scholarly journals So-called “Lollardsʼs Catechism”. The translation of part from middle English to Russian with commentary and introduction article

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-89
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Zakharov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Middle English ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
14Th Century ◽  
John Wycliffe

Publication of the Russian translation of part of so-called “Lollardsʼs Catechism”, which was written by anonymous author in 14th century England. The title “Lollardsʼs Catechism” was given by first editors in the early 20th century, because the text wasnʼt originally entitled. The text is an expanded version of official Catechism, written by ordered archbishop of York John de Thoresby (died 1373). In comparison with the original, anonymous author focused on the ethos of clergy. For some time, researchers believed that the author of the text was John Wycliffe (1320-1384), but now this point of view isn’t shared by scientists. The rhetoric presented in the text gives the reasons to believe that the text was written by one of the wandering preachers, who may have belonged to the Lollards, who were especially active in England in the second half of the 14th century.

scholarly journals The problem of studying the Montenegrin legislation of the early 20th century: normative and sociological approaches

2020 ◽  
pp. 267-282
Author(s):  
Varvara B. Khlebnikova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Normative Approach ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
Legal Science ◽  
Sociological Approaches ◽  
Legislative Activities

The author of the article considers the development of Montenegrin law in the 19th - early 20th centuries and tries to assess the results of the legislative activities of the Montenegrin authorities, that issued new regulations and carried out large-scale codification work on regular basis. From the point of view of the normative approach, widely used in legal science, these activities seemed quite successful; the laws that met urgent needs of the state's development were created within short periods of time. However according to the sociological approach, one has to admit that the significant part of Montenegrin legislation was just a formality and was hardly implemented in practice.

The Sound of India In Maurice Delage’s Quatre Poèmes Hindous

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-296
Author(s):  
Noémi Karácsony
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Western Music ◽  
Personal Contact ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
French Music ◽  
Sound Effects ◽  
Instrumental Technique ◽  
The Relationship

"French composer and pianist Maurice Delage wrote several significant works inspired by his personal contact with the Orient. His travels to India inspired Delage to use innovative sound effects in his compositions, as well as to require his performers to adapt their vocal or instrumental technique to obtain the sound desired by the composer. His representation of the Orient is not a mere evocation of the Other, as is the case with most orientalist works, rather it reflects the composer’s desire to endow Western music with the purity, strength, and vivid colors which he discovered and admired in Indian music. The present paper presents the historical and artistic background which inspired and influenced Delage, the relationship between France and India in the early 20th century and reveals the composer’s idealistic point of view regarding India, its culture, and its music. The analysis focuses on the mélodie cycle Quatre poèmes hindous, composed between 1912 and 1913, striving to reveal the Indian influences in the work of Delage and the way orientalism is represented in French music from the first decades of the 20th century. Keywords: orientalism, France, India, 20th century, Maurice Delage"

Social Practices of Confucianism at the Early 20th Century: Kang Youwei and the “Heaven People”. Kang Youwei. Datong shu, Sixth Part, Fragments, Trans. from Chinese into Russian and Comm. by Dmitry E. Martynov

2021 ◽  
pp. 199-203
Author(s):  
Dmitry E. Martynov ◽  
◽  
Yulia A. Martynova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Russian Translation ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
The Family ◽  
Kang Youwei ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
And Gender

Readers are invited to the first Russian translation of extracts from the first chap­ter of the sixth part Datong shu(“The Book of the Great Unity”) by Kang Youwei (1858–1927). Kang Youwei proposed an original project for the radical liberation of humanity, in which the traditional mechanisms of family, marriage and gender inequality and coercion will be eliminated, and the state will take care of each person at every stage of his life. Kang Youwei adhered to the view that the main goal of a person's life is to achieve a state of happiness and satisfy all emerging needs. Congenital hedonism is in conflict with the need to reproduce. According to Kang Youwei, the institution of the family was created in ancient times and is the product of violence and suppression. In the future, free partnership will be re­lieved of the burdens of raising and educating future generations.

scholarly journals The Beginning of the Kharkiv Pantheon Formation (on the Materials of Travel Guides of the Second Half of the 19th – Early 20th Centuries)

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Professional Characteristics ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
History Of ◽  
Detailed Characteristic ◽  
The City ◽  
Professional Characteristic

The author explores the issue of forming the "pantheon" of the most prominent figures in the history of Kharkiv. To this end, Soviet city guides were analyzed. The names found on the guide pages have been recorded in the appropriate database. The author stated the principles of construction of this database and possible interpretations of the obtained results. It contains two fields - "faces" and "mentions". In the first box, those names found on the guide pages were recorded, and in the second box, those ratings that accompany a specific name were recorded. Along with fixing a person's name, a social or professional characteristic (scientist, military, architect, statesman, etc.) was also mentioned. In the "mention" field, depending on the nature of the mention of a person, a coefficient was stated: if the name was mentioned without a rating, it is a factor # 1 (1 point), a combination with such epithets as "known", "prominent" and the like – a factor # 2 (2 points), more or less a detailed characteristic of the activity, first of all from the point of view of impact on the development of the city – factor # 3 (3 points). As a result, it allowed to create a certain hierarchical name system and to separate "TOP-10" of them. In the long run, it will allow you to see a system of names in the dynamics, when some persons will fall out of the list of leaders at certain periods and others will be included in this list. It will also be important to capture changes in terms of increasing or decreasing attention to a particular category of people (social and professional characteristics). In total, more than 650 people were included in the database. The author concluded that in the early 20th century the guides less mentioned statesmen and local administrators, and more of artists, architects, and scientists. Also, the article states that in the late 19th and early 20th centuries the list of "local heroes" in Kharkiv has just begun to form. This can be explained by the absence of some known persons in the TOP-10 list. This is partly due to the fact that the guide genre itself has not yet been completed, and the first guides rather resembled information directories and were thematically imbalanced. Nevertheless, this material can be used in studying the initial stage of assembly of the "Kharkiv Pantheon".

Measurements of Russia’s economic growth in the early 20th century and the problem of sources

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
В.В. Поликарпов
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Rational Approach ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Cumulative Experience

В спорах о том, процветала ли или переживала кризис поздняя Российская империя, историки разделились на «оптимистов» и «пессимистов». При обосновании своей точки зрения обе стороны прибегают к статистическим подсчетам, но особенности хозяйственного быта в России и бедность имеющегося материала источников ограничивают результативность статистических и макроэкономических приемов сравнительного изучения. Наиболее рациональным представляется сочетание квантитативного подхода с анализом описательных источников. Ключевым направлением исследования, обеспеченным документальной базой, может послужить приоритетная для власти сфера — промышленная и научно-техническая подготовка к войне. Состояние дел в этой области показывает предел возможностей страны и поэтому важно для понимания общих процессов ее развития. Накопленный историками и экономистами исследовательский опыт заслуживает критического анализа. While disputing whether the late Russian Empire experienced a crisis or lived in prosperity, historians are either pessimists or optimists. To confirm their point of view they refer to statistic data, but the resulting quality of both statistical and macroeconomic methods is much lowered by the lack of sources and the specifics of economic life in Russia. The most rational approach could be to combine quantitive methods with analysis of descriptive materials. Industrial, scientific and technical preparations for war, which was of the top interest for authorities and therefore has a vast documentary base could be the key areas of investigation. The state of affairs in this area shows the limits and opportunities of the country and therefore this information is essential for understanding the general tendencies of its development. The cumulative experience of historians and economists should be critically analyzed.

scholarly journals Irrationality as an Attribute of Legal Realism in the Assessments of Russian and Foreign Scientists of the Late 19th – Early 20th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-79
Author(s):  
Vladimir Sergeevich Gruzdev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Legal Philosophy ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Empirical Content ◽  
Legal Realism ◽  
Philosophical Foundations ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper considers some essential aspects of the genesis of legal realism from the point of view of its philosophical foundations and their transformation in the field of legal knowledge and legal understand-ing. Legal realism, focused on the ontologization of social experience, shifted the attention of legal sci-ence to pragmatic and relativistic methods of analy-sis. As a result of these changes, the principle of knowledge of law was the beginning of irrational-ism, which was manifested in various aspects. The variability of empirical content in the field of legal philosophy was often the reason for refusing to search for regularities in it. In the 19th century, the philosophical attitudes of pragmatism and relativism became the basis for the substantial strengthening of the position of realistic approaches to law. One of the most revealing themes of the use and tenden-tious movement towards the principle of irrational-ism was the category of “normality”.

scholarly journals Memories of Vasiliy Gloriantov as a historical source when studying the life of provincial officiality of the mid-19th century

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Andrey Tyurin S. Tyurin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Source

The memoirs of Vasiliy Gloriantov, which saw the light at the early 20th century and devoted to the internal life of Nizhny Novgorod Chamber of State Property, are the only published memoirs written by a former employee of Nizhny Novgorod Chamber of State Property. Memoir literature is a source of an additional character, deepening the description of certain facts and events. The issue of the reliability of the events contained in these recollections has not been previously considered. In the course of studying memoirs and comparing them with published documents and previously unpublished archival materials, a number of persons were identified whose names were hidden by Vasiliy Gloriantov, and certain inaccuracies in the dating of events were revealed. Information on drunkenness and official misconduct by chamber employees, contained in memoirs, is confirmed in preserved archival materials. According to the results of the study, it was concluded that the memories of Vasiliy Gloriantov have significant value as a historical source, illuminating the daily life of Nizhny Novgorod Chamber of State Property from the point of view of one of its direct participants.

Chain of lawsuits in the Russian volost court of the early 20th century: the case of a Siberian peasant woman Alexandra Borozdina, who obtained property from her husband, but not money

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-51
Author(s):  
A.K. Kirillov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rare Phenomenon ◽  
History Of ◽  
A Chain ◽  
First Time

For the first time in the history of the study of volost courts in pre-revolutionary Russia, a rare phenomenon is taken for study – a chain of interconnected claims considered by one court during the year. The use of a chain of claims makes it possible to solve the problem of excessive conciseness of the protocols of the volost courts, which arises during the transition from their mass processing to the study by the method of case study. Six investigated lawsuits, filed in 1914 in the Tulinsky volost court of the Tomsk province, were related to the departure of the peasant woman A. E. Borozdina, who complained about her husband’s abuse. The judges supported one part of her claims and ruled that the husband should give her the woman’s property and return the money for the cow he sold after his wife left. Another part of the claims related to the payment of money “for food” was rejected. As a result of studying these materials, it has been proved that Aleksandra Borozdina perceived the lawsuit as a tool in a multi-step game; each time adjusting the content of the claim to the needs of this struggle, taking into account rapidly changing circumstances. For their part, the volost court judges were pragmatic about the claims being filed, building the queue of their consideration not according to the chronology of filing, but according to the degree of their importance for the restoration of violated justice. In general, the above facts and the conclusions drawn work to reject the perception of the volost court of the early XX century as a relic of the past, which tried to put modern life in the mainstream of patriarchal customs. The peasants who came into contact with the volost court treated it in a businesslike manner, creatively using the opportunities given to them by law to fight for their interests (as long as we are talking about the plaintiffs) or (if we mean volost court judges) for adopting the correct (from their point of view) solutions.

I.V. ZHOLTOVSKY’S EARLY WORKS AS A SPECIAL CASE OF CONSTRUCTING THE CLASSICS DURING THE MODERNIST ERA

2020 ◽  
pp. 128-150
Author(s):  
Ilya E. Pechenkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Art Nouveau ◽  
Classical Architecture ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Artistic Quality ◽  
Revolutionary Period ◽  
Special Case

I.V. Zholtovsky’s (1867–1959) the earliest works are traditionally considered by researchers like a sort of marginalia in his professional biography, although it is reasonable to assume that he was formed as an architect just during the pre-revolutionary period. According to S.O. Khan-Magomedov, Zholtovsky was engaged in something like laboratory experiments in 1900–1910s, selecting the forms and techniques that were most perfect from an artistic point of view. However, that process should be viewed not so much in the plane of abstract artistic quality as in the context of stylistic searches of the early 20th century aimed at overcoming eclecticism. It is usually to associate those searches with Art Nouveau, but in Russia the idea of acquiring a true style was embodied in neoclassic tendency. The new classical architecture as a phenomenon was built against the background of the steady modernization of the society and culture, so that the talking about the revival of the historical traditions had a small relation to reality. The originality of the aesthetic choice became truly significant in architecture, and Zholtovsky’s radical Palladianism, based not on approximate imitation of the classics, but on the exact quotation of famous villas and palazzo, fully corresponded to the trend.

scholarly journals Ethical concepts in the works of Tatar thinkers of the early 20th century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Л.И. Алмазова
Keyword(s):  
Free Will ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
Bourgeois Society ◽  
Progressive Development ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
Active Life

В статье рассматриваются труды татарских богословов начала ХХ в. в контексте эволюции этических представлений татаро-мусульманского социума. В эпоху буржуазной трансформации на передний план выходят концепции свободы человеческой воли и ответственности, сменяющие веками формировавшиеся паттерны фатализма, неверия в собственные силы и возможности. Для обоснования собственной точки зрения татарские авторы пользуются классическими источниками — Кораном и Сунной пророка Мухаммада, находя в них достаточное количество цитат для убеждения слушателей в необходимости активной жизненной позиции, уверенности в себе, стремления к благополучию и земному процветанию. Данный подход коррелирует с описанным М. Вебером феноменом протестантской этики, способствовавшим, по его мнению, формированию буржуазного общества в Европе. Среди качеств, которые должны были выработать современники, Р. Фахретдинов (1959–1836), З. Камали (1873–1942) и другие авторы называют отвагу, стойкость, непреклонность, оптимизм в сочетании с мудростью, верность данному слову, способствующие прогрессивному развитию личности и общества. The article examines the Tatar theologians’ works of the early 20th century in the context of the evolution in the ethical ideas of the Tatar-Muslim society. In the era of bourgeois transformation, the concepts of human free will and responsibility come to the fore, replacing the patterns of fatalism, disbelief in one’s own strength and capabilities that have been formed for centuries. To substantiate their own point of view, Tatar authors use classical sources — the Koran and the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, finding in them a sufficient number of quotations to convince listeners of the need for an active life position, self-confidence, desire for well-being and earthly prosperity. This approach correlates with the phenomenon of Protestant ethics described by M. Weber, which, in his opinion, contributed to the formation of bourgeois society in Europe. R. Fahrettinov (1959–1836), Z. Kamali (1873–1942), and other authors call courage, fortitude, inflexibility, optimism combined with wisdom, and loyalty to one’s word as qualities that should have been cultivated by contemporaries, contributing to the progressive development of individuals and society.

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