scholarly journals Ethical concepts in the works of Tatar thinkers of the early 20th century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.И. Алмазова
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Bourgeois Society ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Active Life

В статье рассматриваются труды татарских богословов начала ХХ в. в контексте эволюции этических представлений татаро-мусульманского социума. В эпоху буржуазной трансформации на передний план выходят концепции свободы человеческой воли и ответственности, сменяющие веками формировавшиеся паттерны фатализма, неверия в собственные силы и возможности. Для обоснования собственной точки зрения татарские авторы пользуются классическими источниками — Кораном и Сунной пророка Мухаммада, находя в них достаточное количество цитат для убеждения слушателей в необходимости активной жизненной позиции, уверенности в себе, стремления к благополучию и земному процветанию. Данный подход коррелирует с описанным М. Вебером феноменом протестантской этики, способствовавшим, по его мнению, формированию буржуазного общества в Европе. Среди качеств, которые должны были выработать современники, Р. Фахретдинов (1959–1836), З. Камали (1873–1942) и другие авторы называют отвагу, стойкость, непреклонность, оптимизм в сочетании с мудростью, верность данному слову, способствующие прогрессивному развитию личности и общества. The article examines the Tatar theologians’ works of the early 20th century in the context of the evolution in the ethical ideas of the Tatar-Muslim society. In the era of bourgeois transformation, the concepts of human free will and responsibility come to the fore, replacing the patterns of fatalism, disbelief in one’s own strength and capabilities that have been formed for centuries. To substantiate their own point of view, Tatar authors use classical sources — the Koran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, finding in them a sufficient number of quotations to convince listeners of the need for an active life position, self-confidence, desire for well-being and earthly prosperity. This approach correlates with the phenomenon of Protestant ethics described by M. Weber, which, in his opinion, contributed to the formation of bourgeois society in Europe. R. Fahrettinov (1959–1836), Z. Kamali (1873–1942), and other authors call courage, fortitude, inflexibility, optimism combined with wisdom, and loyalty to one’s word as qualities that should have been cultivated by contemporaries, contributing to the progressive development of individuals and society.

scholarly journals The problem of studying the Montenegrin legislation of the early 20th century: normative and sociological approaches

2020 ◽  
pp. 267-282
Author(s):  
Varvara B. Khlebnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Normative Approach ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
Sociological Approaches ◽  
Legislative Activities

The author of the article considers the development of Montenegrin law in the 19th - early 20th centuries and tries to assess the results of the legislative activities of the Montenegrin authorities, that issued new regulations and carried out large-scale codification work on regular basis. From the point of view of the normative approach, widely used in legal science, these activities seemed quite successful; the laws that met urgent needs of the state's development were created within short periods of time. However according to the sociological approach, one has to admit that the significant part of Montenegrin legislation was just a formality and was hardly implemented in practice.

The Sound of India In Maurice Delage’s Quatre Poèmes Hindous

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-296
Author(s):  
Noémi Karácsony
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Music ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
French Music ◽  
Sound Effects ◽  
Instrumental Technique ◽  
The Relationship

"French composer and pianist Maurice Delage wrote several significant works inspired by his personal contact with the Orient. His travels to India inspired Delage to use innovative sound effects in his compositions, as well as to require his performers to adapt their vocal or instrumental technique to obtain the sound desired by the composer. His representation of the Orient is not a mere evocation of the Other, as is the case with most orientalist works, rather it reflects the composer’s desire to endow Western music with the purity, strength, and vivid colors which he discovered and admired in Indian music. The present paper presents the historical and artistic background which inspired and influenced Delage, the relationship between France and India in the early 20th century and reveals the composer’s idealistic point of view regarding India, its culture, and its music. The analysis focuses on the mélodie cycle Quatre poèmes hindous, composed between 1912 and 1913, striving to reveal the Indian influences in the work of Delage and the way orientalism is represented in French music from the first decades of the 20th century. Keywords: orientalism, France, India, 20th century, Maurice Delage"

Economic persistence despite adverse policies: Evidence from Kyrgyzstan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Guirkinger ◽  
Gani Aldashev ◽  
Alisher Aldashev ◽  
Mate Fodor
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Material Wealth ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Generational Transmission ◽  
Relative Status ◽  
Geographic Sorting ◽  
Economic Well Being

Abstract We study the long-run persistence of relative economic well-being under adverse government policies using a combination of historical and contemporaneous data from Kyrgyzstan. After controlling for unobservable local effects, the economic well-being of Kyrgyz households in the 2010s correlates with the early 20th-century average wealth of their tribes. Inequality at the tribe level in the 2010s correlates with wealth inequality in the early 20th century. The likely channels of persistence are the inter-generational transmission of human capital, relative status, political power, and cultural traits. Transmission of material wealth, differences in natural endowments, or geographic sorting cannot explain persistence.

scholarly journals The Indefatigable Worker: From Factory Floor to Zoom Avatar

2021 ◽  
pp. 089692052199073
Author(s):  
Maha Abdelrahman
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Physical Fatigue ◽  
Neoliberal Capitalism ◽  
Global Economic Crisis ◽  
Factory Floor

This contribution coins the term indefatigable worker as a lens to examine the concerted efforts by state and capital forces, since the early 20th century, to devise methods aimed to reduce mental and physical fatigue among the workforce in order to guarantee the productivity and economic health of the nation. Different interventions have targeted the worker’s body from the early 20th century factory labourer to the more fragmented workforce under neoliberal capitalism and finally to the locked-down Covid-19 Zoom participant. Interestingly, each intervention was triggered by the onset of one global economic crisis or the other but cloaked in the benevolent garb of workers’ welfare. Ostensibly putting the well-being of the worker at the heart of this seemingly technical, ideology-free regime aims to make it difficult for workers to resist attempts to help them cope with fatigue and to challenge the conditions which cause their physical and mental stress in the first place.

scholarly journals Attitude of the Kazan Gubernia Peasants towards Women's Primary Education: The Second Half of the 19th — Early 20th Century

2019 ◽  
pp. 449-457
Author(s):  
Yulia E. Zheleznyakova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Full Member ◽  
Record Keeping ◽  
Spiritual Well Being ◽  
The Masses

This article focuses on the problem of peasants’ attitude towards female education in rural schools of the Kazan gubernia. The author draws on a variety of archival and published sources: documents of management and record keeping of institutions responsible for schools functioning, statistical data, periodicals, etc. In pre-revolutionary Russia, peasants constituted the vast majority of the population. This fully applies to the Kazan gubernia, one of Russian agricultural regions. The specificity of the gubernia was in its multi-ethnic and multi-confessional population structure: the Russians, the Tatars, the Chuvash, the Mari, the Mordvins, the Udmurt, etc. An important factor in Russian modernization of the second half of the 19th - early 20th century was Zemstvo school, a significant sociocultural institution contributing to spiritual well-being and material welfare of the masses. It promoted basic literacy and, more importantly, inclusion of millions of liberated peasants into civil life. Expansion of the Zemstvo schools network was a step towards universal primary education. Zemstvo also attempted to solve the so-called “women’s question.” Believing that woman should be full member of the society, Zemstvo delegates sought to make primary education universal. The majority of rural schools in the Kazan gubernia were Zemstvo schools, where children of both sexes were trained, but for a long period of time boys predominated. For a long time it was believed that a woman does not need literacy, it was deemed a luxury. Farmers’ views on the education of girls and women changed over time, awareness of the need for their training grew. A noticeable progress occurred in the days of the Russo-Japanese War and World War I.

scholarly journals The Beginning of the Kharkiv Pantheon Formation (on the Materials of Travel Guides of the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Centuries)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Professional Characteristics ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed Characteristic ◽  
The City ◽  
Professional Characteristic

The author explores the issue of forming the "pantheon" of the most prominent figures in the history of Kharkiv. To this end, Soviet city guides were analyzed. The names found on the guide pages have been recorded in the appropriate database. The author stated the principles of construction of this database and possible interpretations of the obtained results. It contains two fields - "faces" and "mentions". In the first box, those names found on the guide pages were recorded, and in the second box, those ratings that accompany a specific name were recorded. Along with fixing a person's name, a social or professional characteristic (scientist, military, architect, statesman, etc.) was also mentioned. In the "mention" field, depending on the nature of the mention of a person, a coefficient was stated: if the name was mentioned without a rating, it is a factor # 1 (1 point), a combination with such epithets as "known", "prominent" and the like – a factor # 2 (2 points), more or less a detailed characteristic of the activity, first of all from the point of view of impact on the development of the city – factor # 3 (3 points). As a result, it allowed to create a certain hierarchical name system and to separate "TOP-10" of them. In the long run, it will allow you to see a system of names in the dynamics, when some persons will fall out of the list of leaders at certain periods and others will be included in this list. It will also be important to capture changes in terms of increasing or decreasing attention to a particular category of people (social and professional characteristics). In total, more than 650 people were included in the database. The author concluded that in the early 20th century the guides less mentioned statesmen and local administrators, and more of artists, architects, and scientists. Also, the article states that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the list of "local heroes" in Kharkiv has just begun to form. This can be explained by the absence of some known persons in the TOP-10 list. This is partly due to the fact that the guide genre itself has not yet been completed, and the first guides rather resembled information directories and were thematically imbalanced. Nevertheless, this material can be used in studying the initial stage of assembly of the "Kharkiv Pantheon".

scholarly journals So-called “Lollardsʼs Catechism”. The translation of part from middle English to Russian with commentary and introduction article

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Zakharov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle English ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
John Wycliffe

Publication of the Russian translation of part of so-called “Lollardsʼs Catechism”, which was written by anonymous author in 14th century England. The title “Lollardsʼs Catechism” was given by first editors in the early 20th century, because the text wasnʼt originally entitled. The text is an expanded version of official Catechism, written by ordered archbishop of York John de Thoresby (died 1373). In comparison with the original, anonymous author focused on the ethos of clergy. For some time, researchers believed that the author of the text was John Wycliffe (1320-1384), but now this point of view isn’t shared by scientists. The rhetoric presented in the text gives the reasons to believe that the text was written by one of the wandering preachers, who may have belonged to the Lollards, who were especially active in England in the second half of the 14th century.

Measurements of Russia’s economic growth in the early 20th century and the problem of sources

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.В. Поликарпов
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Cumulative Experience

В спорах о том, процветала ли или переживала кризис поздняя Российская империя, историки разделились на «оптимистов» и «пессимистов». При обосновании своей точки зрения обе стороны прибегают к статистическим подсчетам, но особенности хозяйственного быта в России и бедность имеющегося материала источников ограничивают результативность статистических и макроэкономических приемов сравнительного изучения. Наиболее рациональным представляется сочетание квантитативного подхода с анализом описательных источников. Ключевым направлением исследования, обеспеченным документальной базой, может послужить приоритетная для власти сфера — промышленная и научно-техническая подготовка к войне. Состояние дел в этой области показывает предел возможностей страны и поэтому важно для понимания общих процессов ее развития. Накопленный историками и экономистами исследовательский опыт заслуживает критического анализа. While disputing whether the late Russian Empire experienced a crisis or lived in prosperity, historians are either pessimists or optimists. To confirm their point of view they refer to statistic data, but the resulting quality of both statistical and macroeconomic methods is much lowered by the lack of sources and the specifics of economic life in Russia. The most rational approach could be to combine quantitive methods with analysis of descriptive materials. Industrial, scientific and technical preparations for war, which was of the top interest for authorities and therefore has a vast documentary base could be the key areas of investigation. The state of affairs in this area shows the limits and opportunities of the country and therefore this information is essential for understanding the general tendencies of its development. The cumulative experience of historians and economists should be critically analyzed.

scholarly journals Irrationality as an Attribute of Legal Realism in the Assessments of Russian and Foreign Scientists of the Late 19th – Early 20th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Empirical Content ◽  
Legal Realism ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper considers some essential aspects of the genesis of legal realism from the point of view of its philosophical foundations and their transformation in the field of legal knowledge and legal understand-ing. Legal realism, focused on the ontologization of social experience, shifted the attention of legal sci-ence to pragmatic and relativistic methods of analy-sis. As a result of these changes, the principle of knowledge of law was the beginning of irrational-ism, which was manifested in various aspects. The variability of empirical content in the field of legal philosophy was often the reason for refusing to search for regularities in it. In the 19th century, the philosophical attitudes of pragmatism and relativism became the basis for the substantial strengthening of the position of realistic approaches to law. One of the most revealing themes of the use and tenden-tious movement towards the principle of irrational-ism was the category of “normality”.

scholarly journals Memories of Vasiliy Gloriantov as a historical source when studying the life of provincial officiality of the mid-19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Andrey Tyurin S. Tyurin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Source

The memoirs of Vasiliy Gloriantov, which saw the light at the early 20th century and devoted to the internal life of Nizhny Novgorod Chamber of State Property, are the only published memoirs written by a former employee of Nizhny Novgorod Chamber of State Property. Memoir literature is a source of an additional character, deepening the description of certain facts and events. The issue of the reliability of the events contained in these recollections has not been previously considered. In the course of studying memoirs and comparing them with published documents and previously unpublished archival materials, a number of persons were identified whose names were hidden by Vasiliy Gloriantov, and certain inaccuracies in the dating of events were revealed. Information on drunkenness and official misconduct by chamber employees, contained in memoirs, is confirmed in preserved archival materials. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the memories of Vasiliy Gloriantov have significant value as a historical source, illuminating the daily life of Nizhny Novgorod Chamber of State Property from the point of view of one of its direct participants.

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