, with an interior about 7 m in diameter. In the first occupation phase the entrance was on the SE side. During the second phase this entrance was replaced with one to the NE and the interior was partitioned. The roof was supported on wooden posts. After the building was abandoned it was covered with peat-ash which was subsequently ploughed. There were numerous finds of steatite-tempered pottery and stone implements, which dated the site to late Bronze/early Iron Age. The second settlement, Site B, lay by the shore of the voe and consisted of two possible stone-built houses and a field system. Two trenches were dug across the structures and the results are reported in Appendix I. Although damaged in recent years it was in no further danger.

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