Effect of Aerobic Exercises on Selected Physiological Variables among College Long Distance Men Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 131
Author(s):  
M. Senthil Kumar ◽  
P. R. Nagaraj ◽  
Anon Ampili
Keyword(s):  
Long Distance ◽  
Physiological Variables

scholarly journals Predictive Performance Models in Long-Distance Runners: A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 8289
Author(s):  
José Alvero-Cruz ◽  
Elvis Carnero ◽  
Manuel García ◽  
Fernando Alacid ◽  
Lorena Correas-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Maximal Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Exercise Physiology ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Training Load ◽  
Running Economy ◽  
Anthropometric Parameters ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Physiological Variables

Physiological variables such as maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), velocity at maximal oxygen uptake (vVO2max), running economy (RE) and changes in lactate levels are considered the main factors determining performance in long-distance races. The aim of this review was to present the mathematical models available in the literature to estimate performance in the 5000 m, 10,000 m, half-marathon and marathon events. Eighty-eight articles were identified, selections were made based on the inclusion criteria and the full text of the articles were obtained. The articles were reviewed and categorized according to demographic, anthropometric, exercise physiology and field test variables were also included by athletic specialty. A total of 58 studies were included, from 1983 to the present, distributed in the following categories: 12 in the 5000 m, 13 in the 10,000 m, 12 in the half-marathon and 21 in the marathon. A total of 136 independent variables associated with performance in long-distance races were considered, 43.4% of which pertained to variables derived from the evaluation of aerobic metabolism, 26.5% to variables associated with training load and 20.6% to anthropometric variables, body composition and somatotype components. The most closely associated variables in the prediction models for the half and full marathon specialties were the variables obtained from the laboratory tests (VO2max, vVO2max), training variables (training pace, training load) and anthropometric variables (fat mass, skinfolds). A large gap exists in predicting time in long-distance races, based on field tests. Physiological effort assessments are almost exclusive to shorter specialties (5000 m and 10,000 m). The predictor variables of the half-marathon are mainly anthropometric, but with moderate coefficients of determination. The variables of note in the marathon category are fundamentally those associated with training and those derived from physiological evaluation and anthropometric parameters.

Effects of Manipulating Volume and Intensity Training in Masters Swimmers

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 907-912 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Pugliese ◽  
Simone Porcelli ◽  
Matteo Bonato ◽  
Gaspare Pavei ◽  
Antonio La Torre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Threshold ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Swimming Performance ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Peak Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Training Volume ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
High Intensity Training ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Intensity Training

Purpose:Recently, some studies have suggested that overall training intensity may be more important than training volume for improving swimming performance. However, those studies focused on very young subjects, and/or the difference between high-volume and high-intensity training was blurred. The aim of this study was to investigate in masters swimmers the effects of manipulation of training volume and intensity on performance and physiological variables.Methods:A group of 10 male masters swimmers (age 32.3 ± 5.1 y) performed 2 different 6-wk training periods followed by 1 wk of tapering. The first period was characterized by high training volume performed at low intensity (HvLi), whereas the second period was characterized by low training volume performed at high intensity (LvHi). Peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) during incremental arm exercise, individual anaerobic threshold (IAT), and 100-m, 400-m, and 2000-m-freestyle time were evaluated before and at the end of both training periods.Results:HvLi training significant increased V̇O2peak (11.9% ± 4.9% [mean change ± 90%CL], P = .002) and performance in the 400-m (–2.8% ± 1.8%, P = .002) and 2000-m (–3.4% ± 2.9%, P = .025), with a likely change in IAT (4.9% ± 4.7%, P > .05). After LvHi training, speed at IAT (12.4% ± 5.3%, P = .004) and 100-m performance (–1.2% ± 0.8%, P = .001) also improved, without any significant changes in V̇O2peak, 2000-m, and 400-m.Conclusions:These findings indicate that in masters swimmers an increase of training volume may lead to an improvement of V̇O2peak and middle- to long-distance performance. However, a subsequent period of LvHi training maintains previous adjustments and positively affects anaerobic threshold and short-distance performance.

scholarly journals Do the Fastest Open-Water Swimmers have A Higher Speed in Middle- and Long-Distance Pool Swimming Events?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Baldassarre ◽  
Maddalena Pennacchi ◽  
Antonio La Torre ◽  
Marco Bonifazi ◽  
Maria Piacentini
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Critical Velocity ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Discriminant Function ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Multivariate Model ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Long Course

Background: It has been shown that the fastest open-water swimmers (OW-swimmers) increase significantly the speed in the last split of the open-water events. The aim of the present work was to determine if the fastest OW-swimmers have a higher speed in the middle- and long-distance pool swimming events, and to develop a multivariate model that can predict the medalist group in the 10-km competition. Methods: A total of 484 athletes (252-males and 232-females) were included in the analysis. Swimmers were divided into four groups based on their finishing position in the competition. For each swimmer, the absolute best performance (PB) of 200, 400, 800 and 1500-meter in long course, the seasonal best performance (SPB) obtained before the open-water events and critical velocity (CV) were analyzed. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to detect significant differences between groups and discriminant analysis was used to predict a grouping variable. Results: All the variables analyzed were significantly different between groups (p < 0.001). The first discriminant function correctly classified 50% of the overall female and male swimmers. Conclusion: Fastest OW-swimmers have a higher speed in middle- and long-distance pool swimming events. Further studies should include different anthropometric and physiological variables to increase the accuracy of classification.

scholarly journals The reliability of physiological and performance data obtained during a long distance simulated triathlon laboratory test

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Kate Margaret Luckin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Perceived Exertion ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Task Representation ◽  
Intra Class Correlation ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
And Performance ◽  
High Level

The aim of this study was to investigate the reliability of a newly developed long distance (LD) simulated triathlon for testing performance and physiological changes in LD triathletes. Ten trained LD triathletes (mean ± standard deviation: age 34.1 ± 5.0 years, body mass 69.07 ± 13.89 kg) completed two separate trials of a simulated LD triathlon consisting of a 1500 m swim, a 60 minute cycle at 60% of power at VO2max and a 20 minute run at 70% of velocity at VO2max. Performance (time, pace, power and rating of perceived exertion) and physiological (economy of movement (oxygen cost and energy consumption), blood lactate and heart rate)variables were measured throughout the simulated LD triathlon. Coefficient of variations (CV %) and intra class correlation coefficients (ICC) were calculated to determine reliability. The current study displayed a high level of reliability, with moderate to excellent ICC measurements for performance and physiological variables (ICC 0.62 – 0.99). All physiological variables, except blood lactate, demonstrated CV values < 10%. In conclusion, the newly developed LD simulated triathlon has a high level of task representation for LD triathletes and can accurately assess performance changes in a research setting.

scholarly journals Comienzo de la acumulación de lactato sanguíneo como predictor del rendimiento en atletas de élite (Onset of blood lactate accumulation as a predictor of performance in top athletes)

Retos ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 67-69
Author(s):  
Jordan Santos-Concejero ◽  
Cristina Granados ◽  
Iraia Bidaurrazaga-Letona ◽  
Jon Zabala-Lili ◽  
Jon Irazusta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Lactate ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Running Performance ◽  
Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Blood Lactate Accumulation ◽  
Para Determinar ◽  
Trained Runners

El objetivo principal de este estudio fue investigar si el comienzo de la acumulación de lactato en sangre (VOBLA) es un buen predictor del rendimiento de mediofondo y fondo en atletas entrenados. Veintidós corredores tomaron parte en este estudio. Todos completaron un test máximo incremental en tapiz rodante para determinar los parámetros fisiológicos máximos así como la VOBLA. Se analizaron las relaciones entre la VOBLA y el ritmo de carrera de 10 km (V10K) y 3 km (V3K). La VOBLA fue de 17.7 ± 1.2 km·h-1 y las V10K y V3K fueron 21.1 ± 0.7 km·h-1 y 19.0 ± 0.8 km·h-1, respectivamente. Se encontró una correlación lineal significativa entre la VOBLA y V10K (r = 0.761, P < 0.05) y entre VOBLA y V3K (r = 0.561, P < 0.05). Estos resultados indican que la VOBLA está altamente asociada al rendimiento de la carrera de acuerdo a V10K yV3K en atletas entrenados.Palabras clave: Resistencia, OBLA, correlación, carrera a pie.Abstract: The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether the onset of blood lactate accumulation velocity (VOBLA) is a good predictor of middle- and long-distance running performance in well-trained endurance runners. Twenty-two well-trained runners participated in this study. All participants completed a incremental test on a treadmill to determine maximal physiological variables the VOBLA (4 mmol·L-1 of lactate concentration). The relationships between VOBLA and the best 10-km (V10K) and 3-km (V3K) race pace were analyzed. The velocity for VOBLA was 17.7 ± 1.2 km·h-1 and the velocities for V10K and V3K were 21.1 ± 0.7 km·h-1 and 19.0 ± 0.8 km·h-1, respectively. A positive linear relationship was found between VOBLA and V10K (r = 0.761, P < 0.05) and between VOBLA and V3K (r = 0.561,P < 0.05). These results indicate that VOBLA is highly associated to running performance according to V10K and V3K in well-trained runners.Key words: Endurance, OBLA, correlation, running.

scholarly journals Physiological variables and mitochondrial-related genotypes of an athlete who excels in both short and long-distance running

Mitochondrion ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 774-777 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nir Eynon ◽  
Ruth Birk ◽  
Yoav Meckel ◽  
Alejandro Lucia ◽  
Dan Nemet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distance Running ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Long Distance Running

The Fine Structure of Phloem Cells

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 632-635
Author(s):  
James Cronshaw
Keyword(s):  
Structural Studies ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Phloem Tissue ◽  
Sieve Elements ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
P Protein ◽  
Companion Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Distance Transport

Long distance transport in plants takes place in phloem tissue which has characteristic cells, the sieve elements. At maturity these cells have sieve areas in their end walls with specialized perforations. They are associated with companion cells, parenchyma cells, and in some species, with transfer cells. The protoplast of the functioning sieve element contains a high concentration of sugar, and consequently a high hydrostatic pressure, which makes it extremely difficult to fix mature sieve elements for electron microscopical observation without the formation of surge artifacts. Despite many structural studies which have attempted to prevent surge artifacts, several features of mature sieve elements, such as the distribution of P-protein and the nature of the contents of the sieve area pores, remain controversial.

Popliteal entrapment syndrome and age

VASA ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 262-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schweizer ◽  
Hügli ◽  
Koella ◽  
Jeanneret
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Leg Pain ◽  
Walking Distance ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Entrapment Syndrome ◽  
Long Distance Running ◽  
Popliteal Entrapment ◽  
Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome ◽  
Atherosclerotic Risk Factors

On the occasion of diagnosing a popliteal entrapment syndrome in a 59-year old man with no cardiovascular risk factors, who developed acute ischemic leg pain during long distance running, we give an overview on this entity with emphasis on patients’age. The different types of the popliteal artery compression syndrome are summarized. The diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are discussed. The most important clinical sign of a popliteal entrapment syndrome is the lack of atherosclerotic risk factors in patients with limited walking distance. Not only in young athletes but also in patients more than 50 years old the popliteal entrapment syndrome has to be taken into account.

Effects of Provocation on Emotions and Aggression: An Experimental Study with Aggressive Children

2006 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Stadler ◽  
Sonja Rohrmann ◽  
Sibylle Steuber ◽  
Fritz Poustka
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Skin Conductance Level ◽  
Physiological Measures ◽  
Competitive Reaction ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Conduct Disordered ◽  
Physiological Variables ◽  
Aggressive Children ◽  
Conductance Level

In this study, the effects of an experimental-induced provocation on emotions and aggression were examined in 34 aggressive conduct-disordered children using a competitive reaction time paradigm. Two experimental conditions were created, an increasing provocation and a low constant provocation condition. Self-rated anger was assessed directly after provocation on a 5-point-visual scale. In addition, negative and positive emotions as well as physiological measures (heart rate and skin conductance level) were measured at baseline and after provocation. Results revealed that participants’ aggressive behaviour and subjective emotions differed as a function of the opponent’s level of provocation. Concerning physiological parameters, no significant differences were found between the experimental conditions. These results suggest that affective, but not physiological variables characterize reactive aggression in conduct-disordered children.

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